Basic ADO.

NET Interview Questions

June 5, 2014 by usman_malik Leave a Comment
ADO.NE is !i"#oso$t%s latest te"&nolo'y
$o# mani(ulatin' an) a""ess )ata ob*e"ts eit&e# in t&e $o#m o$ a )atabases su"& +,L
+e#ve#, O#a"le o# A""ess, o# 'ene#al )ata sou#"es su"& as te-t $iles, .!L $iles an) ot&e#
$ile st#eams. Anyone lookin' to (u#sue a "a#ee# in !i"#oso$t%s a((li"ation )evelo(ment
te"&nolo'ies, mainly .NE, must &ave some e-(e#ien"e an) kno/le)'e in ADO.NE.
&is a#ti"le "ontains some o$ t&e most $un)amental an) $#e0uently aske) 0uestions in any
.NE1#elate) *ob.
2o# mo#e )etaile) C3 ADO.NE tuto#ials, look at t&is 4)emy."om "ou#se.
Q1: What is ADO.NET?
Answer: ADO.NE stan)s $o# A"tive. Data Ob*e"ts an) is use) to a""ess an)
mani(ulate )ata se#vi"es in !i"#oso$t a((li"ations. ADO.NE inte#a"ts /it& )ata usin'
a )is"onne"te) )ata set mo)el an) is mostly use) $o# a""essin' #elational )atabases.
Q2: What are some of the namesaces in ADO.NET that rovi!e access to !ata?
Answer: &e#e a#e t&#ee ma*o# names(a"es use) $o# inte#a"tin' /it& )ata in ADO.NE
+ystem.Data
+ystem.Data.+,LClient
+ystem.Data.OleDb
Q": What is Data#et O$%ect in ADO.NET?
Answer: &e Data+et ob*e"t is an in1memo#y #e(#esentation o$ a )ata sou#"es su"& as
table #e"o#)s $#om a )atabase. &e Data+et ob*e"t sto#es )ata in t&e $o#m o$ #o/s an)
"olumns /&e#e ea"& #o/ #e(#esents a #e"o#) an) ea"& "olumn #e(#esent a (a#ti"ula# value
o# (#o(e#ty $#om t&at #e"o#).
Q&: What is an ADO.NET Data'ea!er?
Answer: &e Data5ea)e# ob*e"t in ADO.NE is use) to se0uentially #ea) )ata $#om an
un)e#lyin' )ata sou#"e. &e Data5ea)e# ob*e"t (#ovi)es #ea)1only a""ess to )ata an)
"annot be use) $o# DDL an) D!L o(e#ations.
Q(: What is )INQ?
Answer: L6N, stan)s $o# 7Lan'ua'e 6nte'#ate) ,ue#y8 use) $o# 0ue#yin' "olle"tions o$
)ata. L6N, 0ue#ies "an be e-e"ute) on lo"al "olle"tions su"& as ty(es $#om
+ystem.Colle"tions names(a"e an) +ystem.Colle"tions.9ene#i" names(a"e. L6N,
0ue#ies "an also be e-e"ute) ove# L6N, to +,L an) Entity $#ame/o#k "lasses t&at a#e
use) to inte#a"t /it& )atabases an) ot&e# )ata sou#"es t&at )o not e-ist /it&in t&e
a((li"ation )omain, su"& as .!L.
Q*: What is O$%ect +oo,in- in ADO.NET?
Answer: 6n .NE, /&eneve# $un"tionality &as to be (e#$o#me), t&e Class t&at "ontains
t&at $un"tionality is instantiate). &e ob*e"t o$ t&e "lass is "#eate), )esi#e) $un"tionality is
(e#$o#me) an) t&en t&at ob*e"t is )est#oye). &is (#o"ess o$ "#eatin' an) )est#oyin'
ob*e"ts is e-(ensive. 6n ADO.NE ob*e"ts a#e "onsistently "#eate) an) )est#oye) as t&e
a((li"ation is "onne"te) to )atabase, $et"&es #e"o#)s $#om )atabase an) )is"onne"ts $#om
)atabase. &e#e$o#e, t&e ob*e"ts t&at a#e $#e0uently use) a#e (la"e) in a (ool $#om /&e#e
t&ey "an be a""esse) /&eneve# a #elate) $un"tionality nee)s to be (e#$o#me). &is
(&enomenon is kno/n as ob*e"t (oolin'.
6nte#este) in lea#nin' mo#e about ADO.NE /it& C3: ake t&is 4)emy."om "ou#se
Q.: What is ADO.NET DataA!ater?
Answer; o (e#$o#m "ommuni"ation bet/een ADO.NE )ata sou#"es su"& as )atabases
an) .!L $iles an) a Data+et, t&e DataA)a(te# ob*e"t is use). All C54D 7"#eate, #ea),
u()ate an) )elete8 0ue#ies a#e (e#$o#me) usin' t&is DataA)a(te#.
Q/: Brief,0 mention some of the $enefits of ADO.NET !ata access techno,o-0.
Answer: &e $ollo/in' a#e some o$ t&e im(o#tant bene$its o$ usin' ADO.NE $o# )ata
a""ess;
ADO.NE ob*e"ts a#e &i'&ly (#o'#ammable an) a#e $le-ible enou'& to be
t/eake) an) t/iste) to a"&ieve t&e )esi#e) $un"tionality.
Co)e /#itten in ADO.NE is &i'&ly maintainable an) ne/ )ata a""ess $eatu#es
"an be a))e) to e-istin' a((li"ation im(e#"e(tibly.
ADO.NE ob*e"ts a#e sim(le .NE ob*e"ts t&at t#anslate into !+6L "o)e.
&e#e$o#e, ADO.NE "o)e /#itten in one lan'ua'e "an be seamlessly use) /it&
ot&e# .NE lan'ua'es as /ell.
ADO.NE su((o#ts )ata s"alability an) is in)e(en)ent o$ t&e amount o$ )ata
sto#e) in t&e un)e#lyin' )atabase. &e#e$o#e, i$ )ata sou#"e e-(an)s o# s&#inks, t&e
im(a"t on t&e ADO.NE "lasses is minimal.
Q1: Differentiate $etween Bo2in- an! 3n$o2in-
Answer: &e (#o"ess o$ sto#in' a value ty(e into a #e$e#en"e ty(e va#iable o# ob*e"t is
kno/n as bo-in'. 4nbo-in' is t&e o((osite o$ bo-in' an) is #e$e##e) to as t&e (#o"ess o$
sto#in' a #e$e#en"e ty(e into a value ty(e va#iable. 6n .NE, bo-in' is )one im(li"itly,
/&ile a "astin' me"&anism is #e0ui#e) to a"&ieve unbo-in'.
Q14: Do ADO.NET suorts store! roce!ures?
Answer: <es, ADO.NE "ontains a "om(lete $#ame/o#k $o# e-e"utin' sto#e) (#o"e)u#es
on a )ata set. +to#e) (#o"e)u#es in ADO.NE a#e use) mostly $o# "ommon #e(etitive
$un"tions.
Q11: What are the $asic ,a0ers of an0 ADO.NET $ase! !ata5centric a,ication?
Answer: Eve#y )ata1"ent#i" a((li"ation t&at uses ADO.NE s&oul) i)eally be st#u"tu#e)
into t&#ee laye#s.
=#esentation laye#; =#ovi)es all t&e 946 an) inte#a"tion se#vi"es to en) use#.
>usiness Lo'i" Laye#; 4se) to im(lement all t&e business lo'i" o$ an a((li"ation.
Data A""ess Laye#; =#ovi)es ty(es t&at a#e use) to inte#a"t /it& t&e un)e#lyin'
)atabases.
Q12: E,a$orate on some of the a!vanta-es of usin- store! roce!ures in ADO.NET.
Answer: &e $ollo/in' a#e some o$ t&e bene$its o$ im(lementin' ADO.NE sto#e)
(#o"e)u#es;
+to#e) (#o"e)u#es #esi)e in )atabases in "om(ile) $o#m. &is #esults in e-t#emely
$ast (e#$o#man"e.
+to#e) (#o"e)u#es #e0ui#e less net/o#k t#a$$i" an) ban)/i)t& to e-e"ute on
#emote )atabases sin"e t&ey )o not "ontain any e-t#a in$o#mation but only
"om(ile) )ata.
+to#e) (#o"e)u#es a#e se"u#e an) invulne#able to any outsi)e t&#eat )ata mi'&t
#esult in loss o# leaka'e o$ )ata.
Q1": 6an !ata $e e!ite! in a reeater contro,?
Answer: No, t&e #e(eate# )ata "ont#ol is use) to s&o/ )ata. Data "annot be e)ite) in a
#e(eate# "ont#ol. &e Data9#i)?ie/ "ont#ols "an be use) $o# e)itin' (u#(oses.
Q1&: Brief,0 e2,ain some of the comonents of ADO.NET Data rovi!ers:
Answer: &e $ollo/in' a#e some o$ t&e most im(o#tant "om(onents o$ ADO.NE )ata
(#ovi)e#s;
6onnection; &is is t&e ob*e"t #es(onsible $o# establis&in' a "onne"tion to t&e
)atabase.
6omman!: &e ob*e"t #es(onsible $o# e-e"utin' "omman)s an) sto#e)
(#o"e)u#es.
E2ecute'ea!er: 5etu#ns a "om(lete set o$ #esults
E2ecute#ca,er: 5etu#ns only a sin'le value
E2ecuteNonQuer0: E-e"ute a "omman) on a )atabase but it )oesn%t #etu#n any
value $#om t&e )atabase. 4se) mostly $o# inse#tion an) u()ate.
Data'ea!er: =#ovi)es #ea)1only an) $o#/a#)1only a""ess to a )atabase.
&is a#ti"le "ontains some o$ t&e most $un)amental an) basi" ADO.NE 0uestions t&at
"an be aske) in any .NE *ob inte#vie/. o stu)y &o/ ADO.NE "an be use) to )evelo(
)ata1"ent#i" a((li"ations, see t&is "ou#se.

ADO.NET Tutoria, for Be-inners
June 2, 2014 by usman_malik Leave a Comment
ADO.NE, an im(o#tant $eatu#e o$ t&e
.NE $#ame/o#k, is a set o$ ob*e"t1o#iente) lib#a#ies use) to (#ovi)e "onsistent a""ess to
)ata sou#"es su"& !i"#oso$t +,L se#ve#, A""ess, te-t $iles, E-"el s(#ea)s&eets an) .!L.
ADO.NE "lasses #esi)e in a names(a"e @+ystem.Data% an) its im(lementation /it&
.!L is in @+ystem..ml%. !ost o$ t&e )ata1"ent#i" a((li"ations use t&e ADO.NE to
"onne"t to t&ei# )ata sou#"es an) #et#ieve, mana'e an) u()ate t&e )ata. &is ADO.NE
tuto#ial "ove#s a basi" int#o)u"tion o$ t/o main "om(onents o$ ADO.NE "lasses, /&i"&
a#e .NE $#ame/o#k @Data =#ovi)e#s% 7$o# "onne"tin' to )atabase, e-e"utin' "omman)s,
#et#ieve #esults, et".8 an) @Data+et% 7)is"onne"te) "a"&e) )ata8.
Ne/ to C3: C&e"k out a 4)emy."om "ou#se.
ADO.NET .NET 7ramewor8 Data +rovi!ers
2o# "onne"tin' to t&e )i$$e#ent )ata sou#"es an) inte#a"tin' /it& )ata, a #elatively
"ommon mana'e) inte#$a"e is available in ADO.NE )ata (#ovi)e# mo)el. A sin'le set o$
"lasses is not able to a""om(lis& a""ess to all o$ t&e )ata sou#"es sin"e ea"& o$ a )ata
sou#"e &as s(e"ial inte#$a"e, e-(ose) to a se(a#ate (#oto"ol an) #e0ui#e a )i$$e#ent set o$
#ules to "onne"t an) inte#a"t.
2ollo/in' a#e t&e $ou# "o#e ob*e"ts o$ ADO.NE )ata (#ovi)e#s.
&e @Conne"tion% ob*e"t, /&i"& establis&es t&e "onne"tion to a )ata sou#"e.
&e @Comman)% ob*e"t, /&i"& inte#a"ts /it& t&e )ata sou#"e by e-e"utin'
"omman)s. 6t uses t&e @Conne"tion% ob*e"t to i)enti$y t&e )ata sou#"e.
&e @Data5ea)e#% ob*e"t #ea)s a st#eam o$ )ata $#om )ata sou#"e /it& a #ea)1only
att#ibute. &is ob*e"t #et#ieves t&e #esult o$ @+ELEC% statement $#om a
@Comman)% ob*e"t.
&e @DataA)a(te#% ob*e"t $ills t&e @Data+et% /it& #e0ueste) (a#t o$ )ata sou#"e as
a )is"ontinue) )ata an) mana'es t&e u()ates /it& t&e )ata sou#"e.
&e $ollo/in' a#e t&e main )ata (#ovi)e#s available in .NE.
+,L )ata (#ovi)e# is $o# a""essin' t&e !i"#oso$t +,L +e#ve# /&e#e no
inte#me)iate laye#s o$ se#vi"e "om(onents a#e involve). &ese "lasses a#e lo"ate)
in @+ystem.Data.+0lClient% names(a"e.
OLE D> )ata (#ovi)e# is $o# A""ess an) E-"el as t&ey e-(ose an OLE D>
inte#$a"e. Classes a#e lo"ate) in @+ystem.Data.OleDb% names(a"e.
OD>C )ata (#ovi)e# "lasses #esi)e in @+ystem.Data.O)b"% names(a"e use) $o#
ol) )atabases e-(osin' t&e OD>C inte#$a"e.
O#a"le )ata (#ovi)e# is use) $o# inte#a"tin' /it& O#a"le )ata sou#"es t&#ou'&
O#a"le "lient "onne"tivity so$t/a#e. Classes a#e en"a(sulate) in
@+ystem.Data.O#a"leClient% names(a"e.
&e $ollo/in' C3 "o)e sni((et )emonst#ates t&e use o$ OLE D> )ata (#ovi)e# "lasses to
#ea) E-"el s(#ea)s&eet.
string connectionString = string.Format
("Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.1.!" Data So#rce = $!%" E&tended
Pro'erties=("E&ce) 1.! *m)" +D,=-o" .ME*=1" MA*SCA-,O/S=!"
,EADO-L0=1,2E("""3 strE&ce)Fi)ePat45"
O)eD6Connection connection = ne7 O)eD6Connection (connectionString5"
tr8 $
connection.O'en (5"
O)eD6Command command = ne7 O)eD6Command ("se)ect 9 from :S4eet-ame;<"3
connection5"
O)eD6DataAda'ter dataAda'ter = ne7 O)eD6DataAda'ter (command5"
DataSet dataSet = ne7 DataSet (5"
dataAda'ter.Fi)) (dataSet5"
con.C)ose (5"
%
catc4 (E&ce'tion e5 $
%
fina))8 $
con.C)ose (5"
%
6n t&e above "o)e, @ACE OLED>% )#ive# is use) to "onne"t to an E-"el s(#ea)s&eet usin'
@Ole)bConne"tion% ob*e"t /it& a @"onne"tion+t#in'% 7t&e (at& o$ a )ata sou#"e, (#o(e#ties
$o# $ile a""ess an) name o$ a (#ovi)e#8 as an a#'ument. &e @Ole)bComman)% ob*e"t uses
t&at "onne"tion ob*e"t an) a 0ue#y st#in' to set a "omman) $o# a )ata sou#"e. 2inally, t&e
@Ole)bDataA)a(te#% ob*e"t takes t&at "omman) ob*e"t as an a#'ument an) #et#ieves all
t&e )ata o$ a @s&eetName% in 0ue#y st#in' an) $ille) a Data+et /it& t&at )ata.
6nte#este) in lea#nin' mo#e about ADO.NE: Look at t&is online "ou#se at 4)emy."om.
ADO.NET Data#et
&e ADO.NE @Data+et% ob*e"t su((o#ts t&e )is"onne"te) )ata a""ess an) o(e#ations on
t&e )ata. 6t is "a"&e) )ata t&at (#ovi)es a #eliable #elational (#o'#ammin' mo)el
#e'a#)less o$ t&e )ata sou#"e. &e#e$o#e, it "an be use) /it& )i$$e#ent )ata sou#"es su"& as
.!L )ata o# $o# mana'in' t&e (a#t o$ )ata )o/nloa)e) in an a((li"ation to in"#ease t&e
s"alability ability o$ an a((li"ation.
ADO.NE @Data+et% "ontains @DataableColle"tion% an) @Data5elationColle"tion% ob*e"t.
A @DataableColle"tion% &ave none o# multi(le @Dataable%, /&i"& #e(#esents a sin'le
table, #esi)in' in t&e memo#y. A @Dataable% "ontains @DataColumnColle"tion%, a
"olle"tion o$ "olumns, an) @Const#aintColle"tion%, a "olle"tion o$ "onst#aints, /&i"&
"olle"tively )es"#ibes t&e s"&ema o$ t&e table. 6t also "ontains @Data5o/Colle"tion%, a
"olle"tion o$ #o/s, /&i"& &ol)s t&e )ata in t&e table in t&e $o#m o$ @Data5o/% ob*e"ts, a
#o/ o$ )ata in a table. A @Data5elationColle"tion% &ave none o# multi(le @Data5elation%
ob*e"ts, /&i"& #e(#esents a #elations&i( bet/een #o/s o$ t/o @Dataable% ob*e"t by
i)enti$yin' t&e mat"&e) "olumns in t&ese t/o tables.
&e $ollo/in' C3 "o)e sni((et illust#ates t&e basi" use o$ ADO.NE @Data+et% an)
!i"#oso$t +,L +e#ve# )ata (#ovi)e# "lasses, to a""ess t&e +,L se#ve#, #et#ieve an) $ilte#
t&e @Custome#% )ata.
string connectionString = ="Data So#rce=S>LSE,?E,****" .nitia)
Cata)og=DB@-AME" 2ser .D=2SE,@-AME" Pass7ord=2SE,@PASS/O,D""
SA)Connection conenction = ne7 SA)Connection (connectionString5"
DataSet dataSet = ne7 DataSet (5"
SA)Command command = ne7 SA)Command (5"
command.Connection = conenction"
SA)DataAda'ter dataAda'ter = ne7 SA)DataAda'ter (5"
command.Command1e&t = "Se)ect 9 From C#stomerOrder""
dataAda'ter.Se)ectCommand = command"
dataAda'ter.Fi)) (dataSet3 "C#stomerOrder"5"
Data1a6)e data1a6)e = ne7 Data1a6)e (5"
data1a6)e = dataSet.1a6)es:!<"
if (dataSet.1a6)es.Co#nt B !5
$
foreac4 (Data,o7 data,o7 in data1a6)e.,o7s5
$CC1raverse a)) ro7s and o#t'#t 74en a order stat#s is on)8 'rod#ction
if (data,o7:"Order@Stat#s"<.1oString (5 == "Prod#ction"5
$
Conso)e./riteLine (".DD " E Convert.1oString (data,o7:"C#[email protected]"<55"
Conso)e./riteLine ("-ameD " E Convert.1oString
(data,o7:"C#stomer@-ame"<55"
%
%
%
Data,o7 ne7Order"
ne7Order = data1a6)e.-e7,o7 (5"
ne7Order:"C#[email protected]"< = !F"
ne7Order:"C#stomer@-ame"< = "Mr. George""
ne7Order:"Order@Stat#s"< = "De)ivered""
CCAdd a ro7
data1a6)e.,o7s.Add (ne7Order5"

ne7Order = data1a6)e.,o7s.Find (15"
CCEdit a ro7
ne7Order.BeginEdit (5"
ne7Order:"Order@Stat#s"< = "De)ivered""
ne7Order.EndEdit (5"

ne7Order = data1a6)e.,o7s.Find (15"
CCDe)ete a ro7
ne7Order.De)ete (5"

SA)CommandB#i)der CommandB#i)der = ne7 SA)CommandB#i)der (dataAda'ter5"
dataAda'ter.2'date (dataSet3 "C#stomerOrder"5"
6n t&e above "o)e sni((et, an ADO.NE Data+et "onne"tion is establis&e) /it& t&e +,L
se#ve# )atabase. 4sin' @+0lComman)% an) @+0lDataA)a(te#%, all )ata s(e"i$ie) in
@+ELEC% 0ue#y is #et#ieve) an) @Data+et% ob*e"t is $ille) /it& it. A @Dataable% at in)e-
Ae#o o$ @DataableColle"tion% &ol)s t&e enti#e "ustome#%s )ata. A Dataable ob*e"t is t&en
enume#ate) usin' a @$o#ea"&% loo( to 'et a #o/ o$ a table in @Data5o/% ob*e"t in
ite#ations. o inse#t a ne/ #o/, $i#st a @Ne/5o/% met&o) o$ Dataable is "alle) to #etu#n
a Data5o/ ob*e"t /it& t&e same $iel)s as in t&e ot&e# Data5o/ ob*e"ts o$ Dataable.
&en t&e @A))% met&o) o$ @Dataable.5o/% a))s a ne/ #o/ in Dataable. o u()ate an)
)elete a #o/, t&e @2in)% met&o) o$ @Dataable.5o/% is "alle) t&at sea#"&es $o# a #e"o#),
(#ovi)e) t&e value mat"&es t&e (#ima#y key o$ a table. B&en a mat"& is $oun),
@>e'inE)it% an) @En)E)it% met&o)s a#e "alle) to u()ate t&e #et#ieve) #e"o#). &e @Delete%
met&o) is use) to )elete t&at sea#"&e) #e"o#) $#om a Dataable. 2inally, all "&an'es a#e
ma)e to a )atabase table in +,L se#ve# by "allin' t&e @4()ate% met&o) o$ @DataA)a(te#%.
#Q) Tutoria,: 3n!erstan!in- 9our
Data$ase )an-ua-e
!ay 14, 2014 by Jenni$e# !a#s& Leave a Comment
!ost )atabase use +t#u"tu#e) ,ue#y
Lan'ua'e 7+,L8. &is lan'ua'e inte#$a"es bet/een you an) you# )atabase tables. Even i$
you kno/ anot&e# /eb1base) s"#i(tin' lan'ua'e 7C3, =C= o# ?>.NE8, you%ll nee) to
kno/ &o/ to 0ue#y )ata $#om you# )atabase. !y+,L, !i"#oso$t +,L +e#ve# an) O#a"le
use simila# lan'ua'e st#u"tu#es. B&ile t&ey a#e simila#, t&ey &ave some )i$$e#en"es, but
lea#nin' one lan'ua'e /ill &el( you un)e#stan) t&e #est o$ t&em.
Ne/ to +,L: Lea#n &o/ to /o#k /it& t&e lan'ua'e at 4)emy."om
A Basic Quer0 to 'etrieve Data
&e Dsele"tE statement is t&e main (&#ase $o# #et#ieve )ata. No )ata is "&an'e) o# )elete).
6t%s *ust #et#ieve) $o# you# use. <ou "an )is(lay t&e )ata on a /eb (a'e o# use it to u()ate
)ata late# on in you# (#o'#am. &e $ollo/in' "o)e is an e-am(le o$ a sele"t statement;
sele"t F $#om use#s
&e above statement is (#obably t&e most basi" +,L statement you "an /#ite. &e
statement basi"ally says Dsele"t all #e"o#)s $#om t&e use#s table.E &e aste#isk tells t&e
)atabase to #etu#n all "olumns. 2o# instan"e, t&e Duse#sE table "oul) &ave $i#st an) last
name, a))#ess an) si'nu( )ate "olumns. Bit& t&e above statement, you%) see t&em all.
Obviously, you /ant to $ilte# you# #e"o#)s. <ou usually /ant to #et#ieve only a "e#tain
#e"o#) set. 2o# instan"e, a "ustome# lo's in to you# /ebsite. <ou t&en #et#ieve t&e
"ustome#%s in$o#mation base) on t&e "ustome#%s 6D 7use#i) in t&is e-am(le8. &e
$ollo/in' "o)e #et#ieves a use# /it& an 6D o$ G;
se)ect 9 from #sers 74ere #serid=H
6n a))ition to #et#ievin' a $ilte#e) #e"o#) set, you s&oul) also limit t&e numbe# o$ "olumns
#etu#ne). &e aste#isk #etu#ns all "olumns. &is in"lu)es si'nu( )ates, mo)i$ie) )ates,
$o#ei'n keys an) ot&e# useless in$o#mation $o# a $#ont1en) /eb (a'e. <ou "an s(e"i$y t&e
"olumns #etu#ne). <ou s&oul) only #etu#n "olumns you nee) to /o#k /it& on t&e $#ont1
en). &e $ollo/in' statement sele"ts only t&e $i#st an) last name "olumns;
se)ect first@name3 )ast@name from #sers 74ere #serid=H
&e#e a#e seve#al ot&e# ty(es o$ sele"t statement. o lea#n mo#e about t&e +,L lan'ua'e,
take a "ou#se at 4)emy."om.
The 3!ate #tatement
&e u()ate statement is /&at you use to e)it #e"o#)s. !ost o$ you# tables /on%t stay
stati". <ou%ll nee) to "&an'e t&e )ata. &e u()ate statement is &o/ it%s )one. &e
$ollo/in' "o)e is an e-am(le o$ a basi" u()ate statement;
#'date #sers set first@name=IJaneI 74ere #serid=H
An im(o#tant (a#t o$ t&is statement is t&e /&e#e "lause. 6$ you $o#'et it, you%ll u()ate
eve#y #e"o#) in t&e use#s table to DJane.E <ou must ensu#e you in"lu)e a /&e#e "lause in
you# u()ate statements unless you /ant to "&an'e eve#y #e"o#) 7an) you usually )on%t8.
<ou "an "&an'e multi(le "olumns at a time as /ell. &e $ollo/in' "o)e "&an'es t&e $i#st
an) last names $o# t&e use# /it& an 6D o$ G;
#'date #sers set first@name=IJaneI3 )ast@name=ISmit4I 74ere #serid=H
The De,ete #tatement
&e +,L )elete statement #emoves #e"o#)s $#om a table. A'ain, t&e /&e#e "lause is
im(o#tant in t&is statement as /ell. Bit&out t&e /&e#e "lause, you%ll )elete eve#y #e"o#)
in you# table. As /it& t&e u()ate statement, t&is ty(e o$ mistake is )isast#ous an) it means
you%ll nee) to #esto#e )ata $#om a ba"ku(.
&e $ollo/in' "o)e is an e-am(le o$ a )elete statement;
de)ete from #sers 74ere #serid=H
&e above "o)e *ust )eletes one #e"o#), but you "an use t&e /&e#e "lause to )elete
multi(le #e"o#)s at a time. <ou s&oul) (#obably limit t&e amount o$ )elete statements
you e-e"ute. 6t%s stan)a#) to set #e"o#)s as a"tive o# ina"tive instea) o$ *ust )eletin' t&em.
<ou a)) a DbitE "olumn to t&e table an) )ea"tivate /&en ne"essa#y, but you still &ave a
#e"o#) o$ t&e a""ount, o#)e# o# ot&e# ty(e o$ #e"o#).
!ost +,L )atabases a#e #elational. &is means t&at tables a#e linke) to'et&e# usin'
(#ima#y an) $o#ei'n keys. 2o# instan"e, a "ustome# 6D is sto#e) to ea"& o#)e# #e"o#) to
link "ustome#s /it& o#)e#s. &is means t&at you nee) to )elete t&e o#)e# be$o#e you
)elete t&e "ustome#. 6$ you )on%t, it leaves /&at is "alle) Do#(&ane) #e"o#)s.E Asi)e $#om
t&e (#oblems /it& )eletin' #e"o#)s, o#(&ane) #e"o#)s "an "ause bu's in you# system.
The Insert #tatement
&e inse#t statement is &o/ you a)) a #e"o#) to t&e )atabase table. &e inse#t statement%s
len't& is )e(en)ent on t&e )ata #e0ui#e) to "#eate a #e"o#) an) any )e$ault values set in
t&e table%s "olumn )e"la#ations. 2o# instan"e, i$ you )on%t allo/ nulls $o# a use#%s $i#st an)
last name, t&en you must in"lu)e t&e $i#st an) last name statement in you# inse#t
statement. &e alte#native to t&is limitation is settin' a )e$ault value in t&e table
)e$inition. <ou%ll set t&ese values /&en you )e$ine you# tables.
&e $ollo/in' "o)e is an e-am(le o$ an inse#t statement;
insert into #sers (first@name3 )ast@name5 va)#es (KJaneI3 KSmit4I5
&e above statement a))s one #e"o#). &e value DJaneE an) D+mit&E a#e use) $o# t&e $i#st
an) last name.
&is statement /ill t&#o/ an e##o# i$ you )on%t in"lu)e all ne"essa#y )ata. 2o# instan"e,
most use# tables &ave an 6D "olumn. <ou )on%t "al"ulate t&is uni0ue 6D, but t&e )atabase
"an be set to auto1in"#ement t&e "olumn by 1 ea"& time a ne/ #e"o#) is inse#te). 6$ t&e
"olumn )oes not in"#ement, an e##o# #etu#ns. &ese "olumns a#e also set as (#ima#y keys
by some )atabase a)minist#ato#s. =#ima#y keys must be uni0ue an) "annot be null, so you
must a""ount $o# t&is issue /&en inse#tin' ne/ )ata.
<ou "an also inse#t some )e$ault )ata. 2o# instan"e, you s&oul) &ave a DC#eate DateE in
you# )atabase. 6n !++,L, you "an use t&e $ollo/in' statement to inse#t a #e"o#) /it& t&e
)e$ault system )ate usin' t&e 'etDate78 $un"tion;
insert into #sers (first@name3 )ast@name3 create@date5 va)#es (KJaneI3
KSmit4I3 getdate(55
&ese a#e t&e $ou# basi" +,L statements you%ll nee) as you /o#k /it& a +,L )atabase.
!o#e "om(le- statements e-ist, but you /on%t nee) t&em $o# most o(e#ations.
#Q) 3NION vs 3NION A)) :
#imi,arities an! Differences
A(#il H, 2014 by A#(ita >&atta"&a#*ee Leave a Comment
B&i"& o(e#ato# )o you use i$ you &ave to
"ombine t&e #esult sets o$ t/o o# mo#e 0ue#ies an) )is(lay all t&e #o/s #etu#ne) by ea"&
o$ t&e 0ue#ies as one sin'le #esult set: &e solution is to use t&e 3NION set o(e#ato#.
E-"e(t in !y+,l, t&e set o(e#ato#s 3NION an) 3NION A)) a#e su((o#te) by most
)atabase (lat$o#ms like D>2, O#a"le, +,L se#ve#, an) =ost'#e +,L.
B&en usin' 4N6ON #emembe# t&at t&e o#)e#, numbe#, an) )ataty(e o$ "olumns s&oul)
be t&e same in all 0ue#ies. &e )ataty(es nee) not be i)enti"al, but t&ey s&oul) be
"om(atible. 2o# e-am(le, CCA5 an) ?A5CCA5 a#e "om(atible )ataty(es. 6$ you /ant
to #e"olle"t in$o#mation on tables, +,L )atabase o(e#ations, an) (#o'#ammin' t&en +,L
Database $o# >e'inne#s an) Lea#n +,L in I )ays a#e '#eat #e$#es&e# "ou#ses. 6$ you nee)
$u#t&e# 'ui)an"e on /#itin' +,L 0ue#ies an) lea#nin' &o/ to buil) a((li"ations o#
'ene#ate business #e(o#ts, t&en #e$e# 6nt#o)u"tion to +,L #ainin'.
6omarison Between 3NION an! 3NION A))
3NION
&e 4N6ON "omman) is use) to sele"t #elate) in$o#mation $#om t/o tables, mu"& like
t&e JO6N "omman). Bit& 4N6ON, only )istin"t values a#e sele"te) by )e$ault. A 4N6ON
statement e$$e"tively )oes a +ELEC D6+6NC on t&e #esult set.
3NION #tatement in #Q) #erver
&e 4N6ON o(e#ato# is use) to "ombine t&e #esult set o$ t/o o# mo#e +ELEC
statements.
Ce#e a#e some o$ t&e sim(le #ules o$ usin' 4N6ON in +,L;
Ea"& +ELEC statement /it&in t&e 4N6ON must &ave t&e same numbe# o$
"olumns an) t&e "olumns must &ave simila# o# "om(atible )ata ty(es.
&e "olumns in ea"& +ELEC statement must be in t&e same o#)e#.
6$ t&e "olumns siAes o$ t&e t/o tables va#y, t&en /&ile #etu#nin' )ata, +,L se#ve#
uses t&e la#'e# o$ t&e t/o "olumns. &us i$ a +ELECJ.4N6ON statement &as a
CCA5 758 an) CCA5 7108 "olumn, t&en it /ill )is(lay out(ut )ata o$ bot& t&e
"olumns as a CCA5 7108 "olumn.
6$ t&e "olumns a"#oss t&e table &ave )i$$e#ent "olumn names t&en in 'ene#al, t&e
"olumn names o$ t&e $i#st 0ue#y a#e use).
#Q) 3NION #0nta2
+ELEC "olumn_name7s8 25O! table1
4N6ON
+ELEC "olumn_name7s8 25O! table2K
3NION A))
&e 4N6ON ALL "omman) is simila# to t&e 4N6ON "omman), e-"e(t t&at 4N6ON ALL
sele"ts all values. +o /it& 4N6ON ALL )u(li"ate #o/s a#e not eliminate), #at&e# t&ey a#e
in"lu)e). &is o(e#ato# *ust (ulls all #o/s $#om all tables /&i"& satis$y t&e 0ue#y an)
"ombines t&em into a table. 6$ you a#e su#e t&at all t&e #e"o#)s #etu#ne) $#om a 4N6ON
o(e#ation a#e uni0ue, t&en usin' 4N6ON ALL is a bette# o(tion as it 'ives $aste# #esults.
&e #esults $#om a 4N6ON ALL a#e unso#te). +o a$te# 'ettin' t&e #esults, you "an so#t
t&em by usin' t&e O5DE5 >< "lause. A O5DE5 >< s&oul) be inse#te) /it& t&e last
+ELEC statement.
#Q) 3NION A)) #0nta2
+ELEC "olumn_name7s8 25O! table1
4N6ON ALL
+ELEC "olumn_name7s8 25O! table2K
E2am,e
o "om(a#e 4N6ON an) 4N6ON ALL let us take t&e $ollo/in' table @Conta"ts%
"ontainin' "olumns $o# City, +tate, an) Li(.
6it0 #tate ;i
Nas&ville N GM2G5
La/#en"e N+ II04H
Co#vallis O5 HMGGG
3NION A)) #Q) #tatement
6$ /e a((ly 4N6ON ALL +,L statement, t&en /e /ill "ombine t&e t/o 0ue#ies /&i"&
/ill #et#ieve an) "ombine #e"o#)s $#om ennessee 7@N%8 t/i"e.
+ynta-;
+ELEC City, +tate, Li( 25O! Conta"ts BCE5E +tate 6N 7@N+%, @N%8
4N6ON ALL
+ELEC City, +tate, Li( 25O! Conta"ts BCE5E 6N 7@O5% @N%8
5esult o$ 4N6ON ALL synta-;
6it0 #tate ;i
Nas&ville N GM2G5
La/#en"e N+ II04H
Nas&ville N GM2G5
Co#vallis O5 HMGGG
Bit& 4N6ON ALL synta- t&e N #e"o#) a((ea#s t/i"e, sin"e bot& t&e +ELEC
statements #et#ieve N #e"o#)s.
3NION #Q) #tatement
Be no/ use t&e +,L 4N6ON "omman) by /#itin' t&e synta-;
+ELEC City, +tate, Li( 25O! Conta"ts BCE5E +tate 6N 7@N+%, @N%8
4N6ON
+ELEC City, +tate, Li( 25O! Conta"ts BCE5E 6N 7@O5% @N%8
&e #esult o$ t&e 4N6ON 0ue#y /ill be as $ollo/s;
6it0 #tate ;i
Co#vallis O5 HMGGG
La/#en"e N+ II04H
Nas&ville N GM2G5
Noti"e t&at t&e N #e"o#) a((ea#s only on"e, even t&ou'& bot& t&e +ELEC statements
#et#ieve N #e"o#)s. &e 4N6ON synta- automati"ally eliminates t&e )u(li"ate #e"o#)s
bet/een t&e t/o +,L statements an) also so#ts t&e #esults. &e #esultant )is(laye)
#e"o#)s a#e so#te) al(&abeti"ally an) so t&e Co#vallis #e"o#) a((ea#s $i#st even t&ou'& it
is $#om t&e se"on) +ELEC statement. A 95O4= >< "lause "an be a))e) at t&e en) to
so#t t&e list.
A 4N6ON 0ue#y, by )e$inition, eliminates all )u(li"ate #o/s an) "om(a#e) to 4N6ON
ALL it is slo/e# as it )oes a so#tin' o(e#ation. o )o t&is in +,L +e#ve#, a 4N6ON
statement must buil) a tem(o#a#y in)e- on all t&e "olumns #etu#ne) by bot& 0ue#ies. 6$
t&e in)e- "annot be buil) $o# t&e 0ue#ies, t&en you /ill 'et a +,L e##o#. 6n su"& "ases it is
best to use t&e 4N6ON ALL statement.
A,ication in Other Data$ase #evers
In Orac,e
O#a"le )oes not su((o#t 4N6ON o# 4N6ON ALL on 0ue#ies un)e# t&ese "i#"umstan"es;
,ue#ies "ontainin' "olumns o$ LON9, >LO>, CLO>, >26LE, o# ?A55A<
)ataty(e.
,ue#ies "ontainin' a 2O5 4=DAE "lause o# a A>LE "olle"tion e-(#ession.
In DB2
6n D>2 )atabase system, you "an use bot& 4N6ON an) 4N6ON ALL alon' /it& t&e
?AL4E+ "lause.
6onc,usion
6$ you #emembe# t&e sim(le #ules to use 4N6ON an) 4N6ON ALL an) t&e synta- $o# t&e
same, t&en "ombinin' tables as (e# you# #e0ui#ement be"omes an easy task. 6$ you /ant
to e-(lo#e basi" +,L 0ue#ies an) ot&e# "o)e statements, t&en it is a 'oo) i)ea to "&e"k
out +,L ,ue#ies 101. 6$ you /ant to 'at&e# kno/le)'e on O#a"le +,L an) O#a"le
=LO+,L =#o'#ammin' t&en it may be /o#t& to (eek into 6nt#o)u"tion to O#a"le +,L, o#