11 DIALEXH

MEJODOI EPILUSHS TWN MH OMOGENWN

GRAMMIKWN DIAFORIKWN EXISWSEWN

Pernˆme se mh omogeneÐc grammikèc diaforikèc exis¸seic n-osthc tˆxhc. Ja melet soume

merikèc peript¸seic twn mh omogen¸n exis¸sewn, ìpou o mh omogen c ìroc èqei eidik  morf .
PERIPTWSH 1. R(x) = ˆjroisma ekjetik¸n.
Ja broÔme thn genik  lÔsh sthn perÐptwsh R(x) = eρx , afoÔ h lÔsh gia mia epallhlÐa
ekjetik¸n den eÐnai parˆ h epallhlÐa twn antÐstoiqwn merik¸n lÔsewn. 'Eqoume thn

(11.1) Ly = eρ1 x ,

ìpou L eÐnai tuq¸n grammikìc diaforikìc telest c me stajeroÔc suntelestèc. EÐnai gnwstì
ìti
(11.2) L(eρ1 x ) = F (ρ1 )eρ1 x ,

ìpou F (ρ) eÐnai h tim  tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou sto shmeÐo ρ1 . Epomènwc mia apì tic
merikèc lÔseic ja eÐnai h
eρ1 x
(11.3) y= .
F (ρ1 )
GnwrÐzontac mia merik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc exÐswshc, sqhmatÐzoume amèswc kai thn genik 
lÔsh, prosjètontac th genik  lÔsh thc omogenoÔc. An
n
X
R(x) = αk eρk x ,
k=1

tìte h antÐstoiqh merik  lÔsh dÐnetai apì to ˆjroisma twn merik¸n lÔsewn gia kˆje ekjetikì
qwristˆ
n
X eρk x
(11.4) y= αk .
k=1 F (ρk )
'Omwc oi (11.3) kai (11.4) isqÔoun mìno ìtan to ρ1 sthn (11.1) den sumpÐptei me mia apì tic
rÐzec tou poluwnÔmou F (ρ1 ), epeid  ja èqoume F (ρ1 ) = 0 kai h y apì thn (11.3) den ja èqei
nìhma.
JewroÔme thn sqèsh (11.2), upojètontac ìti ρ1 eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔ-
mou. ParagwgÐzoume thn (11.1) wc proc ρ1

deρ1 x dF
(11.5) L( ) = L(xeρ1 x ) = (ρ1 )eρ1 x + F (ρ1 )xeρ1 x
dρ1 dρ1
An h ρ1 eÐnai mia apì tic rÐzec tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou pollaplìthtac 1, tìte h
(11.6) ja metatrapeÐ se
dF
(11.6) L(xeρ1 x ) = (ρ1 )eρ1 x
dρ1
kai lìgw grammikìthtac tou L  
xeρ1 x 
L  dF = eρ1 x .
dρ1
(ρ1 )
Epomènwc h merik  lÔsh thc (11.1) ja èqei th morf 

xeρ1 x
(11.7) y = dF .
dρ1
(ρ1 )

O tÔpoc (11.7) den isqÔei ìtan h ρ1 eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou pollaplìthtac
megalÔterhc apì to 1. SuneqÐzontac thn paragwgish thc (11.2) paÐrnoume ton ex c tÔpo sthn
perÐptwsh ìtan h ρ1 eÐnai rÐza pollaplìthtac k tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou

xk eρ1 x
(11.8) y= dk F
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
dρk
(ρ1 )
1

PERIPTWSH 2. R(x) = polu¸numo.

Ja anazht soume thn merik  lÔsh se morf  enìc poluwnÔmou. Ja upojèsoume pr¸ta ìti
sthn exÐswsh
(11.9) αn y (n) + αn−1 y (n−1) + · · · + α0 y = δs xs + · · · + δ0

α0 6= 0. S aut  th perÐptwsh upˆrqei mia merik  lÔsh se morf  poluwnÔmou Ðdiou bajmoÔ me
to deÔtero mèroc. Antikajist¸ntac th lÔsh aut  se morf 

(11.10) y = βs xs + βs−1 xs−1 + · · · + β0

sthn exÐswsh (11.9) paÐrnoume èna algebrikì sÔsthma exis¸sewn gia ton prosdiorismì twn
suntelest¸n β0 , β1 , . . ., βn .
An α0 = α1 = . . . = αn−k+1 = 0 h exÐswsh (11.9) paÐrnei thn morf 

(11.11) αn y (n) + · · · + αn−k y (n−k) = δs xs + · · · + δ0

Me thn antikatˆstash y (n−k) = z katal goume sthn

(11.12) αn z (k) + · · · + αn−k z = δs xs + · · · + δ0

AfoÔ αn−k 6= 0, eÐmaste sta plaÐsia thc prohgoÔmenhc perÐptwshc, ˆra z = βs xs +βs−1 xs−1 +
· · · + β0 , epomènwc
(11.13) y = xn−k (β̃s xs + β̃s−1 xs−1 + · · · + β̃0 )
 PERIPTWSH 3. R(x) = ˆjroisma ekjetik¸n epÐ polu¸numo.
Ed¸ pˆli arkeÐ na exetasteÐ h perÐptwsh

(11.14) αn y (n) + αn−1 y (n−1) + · · · + α0 y = epx (δs xs + · · · + δ0 ).

Kˆnoume thn allag  exarthmènhc metablht c y = epx z . 'Etsi katal goume sthn exÐswsh

epx (βn z (n) + · · · + β0 z) = epx (δs xs + · · · + δ0 ),

 ,
(11.15) βn z (n) + · · · + β0 z = δs xs + · · · + δ0 ,

An β0 6= 0, amèswc èqoume ìti

z = γs xs + βs−1 xs−1 + · · · + γ0

eÐnai mia merik  lÔsh thc (11.15) kai epomènwc

(11.16) y = epx (γs xs + βs−1 xs−1 + · · · + γ0 )

ja eÐnai mia merik  lÔsh thc (11.14). To gegonìc ìti β0 6= 0 shmaÐnei ìti ρ = 0 den eÐnai rÐza
tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou pou antistoiqeÐ sthn (11.15).
Ja doÔme t¸ra pwc susqetÐzontai oi rÐzec twn qarakthristik¸n poluwnÔmwn twn (11.14)
kai (11.15). 'Estw y = eλx eÐnai merik  lÔsh thc omogenoÔc (11.14) kai z = eρx eÐnai lÔsh
thc omogenoÔc (11.15), ìpou λ eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou thc (11.14) kai ρ
eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou thc (11.15). SÔmfwna me thn allag  exarthmènhc
metablht c pou kˆname, èqoume

y = eλx = epx z = epx eρx = e(p+ρ)x

kai λ = p + ρ. Epomènwc, an h ρ = 0 den eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou thc

(11.15), tìte λ = p den ja eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou thc (11.14). Epomènwc
sumperˆnoume:
an h p den eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou thc (11.14), tìte anazhtˆme thn lÔsh
thc (11.14) se morf 
(11.17) y = epx (γs xs + βs−1 xs−1 + · · · + γ0 )

Sthn perÐptwsh ìtan β0 = β1 = . . . = βk−1 = 0, dhlad  ìtan ρ = 0 eÐnai rÐza pollaplìthtac

k , tìte λ = p epÐshc ja eÐnai rÐza pollaplìthtac k . 'Ara oi merikèc lÔseic twn (11.14) kai
(11.15) ja èqoun thn akìloujh morf 

(11.18) z = xk (γs xs + βs−1 xs−1 + · · · + γ0 ) y = xk epx (γs xs + βs−1 xs−1 + · · · + γ0 )

Autˆ ta apotelèsmata isqÔoun kai sthn perÐptwsh ìtan o ekjèthc thc ekjetik c sunˆrthshc
eÐnai migadikìc arijmìc. 'Estw o mh omogen c ìroc èqei th morf 

(11.19) epx (Ps (x)cos qx + Qs (x)sin qx),

ìpou Ps (x) eÐnai polu¸numo bajmoÔ s kai Qs (x) polu¸numo bajmoÔ ≤ s. Qrhsimopoi¸ntac
ton tÔpo tou Euler eiqx = cos qx + isin qx mporoÔme na parast soume thn (11.19) se morf 

(11.20) e(p+iq)x Rs (x) + e(p−iq)x Ts (x),

ìpou kai ta duo polu¸numa eÐnai bajmoÔ s. Ed¸ mporoÔme na qrhsimopoi soume ta prohgoÔ-
mena apotelèsmata:
an p ± iq den eÐnai rÐzec tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou, tìte anazhtˆme thn lÔsh se morf 

(11.21) y = epx (P̄s (x)cos qx + Q̄s (x)sin qx),

ìpou kai ta duo polu¸numa eÐnai bajmoÔ s,

an p ± iq eÐnai rÐzec tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou pollaplìthtac k , tìte anazhtˆme thn
lÔsh se morf 

(11.22) y = xk epx (P̄s (x)cos qx + Q̄s (x)sin qx),

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

d2 y dy
2
+ 4 + y = cos 2x
dx dx
LUSH. LÔnoume pr¸ta thn omogen . Grˆfoume to qarakthristikì polu¸numo
√ √
ρ2 + 4ρ + 1 = 0, ρ1 = −2 + 3, ρ2 = −2 − 3,

ìpou kai oi duo rÐzec eÐnai aplèc. 'Ara h genik  lÔsh thc omogenoÔc ja eÐnai h
√ √
y0 = c1 e(−2+ 3)x
+ c2 e(−2− 3)x

Qrhsimopoi¸ntac ton tÔpo tou Euler ja parast soume to cos 2x wc ex c

e2ix + e−2ix
cos 2x =
2
'Ara Rs = 1/2, Ts = 1/2, p = 0, q = 2, p ± iq = ±2i. Epomènwc p ± iq = ±2i den eÐnai
rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou, ˆra anazhtˆme thn merik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc se
morf 
yµ = Acos 2x + Bsin 2x
Antikajist¸ntac thn yµ sthn exÐswsh ja prosdiorÐsoume touc A, B . Prosjètontac metˆ thn
genik  lÔsh thc omogenoÔc ja pˆroume thn genik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc.
PARADEIGMA. Se poia morf  ja prèpei na anazht soume thn lÔsh thc exÐswshc

d2 y
+ 4y = cos 2x
dx2

LUSH. To qarakthristikì polu¸numo èqei th morf 

ρ2 + 4 = 0, ρ1 = −2i, ρ2 = 2i.

'Ara oi p + iq = ±2i (deÐte to prohgoÔmeno parˆdeigma) eÐnai aplèc rÐzec tou qarakthristikoÔ
poluwnÔmou, ˆra ja prèpei na anazht soume thn merik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc exÐswshc se
morf 
yµ = xepx (Acos 2x + Bsin 2x) = x(Acos 2x + Bsin 2x),

epeid  p = 0.
PARADEIGMA. Se poia morf  ja prèpei na anazht soume thn lÔsh thc exÐswshc

d2 y dy
2
+ 2 + 2y = e−x (xcos x + 3sin x)
dx dx

LUSH. To qarakthristikì polu¸numo èqei th morf 

ρ2 + 2ρ + 2 = 0, ρ1 = −1 + i, ρ2 = −1 − i.

EpÐshc èqoume Ps = x, Qs = 3, s = 1, p = −1, q = 1, p ± iq = −1 ± i. 'Ara p ± iq = −1 ± i

eÐnai rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou, epomènwc ja prèpei na anazht soume thn merik 
lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc exÐswshc se morf 

yµ = xe−x (A1 x + A0 )cos x + (B1 x + B0 )sin x).

12 DIALEXH
EXISWSEIS EU LER
H genik  morf  thc omogenoÔc exÐswshc Euler eÐnai h

(12.1) αn xn y (n) + αn−1 xn−1 y (n−1) + · · · + α0 y = 0.

H mèjodoc pou ja parousiˆsoume sunÐstatai sthn anagwg  thc exÐswshc Euler se mia gram-
mik  exÐswsh me stajeroÔc suntelestèc. Gia autìn ton skopì ja qrhsimopoi soume thn
allag  anexˆrththc metablht c thc morf c x = et . Gia tic parag¸gouc thc y wc proc x ja
èqoume
dy dy dt dy −t
= = e ,
dx dt dx dt
à !
d2 y d2
y dy
= e−2t − ,
dx2 dt2 dt
à !
dk y −kt dy dk y
= e β 1 + · · · + β k ,
dxk dt dtk
ìpou oi suntelestèc bi , i = 1, . . . , k eÐnai stajerèc. Antikajist¸ntac tic parag¸gouc thc y
wc proc x me tic antÐstoiqec wc proc t, ja pˆroume mia exÐswsh me stajeroÔc suntelestèc

(12.2) γn y (n) + γn−1 y (n−1) + · · · + γ0 = 0.

'Estw ρi eÐnai rÐza pollaplìthtac ki , tìte s aut  th rÐza antistoiqoÔn ki merikèc lÔseic thc
morf c
eρi t , teρi t , ..., tki −1 eρi t .

'Ara oi merikèc lÔseic thc (12.1) pou antistoiqoÔn s aut  th rizˆ ja eÐnai oi

xρi , xρi ln x, ..., xρi lnki −1 x

Sthn perÐptwsh ìtan èqoume migadikèc rÐzec p ± iq pollaplìthtac k oi lÔseic pou antis-
toiqoÔn s aut  th rÐza eÐnai

ept cos qt, ..., tk−1 ept cos qt,

ept sin qt, ..., tk−1 ept sin qt,

 
xp cos(qln x), ..., xp lnk−1 xcos(qln x)

xp sin(qln x), ..., xp lnk−1 xsin(qln x)

H mh omogen c exÐswsh Euler lÔnetai ìpwc pˆnta prosjètontac thn genik  lÔsh thc o-
mogenoÔc sthn merik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc, thn opoÐa mporoÔme na broÔme me tic mejìdouc
pou qrhsimopoi same sthn perÐptwsh stajer¸n suntelest¸n.
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc
d2 y dy
x2 2
+x +y =0
dx dx
LUSH. Kˆnoume allag  x = et kai èqoume
dy dy −t
= e ,
dx dt
 d2 y 2
−2t d y dy
= e ( − )
dx2 dt2 dt
ˆra h exÐswsh ja metatrapeÐ wc ex c

d2 y
+y =0
dt2

GnwrÐzoume ìti oi lÔseic eÐnai cos t, sin t, ˆra gia thn arqik  exÐswsh oi merikèc lÔseic ja
pˆroun th morf 
cos(ln x), sin(ln x)

kai h genik  lÔsh ja grafeÐ se morf 

y = c1 cos(ln x) + c2 sin(ln x)

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

d2 y dy
x2 2
−x +y =0
dx dx

LUSH. Kˆnoume allag  x = et kai èqoume

dy dy −t
= e ,
dx dt
d2 y 2
−2t d y dy
= e ( − )
dx2 dt2 dt
ˆra h exÐswsh ja metatrapeÐ wc ex c

d2 y dy
− 2 +y =0
dt2 dt

To qarakthristikì polu¸numo eÐnai to

ρ2 − 2ρ + 1 = 0, ρ0 = 1

eÐnai dipl  rÐza tou qarakthristikoÔ poluwnÔmou. 'Ara èqoume duo merikèc lÔseic pou antis-
toiqoÔn sth rÐza aut 
et , tet

  gia thn arqik  exÐswsh ja pˆroume

y1 = x, y2 = xln x

kai h genik  lÔsh ja grafeÐ se morf 

y = c1 x + c2 xln x
 PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

d2 y dy
x2 − x + y = xln3 x
dx2 dx

LUSH. Kˆnoume allag  x = et kai katal goume sthn

d2 y dy
2
− 2 + y = t3 et
dt dt

To qarakthristikì polu¸numo eÐnai to

ρ2 − 2ρ + 1 = 0, ρ0 = 1

kai h genik  lÔsh ja grafeÐ se morf 

c1 et + c2 tet

  gia thn arqik  exÐswsh ja pˆroume

y = c1 x + c2 xln x

Sto deÔtero mèroc thc exÐswshc wc proc t èqoume ginìmeno poluwnÔmou epÐ thn ekjetik 
sunˆrthsh. To polu¸numo eÐnai bajmoÔ 3, p = 1 kai sumpÐptei me thn dipl  rÐza tou qarak-
thristikoÔ poluwnÔmou. 'Ara ja prèpei na anazht soume thn lÔsh thc exÐswshc se morf 

t2 et (α3 t3 + α2 t2 + α1 t + α0 )

Metˆ thn antikatˆstash aut c thc lÔshc sthn exÐswsh ja pˆroume ìti α0 = 0, α1 = 0,
1
α2 = 0, α3 = 20
. 'Ara h merik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc exÐswshc wc proc t ja eÐnai h

t5 et
20

Kai gia thn arqik  exÐswsh ja èqoume

xln5 x
yµ =
20

'Ara h genik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc ja eÐnai h

xln5 x
y = c1 x + c2 xln x +
20
13 DIALEXH
MEJODOS METABOLHS TWN PARAMETRWN
H mèjodoc metabol c twn paramètrwn eÐnai mia genik  mèjodoc epÐlushc twn mh omogen¸n
grammik¸n diaforik¸n exis¸sewn. Ja perigrˆyoume thn mèjodo aut  sth perÐptwsh miac
deuterotˆxiac exÐswshc thc morf c

d2 y dy
(13.1) 2
+ p1 (x) + p2 (x)y = f (x)
dx dx

H genik  lÔsh thc omogenoÔc eÐnai h

y0 = c1 y1 + c2 y2 ,

ìpou y1 , y2 eÐnai merikèc lÔseic thc omogenoÔc kai c1 , c2 eÐnai stajerèc. Ja anazht soume
thn lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc se morf 

(13.2) y = c1 (x)y1 + c2 (x)y2 ,

ìpou t¸ra jewroÔme ìti c1 kai c2 eÐnai sunart seic tou x. ParagwgÐzoume thn (13.2)

dy dy1 dc1 dy2 dc2

= c1 (x) + y1 + c2 (x) + y2 .
dx dx dx dx dx

Ja apait soume apì thn parˆgwgo thc (13.2) na èqei thn dom , thn opoÐa èqei h parˆgwgoc
dc1 dc2
thc y0 . AfoÔ sthn perÐptwsh thc y0 ja eÐqame dx
= dx
= 0, ja prèpei na isqÔei

dc1 dc2
(13.3) y1 + y2 = 0.
dx dx

ParagwgÐzontac deÔterh forˆ thn (13.2) kai qrhsimopoi¸ntac thn (13.3) kai to gegonìc ìti
h (13.2) ikanopoieÐ thn (13.1) ja pˆroume thn deÔterh exÐswsh wc proc c1 (x) kai c2 (x)

dc1 dy1 dc2 dy2

(13.4) + = f (x).
dx dx dx dx

Me autìn ton trìpo katal xame sto ex c sÔsthma



 dc1 dc2
dx 1
y + dx 2
y = 0,
(13.5)

 dc1 dy1 + dc2 dy2 = f (x).
dx dx dx dx

ParathroÔme ìti o pÐnakac suntelest¸n tou (13.5) eÐnai h Bronskian , h opoÐa eÐnai pˆnta
diˆforh tou mhdenìc, ˆra to (13.5) pˆnta èqei lÔsh.