Employee
Development
Acc. To Flippo,
“Management development includes the process by
which managers and executive acquire not only
skills and competency in their present jobs but
also capabilities for future managerial tasks of
increasing difficulty and scope”
Systematic process of learning and growth by which
managerial personnel gain and apply knowledge, skills,
attitudes and insights to manage the work in their
organisations effectively and efficiently.
Educational process through which executives learn
conceptual and theoretical knowledge and managerial
skills in an organised manner.
CHARACTERISTICS
Planned & organised process
Ongoing or never ending exercise
Long-term process
Guided self development
EXECUTIVE
DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
APPRAISAL OF PRESENT MANAGERIAL TALENT
INVENTORY OF EXECUTIVE MANPOWER
PLANNING INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES
ESTABLISHING
TRAINING AND
DEVELOMENT PROGRAMMES
EVALUATING
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES
ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
Present and future developmental needs of the organization are ascertained.
Determination of no. and type of executives are required to meet the present and
future needs of the enterprise.
Focuses is on organizational planning.
Critical analysis of the organization structure in the light of future plans. i.e.
1. Department needs
2. Function
3. Key executive functions
Finally job description and job specifications are prepared for all executive positions.
Appraisal of present managerial talent
Qualitative assessment of the existing executives is made to
determine the type of executive talent available within the
organization.
Every Executive’s performance is compared with the
standard expected.
Inventory of executive manpower
Inventory is prepared to obtain complete information about
each executive.
Data on
1. age,
2. education,
3. experience,
4. health,
5. test results and
6. performance appraisal results is collected.
All this information is maintained on cards for each
executive.
Thus indicating the strengths and deficiencies of executives
In certain functions relative to the future needs of the
organization.
Planning individual development programmes
Each individual has a unique set of physical, intellectual, and emotional
characteristics.
Therefore , development plan should be designed individually.
Establishing training and development programmes
HRD prepares comprehensive and well conceived programmes.
The department identifies development needs and may launch specific courses in
fields of
1. Leadership
2. Decision making
3. Human relations etc.
HRD also recommends specific executive development programmes organized by
well known institutes of management.
On the basis of recommendations top management nominates the executives at
the cost of the company.
Evaluating development programmes
Programme evaluation will reveal the relevance of the
development programmes.
1. Observation of the trainee’s behavior
2. Opinion surveys
3. Interviews
4. Tests and changes in productivity
5. Quality
6. Cost etc. can be used to evaluate development programmes.
Evaluation is necessary to find out to what extent the
programme objectives have been achieved.
Methods and techniques of executive
development
Executive development
On the job techniques
1. Coaching
2. Under study
3. Position rotation
4. Multiple management
5. lectures
1. Coaching
In this mtd.
The superior guides and instructs the trainee as a coach.
The coach sets mutually agreed upon goals.
Suggests how to achieve the goals.
Periodically reviews the trainee’s progress.
Suggests changes required in behavior and performance.
Advantages:
1. It is learning by doing.
2. Every executive can coach his subordinate even if no executive development
programme exits.
3. Periodic feedback and evaluation are a part of coaching.
4. It involves close interactions between the trainee and his boss.
Disadvantages
1. It requires that the superior is a good teacher and guide.
2. The training atmosphere is not free from the worries of daily
routine.
3. It involves close interactions between the trainee and his
boss.
2. Understudy
In this mtd.
A person is selected and being trained as the heir apparent to assume at a
future time the full duties and responsibilities of the position presently held
by his superior.
In this way, a fully trained person becomes available to replace a manager
during his long absence of illness, on his retirement, transfer, promotion, or
death.
The junior is generally assigned tasks which are closely related to the work
in his section and he is deputed to attend executive meetings as a
representative of his superior.
•Advantages:
1. Trainee receives continuous guidance from the senior and gets the opportunity to
see the total job.
2. It is practical and time saving due to learning by doing.
3. Ensures continuity of management when the superior leaves his position.
Disadvantage
As one employee is identified in advance as the next occupant of a higher level
managerial position, the motivation of other employees in the unit may be affected.
Under an over bearing senior, the understudy may loose its freedom of thought and
action
3. Position rotation
Involves movement or transfer of executives from one position
or job to another on some planned basis.
Persons are moved from one position to another according to a
rotation schedule.
Also known as job rotation.
Aim : to broaden the knowledge, skills, and outlook of
executives.
Often designed for junior executives.
May continue for a period ranging from six months to two
years.
Advantages:
Helps to reduce monotony and boredom.
Facilitates inter-departmental cooperation and coordination.
Infuses new concepts & ideas.
Disadvantages:
May cause disturbance in established operations.
Trainee executive may find difficult to adjust himself to
frequent moves.
It may upset family and home life when transfers are made to
different geographical areas.
Multiple Management
Technique developed by Charles P. McCormick Corporation of Baltimore,
U.S.A.
Under it, a junior board of young executives is constituted.
Major problems are analyzed in the junior board which makes
recommendations to the Board of Directors.
The young executives learn decision-making skills & the Board of Directors
receives the collective wisdom of the executive team.
Vacancies in the Board of Directors can be filled from the junior board
members who have received considerable exposure to problems and issues.
Advantages:
Participants gain practical experience in group decision-making & team
work.
Mtd. helps to identify executive talent.
Relatively inexpensive mtd.
Disadvantages:
Specific attention to the developmental needs of executives is not possible.
Mtd. Is no suitable for lower level executives.
Off the job:
Lectures
Group discussions
Case study method
Conference method
Sensitivity training
Lectures
Formally organized talks by an instructor on specific topics.
Lectures are essential when technical or special information of a complex nature is to be
provided.
Supplemented by discussions, case studies, demonstrations, audio-visual aids and film
shows.
A simple way of imparting knowledge to a large number of persons within a short time.
More material can be presented within a given time than any other mtd.
Used to introduce a subject, to reduce anxiety about upcoming training programmes or
organizational changes.
Limitations
One way communication.
No participation and feedback from the audience.
Audience loses attention quickly as they are passive listeners.
Requires great deal of preparation and speaking skills for which executives
may lack time.
The presentation of material has to be geared to a common level of
knowledge.
Making of effective lectures:
Lecture should be:
1. Well planned
2. Not be more than an hour.
3. Made interesting through leading questions, guided discussions and
audio-visual aids.
Lecturer should be:
1. Competent and a good speaker.
2. Should keep in mind the listener’s needs and interests.
Group discussions
Variant of lecture mtd.
Paper is prepared and presented by one or more trainees on the selected
topic.
Followed by critical discussions.
Chairman of the discussion or seminar summarizes the contents of the
papers and the discussions.
Often the material to be discussed is distributed in advance.
It enable executives to learn from the experiences of each other.
Case study
Under this mtd.
A real hypothetical business problem or situation demanding solution is
presented in writing to the trainees.
They are required to identify and analyze the problem.
Suggest and evaluate alternative courses of action.
Choose the most appropriate solution.
The trainer guides the discussions and ensures that no relevant fact is
overlooked.
Advantages
Promotes analytical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Encourages open-mindedness and provides a means of integrating
interdisciplinary knowledge.
Disadvantages
Time saving and expensive to prepare good case studies.
A real life case may not be useful in different cultural situations.
Conference method
A formal meeting is conducted in accordance with an organised plan.
Problems of common interest are discussed.
Participants pool their ideas and experience to deal with the problems effectively.
A conference may be divided into the small groups (buzz sessions).
These small groups report back to the conference.
Mtd. Stresses upon small group interactions and active participation of the trainees.
Ideally suited for analyzing problems and issues and examining them from different
viewpoints.
Helps in:
1. developing conceptual knowledge,
2. reducing dogmatism and
3. Modifying attitudes.
Suitable for a small group of 15 to 20 persons.
Sensitivity training
Developed by Kurt Lewin.
Also called T-Group training & laboratory training.
Purpose is to
1. increase self-awareness,
2. Develop interpersonal competence
3. Sharpen team work skills.
Trainees are brought together in a free & open envt. wherein participants
discuss themselves.
The discussion is lightly directed by a behavioral expert who creates the
opportunity to express their ideas, beliefs, and attitudes.
Focus is on a face to face interaction and confrontation.
Principles of executive development
Top management should accept responsibility for executive development. A senior
executive should be made incharge of initiating and implementing the company’s
executive development programmes.
Every manager must accept direct responsibility for developing the executives under his
control on the job.
Executive development programmes must be geared to the needs of the company and the
individual.
Definite strategy spelling out the:
1. objectives,
2. coverage, and
3. the type of executive development programmes should be formulated.
A realistic time schedule for the development of executive personnel should be prepared
keeping in view the present & future needs of the organization.
Executive development begins with the selection of right man for the executive positions.
Thus good persons should be fed into executive development programme at all entry level.
