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Lab # 6 Fourier Transform

The document describes a series of MATLAB programs that analyze signals with different properties using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The programs calculate the DFT of signals including an exponential decay, sinusoid, square wave, rectangular wave, and triangle wave as the time period parameter tau is varied. For each signal, the DFT amplitude and phase are plotted to examine how the signal representation in the frequency domain changes with different tau values.

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108 views13 pages

Lab # 6 Fourier Transform

The document describes a series of MATLAB programs that analyze signals with different properties using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The programs calculate the DFT of signals including an exponential decay, sinusoid, square wave, rectangular wave, and triangle wave as the time period parameter tau is varied. For each signal, the DFT amplitude and phase are plotted to examine how the signal representation in the frequency domain changes with different tau values.

Uploaded by

mehboob786110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab # 6

FOURIER TRANSFORM
Example1: Type-in the following matlab program, save it with the file
name lab61.m and execute it.
Programe#01
T=0.0005;
tau=10;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=(t>=0).*exp(-t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=5
T=0.0005;
tau=5;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=(t>=0).*exp(-t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=2
T=0.0005;
tau=2;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=(t>=0).*exp(-t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=1
T=0.0005;
tau=1;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=(t>=0).*exp(-t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

The Fourier transform of the above signal, i.e. x(t)=e -t u(t), is given by:

X(f )

1
1 j 2f

Plot ADS and PS of X(f) and compare it with the results obtained with the dtft
function

Programe#02
t=-10:0.0005:10;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=1./(1+j*2*pi*f);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(f,x);
grid on;
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1]);
xlabel('time(second)');
ylabel('x(t)')
xamp=abs(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(f,xamp);
grid on;
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1]);
ylabel('X(f)');
xlabel('frequency');
xph=angle(x);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(f,xph);
grid on;
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1]);
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('<X(f)');

Graph#02

Example 2: Modify program of example 1 by replacing line 5 of the


program by fo=1; x=cos(2*pi*fo*t); Now change the value of tau to 3, 2, 1,
0.75, 0.5, and 0.25.

Program#02
T=0.0005;
tau=10;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
fo=1; x=cos(2*pi*fo*t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311),plot(t,x),
grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=3
T=0.0005;
tau=3;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
fo=1; x=cos(2*pi*fo*t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x),grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])

xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=0.75
T=0.0005;
tau=0.75;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
fo=1; x=cos(2*pi*fo*t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid
on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=0.25

T=0.0005;
tau=0.25;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
fo=1; x=cos(2*pi*fo*t);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid
on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

Example 3: Modify program of example 1 by replacing line 5 of the


program by x=ones(1,length(t)); Now change the value of tau to 3, 2, 1, 0.75, 0.5,
and 0.25.

Programe#03

T=0.0005;
tau=10;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=ones(1,length(t));
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=3
T=0.0005;
tau=3;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=ones(1,length(t));
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=0.75

T=0.0005;
tau=0.75;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=ones(1,length(t));
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1 max(x)
+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'), ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'), ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=0.25
T=0.0005;
tau=0.25;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
x=ones(1,length(t));
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1 max(x)
+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'), ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'), ylabel('<X(f)')

Example 4: Modify the program of example 1 by replacing line 5 of the


program by

tp=1; ON=0.5; x=rektwave(t,tp,ON).Now change the value of tau to 4, 3, 2, 1.5, and

1,

Programe#04
T=0.0005;
tau=10;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; ON=0.5;
x=rektwave(t,tp,ON);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=4
T=0.0005;
tau=4;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; ON=0.5;
x=rektwave(t,tp,ON);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=2

T=0.0005;
tau=2;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; ON=0.5;
x=rektwave(t,tp,ON);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=1
T=0.0005;
tau=1;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; ON=0.5;
x=rektwave(t,tp,ON);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

Example 5: Modify the program of example 1 by replacing line 5 of the

program tp=1; x=triwave(t,tp); Now change the value of tau to 4, 3, 2, 1.5, and
1,

Programe#05
T=0.0005;
tau=10;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=triwave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid
on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=4
T=0.0005;
tau=4;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=triwave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid
on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
title('09TL63')
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=2

T=0.0005;
tau=2;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=triwave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid
on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=1
T=0.0005;
tau=1;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=triwave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid
on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp),
grid on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xamp)-.1 max(Xamp)
+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid
on
axis([min(f) max(f)
min(Xph)-.1 max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

Example 6: Modify the program of example 1 by replacing line 5 of the

program by tp=1; x=sawave(t,tp); Now change the value of tau to 4, 3, 2,


1.5, and 1,

Programe#06
T=0.0005;
tau=10;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=sawave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x),
grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=4
T=0.0005;
tau=4;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=sawave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x),
grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=2
T=0.0005;
tau=2;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=sawave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

At tau=1

T=0.0005;
tau=1;
t=-tau:T:tau;
f=-12:0.1:12;
tp=1; x=sawave(t,tp);
[X Xamp Xph]=dtft(x,t,f);
subplot(311), plot(t,x), grid on
axis([min(t) max(t) min(x)-.1
max(x)+.1])
xlabel('time (seconds)'),
ylabel('x(t)')
subplot(312), plot(f,Xamp), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xamp)-.1
max(Xamp)+.1])
ylabel('|X(f)|')
subplot(313), plot(f,Xph), grid on
axis([min(f) max(f) min(Xph)-.1
max(Xph)+.1])
xlabel('frequency (Hz)'),
ylabel('<X(f)')

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