LAB EXPERIMENT REPORTS

OF
DC MACHINES (EE-223)

Instructor: Sir Zeeshan Arfeen
Performed By: Muhammad Sarwar
10EL20
Electrical Engineering (A)
4
th
Semester
University College of Engineering & Technology
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur


2


Index of Performed Experiments:





Sr # Experiments Title Page #
1. Safety precaution

3
2. To identify and study main parts of a DC machine 4
3. Different Types of Connections in Dc Generators 8
4. O.C.C of Separately Excited Dc Generator 10
5. External characteristics of Separately Excited Dc
Generator
12
6. Ta /Ia Characteristics of DC shunt motor 14
7. N /Ia Characteristics of DC shunt motor 16
8. N/Ta Characteristics of DC shunt motor 18
9. Plotting Graph of Torque Speed Curve of a Shunt DC
motor using Matlab
20
10. Plotting Graph of Speed(n) Vs Field Resistance(R
F
) of
a Shunt DC Motor
22
11. Plotting Graph of Torque Speed Curve of a Shunt DC
motor using Matlab
24


3
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Nine rules for safe practice and to avoid electric shocks:
1. Be sure of the conditions of the equipment and the dangers present
BEFORE working on a piece of equipment. Many sportsmen are killed by
supposedly unloaded guns; many technicians are killed by supposedly
dead. Circuits,
2. NEVER rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems
to protect you. They may not be working and may fail to protect when
most needed.
3. NEVER remove the grounding prong of a three wire input plug .this
eliminates the grounding feature of the equipment making it a potential
shock hazard.
4. Disorganized mess of connecting leads, components and tools only leads
to careless thinking circuits, shocks and accidents.
5. DO NOT WORK ON WET FLOOR
Do not work on wet floor or bare footed. Always work on a rubber mate
or an insulated floor.
6. DO NOT WORK ALONE.
Its just good to have someone around to shot off the power give
artificial respiration and to call a doctor.
7. WORK WITH ONE HAND WHILE WORKING WITH ELCTRIC CIRCUITS
A current in between a hands crosses your heart and can be more let
than a current from hand to foot .a wise technician always work with
one hand .watch your service man
8. NEVER TALK TO ANYONE WHILE WORKING
Do not let yourself distracted. Also do not talk to anyone, if he is working
on dangerous equipment. Do not be the cause of an accident.
9. ALWAYS MOVE SLOWLY
When work around electrical circuits. Violent and rapid movements lead
to accidental shock and short circuits.




4







Identify and Study Main Parts of DC Generator

Objective:
To study main parts of a DC generator.
Apparatus:
DC generator Yoke, Poles, Armature, Commutator, Brushes.
Theory:
A DC generator is comprised of following main parts
1. Field system
2. Armature Core
3. Armature Winding
4. Commutator
5. Carbon Brushes

1. Field System:
The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates. It consists of a number of salient poles (of
course, even number) bolted to the inside of circular frame (generally
called yoke). The yoke is usually made of solid cast steel whereas the pole
pieces are composed of stacked laminations. Field coils are mounted on the
poles and carry the d.c exciting current. The field coils are connected in
such a way that adjacent pole shave opposite polarity.
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The m.m.f. developed by the field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes
through the pole pieces, the air gap, the armature and the frame Practical
d.c. machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Since
armature and field systems are composed of materials that have high
permeability, most of the m.m.f. of field coils is required to set up flux in
the air gap. By reducing the length of air gap, we can reduce the size of field
coils (i.e. number of turns).
2. Armature Core:
The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the
field poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6 mm
thick) that are stacked to form a cylindrical core as shown in Fig. The
laminations

are individually coated with a thin insulating film so that they do not come
in electrical contact with each other. The purpose of laminating the core is
to reduce the eddy current loss. The laminations are slotted to
accommodate and provide mechanical security to the armature winding
and to give shorter air gap for the flux to cross between the pole face and
the armature teeth.





6
3. Armature Winding:
The slots of the armature core hold
insulated conductors that are
connected in a suitable manner. This is
known as armature winding. This is the
winding in which working e.m.f. is
induced. The armature conductors are
connected in series-parallel; the
conductors being connected in series so
as to increase the voltage and in parallel
paths so as to increase the current. The
armature winding of a d.c. machine is a closed-circuit winding; the
conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a closed loop
or series of closed loops.
4. Commutator:
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which
converts the alternating voltage generated in
the armature winding into direct voltage across
the brushes. The commutator is made of copper
segments insulated from each other by mica
sheets and mounted on the shaft of the
machine (See Fig). The armature conductors are
soldered to the commutator segments in a
suitable manner to give rise to the armature
winding. Great care is taken in building the commutator because any
eccentricity will cause the brushes to bounce, producing unacceptable
sparking. The sparks may bum the brushes and overheat and carbonise the
commutator.
5. Carbon Brushes:
The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical
connections between the rotating commutator and
stationary external load circuit. The brushes are
made of carbonand rest on the commutator. The
brush pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable
springs (See Fig). If the brush pressure is very large,
the friction produces heating of the commutator and


7
the brushes. On the other hand, if it is too weak, the imperfect contact with
the commutator may produce sparking.

Multipole machines have as many brushes as they have poles. For example,
a 4-pole machine has 4 brushes. As we go round the commutator, the
successive brushes have positive and negative polarities. Brushes having the
same polarity are connected together so that we have two terminals viz.,
the +ve terminal and the -ve terminal.







































8









Different Types of Connections in Dc Generators
Objectives:
To understand different types of DC Machines
1. Separately Excited DC Generator
2. Shunt Excited DC Generator
3. Series Excited DC Generator
Apparatus:
1. DC Generator SM 2641
2. DC Power Supply
3. Connecting Leads
4. Voltmeter
Circuit Diagram:


(Separately excited dc generator)

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(Shunt dc-generator)
(Series dc generator)

Theory:
DC Machines are classified according to manner in which armature circuit is
connected to the field circuit. So there are following main types
1. Separate Excited DC Generator
2. Shunt Excited DC Generator
3. Series Excited DC Generator
In a separate excited DC Generator the armature and field circuits are supplied by
separate voltage sources.
In a shunt excited DC Generator both circuits are connected in parallel to each other.
In a series excited DC Machine both the field and armature circuits are connected in
series to each other. These connections are shown in the circuit diagram.
In this lab exercise our aim is to achieve above stated connections.
Procedure:
Make connections according to the given circuit diagram for each type of machine
separately. After that you will see that we got different values for different connections.






10













O.C.C of Separately Excited Dc Generator
Objective:
To determine open circuit characteristics of a Separate Excited DC Generator.
Apparatus:
1. Power Supply Unit(SM 2635)
2. Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
3. Drive machine, DC Machine (SM 2641 )
4. Test Generator, DC Machine (SM 2641)
5. Voltmeter
6. Ammeter
Circuit Diagram:

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Theory: Open circuit characteristics curve also sometimes called no-load
characteristic, is a graph showing the relation between induced e.m.f of a generator on no-
load and the field current. The e.m.f of the generator at no-load is given by:
E
o
N
If the speed be kept constant while this characteristic is being drawn in that
case E
o
becomes proportional to flux , but flux is proportional to field current I
f
. The curve
between E
0
and I
f
is known as open circuit characteristic.
Procedure:
1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the excitation voltage gradually from zero
to full value while keeping speed of prime mover to be constant (prime mover not
shown in the diagram).
3. Record the value of output voltage against each value of field current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between E
0
and I
f
.
Observations:
S. No. I
f
E
o

01 0.06 81
02 0.09 96
03 0.12 115
04 0.16 124
05 0.213 127
06 0.22 128
Graph between E0 and If:












12






External characteristics of Separately Excited Dc
Generator
Objective:
To determine external characteristics of a Separately Excited DC Generator.
Apparatus:
1. Power Supply Unit (SM 2635)
2. Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
3. Drive Machine, DC Machine SM 2641
4. Test Generator, DC Machine SM 2641
5. voltmeter
6. Ammeter
7. Resistive load (SM 2676)
Circuit Diagram:







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Theory: In External characteristics curve showing the relation between
terminal voltage of a generator and load current. The terminal voltage will be less then E
due to voltage drop in the armature circuit .Therefore, this curve will lie below the internal
characteristic. The formula of terminal voltage for external characteristic is
V = E- I
a
R
a
armature reaction drop
As the load increase, the terminal voltage falls due to armature reaction drop
and voltage drop across armature resistance. Here load current and armature current is
same because both are in series connection.

Procedure:
1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the excitation voltage gradually from zero
to full value while keeping speed of prime mover to be constant .
3. Record the value of output voltage against each value of load current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between V and I
L
.
Observations:
S. No. I
L
V
T

01 0.268 55.9
02 0.329 54.3
03 0.371 53
04 0.445 52.4
05 0.489 51.2

Graph between V and IL:










14













T
a
/I
a
Characteristics of DC shunt motor
Objectives:
To find the T
a
/I
a
Characteristics of self excited DC shunt motor

Apparatus:
1. Power Supply Unit (SM 2635)
2. Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
3. DC Machine (SM 2641)
4. Voltmeter and Ammeters
5. Resistive load (SM 2676)

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
It is the curve between armature torque Ta and armature current Ia of DC motor. It
is also known as electrical characteristics of the motors .In shunt motors the field current Ish
is constant since the field winding is directly connected to the supply voltage V which is
assumed to be constant. Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is approximately constant.
In a dc motors,
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Ta Ia

As flux is constant in shunt motor .So,

Ta Ia

As both the armature current and the torque are directly proportional so their characteristic
curve is straight line. And therefore large current is required to start a heavy load .

Procedure:
1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the load gradually from minimum to
maximum value.
3. Record the value of torque T
a
and armature current I
a
.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between T
a
& I
a


OBSERVATIONS:
Sr. No. I
A
(Amperes) Ta (N-m)
1 1.81 0.09
2 1.91 0.11
3 2.16 0.24
4 2.38 0.33
5 2.97 0.48

Graph Between Torque (Ta) and speed (Ia):



16















N /I
a
Characteristics of DC shunt motor

Objectives:
To find the N /I
a
Characteristics of self excited DC shunt motor

Apparatus:
1. Power Supply Unit (SM 2635)
2. Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
3. DC Machine (SM 2641)
4. Voltmeter and Ammeters
5. Resistive laod (SM 2676)

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
It is the curve between speed N and armature current Ia of DC motor. .In shunt
motors the field current Ish is constant since the field winding is directly connected to the
supply voltage V which is assumed to be constant. Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is
approximately constant.
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N Eb/
Since flux is constant so we can say that speed is effected when Eb changes. And very
small variation occurs in speed.

Procedure:
1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the load gradually from minimum to
maximum value.
3. Record the value of torque N and armature current I
a
.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between N & I
a


OBSERVATIONS:
Sr. No. I
A
(rpm) N (r.p.m)
1
1.81 1200
2
1.91 1180
3
2.16 1160
4
2.38 1140
5
2.97 1120

Graph Between Torque (Ta) and speed (Ia):




18















N/T
a
Characteristics of DC shunt motor

Objectives:
To find the N/T
a
Characteristics of self excited DC shunt motor

Apparatus:
Power Supply Unit SM 2631
Terminal Board SM 2635
Torque Measuring Unit MV 1052
DC Machine SM 2641
Volt and Ammeters
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
It is the curve between speed N and the armature torque Ta of DC motor. N/T
a

Characteristics is also known as mechanical characteristics. In a shunt motor the torque of
an electric motor is not necessarily dependent on its speed but also on armature current. In
this curve speed falls somewhat as the load torque increase. Increasing the load decreases
the speed linearly. If the field current is varied within an appropriate range, constant speed
can be maintained from no load to rated load. The Rotational Losses of a DC machine
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includes all speed dependent losses, such as bearings and brushes friction losses, windage
losses, and eddy current and hysteresis losses in the armature core. These losses are
independent of the load (ignoring the armature reaction effect). The other losses are due to
the resistance of the windings. Some depend on the load (copper losses in the armature and
series field windings), others on the applied voltage (copper losses in the shunt field
winding).

Procedure:
1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the load gradually from minimum to
maximum value.
3. Record the value of torque T
a
, Speed N and armature current I
a
.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between N & T
a


OBSERVATIONS:
Sr. No. T (N-m) N (r.p.m)
1
0.09 1200
2
0.11 1180
3
0.24 1133
4
0.33 1097
5
0.48 1026
Graph Between Torque (Ta) and speed (N) :



20






Plotting Graph of Torque Speed Curve of a Shunt
DC motor using Matlab

Matlab Script .M File:

% M-file to create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the
% the shunt dc motor with armature reaction in Example 9-2.

% This is mat file for magnetization curve.
load fig9_9.mat

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.
v_t = 250; % Terminal voltage (V)
r_f = 50; % Field resistance (ohms)
r_a = 0.06; % Armature resistance (ohms)
i_l = 10:10:300; % Line currents (A)
n_f = 1200; % Number of turns on field
f_ar0 = 840; % Armature reaction @ 200 A (A-t/m)

% Calculate the armature current for each load.
i_a = i_l - v_t / r_f;

% Now calculate the internal generated voltage for each armature current.
e_a = v_t - i_a * r_a;

% Calculate the armature reaction MMF for each armature current.
f_ar = (i_a / 200) * f_ar0;

% Calculate the effective field current.
i_f = v_t / r_f - f_ar / n_f;

% Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at
% 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization curve.
e_a0 = interp1(if_values,ea_values,i_f,'spline');
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% Calculate the resulting speed from Equation (9-13).
n = ( e_a ./ e_a0 ) * n_0;

% Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56).
t_ind = e_a .* i_a ./ (n * 2 * pi / 60);

% Plot the magnetization curve
subplot(1,2,1); hold on;
plot(if_values,ea_values,'color','k','linewidth',2);
grid on;
xlabel('I_F (Amperes)');
ylabel('E_A (Volts)');
title ('\bf Magnetization Curve of a typical DC motor at n=1200 rpm');

% Plot the torque-speed curve
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(t_ind,n,'Color','k','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
xlabel('\tau_{ind} (N-m)');
ylabel('n_m (r/min)');
title ('\bfShunt DC motor torque-speed characteristic (Example 9.2)');
axis([ 0 600 1100 1300]);
grid on;
hold off;

Output:




22






Plotting Graph of Speed(n) Vs Field
Resistance(R
F
) of a Shunt DC Motor

Script .M File:

% M-file to create a plot of the speed of a shunt dc motor as a function of field resistance, assuming
% a constant armature current (Example 9-3).

% The magnetization curve of typical DC motor at n=1200 rpm.
% It is same as for example 9.2
load fig9_9.mat

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.
v_t = 250; % Terminal voltage (V)
r_f = 40:1:70; % Field resistance (ohms)
r_a = 0.03; % Armature resistance (ohms)
i_a = 120; % Armature currents (A)

% Calculate the internal generated voltage at 1200 r/min for the reference field current (5 A) by
% interpolating the motor's magnetization curve. The reference speed corresponding to this field
% current is 1103 r/min.
e_a0_ref = interp1(if_values,ea_values,5,'spline');
n_ref = 1103;

% Calculate the field current for each value of field resistance.
i_f = v_t ./ r_f;

% Calculate the E_a0 for each field current by interpolating the motor's magnetization curve.
e_a0 = interp1(if_values,ea_values,i_f,'spline');

% Calculate the resulting speed from Equation (9-17):
% n2 = (phi1 / phi2) * n1 = (e_a0_1 / e_a0_2 ) * n1
n2 = ( e_a0_ref ./ e_a0 ) * n_ref;
% Plot the magnetization curve for the motor.
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subplot(1,2,1); hold on;
plot(if_values,ea_values,'color','k','linewidth',2);
grid on;
xlabel('\bfI_F (Amperes)');
ylabel('\bfE_A (Volts)');
title ('\bf Magnetization Curve of a typical DC motor at n=1200 rpm');

% Plot the speed versus r_f curve.
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(r_f,n2,'Color','k','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('Field resistance, \Omega','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('\itn_{m} \rm\bf(r/min)','Fontweight','Bold');
title ('Speed vs \itR_{F} \rm\bf Graph for a Shunt DC Motor','Fontweight','Bold');
axis([40 70 0 1400]);
grid on;
hold off;

Output:








24






Plotting Graph of Torque Speed Curve of a Shunt
DC motor using Matlab

Matlab Script .M File:

% M-file create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the
% the series dc motor with armature reaction in
% Example 9-5.

% The magnetization curve.
load fig9_22.mat

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.
v_t = 250; % Terminal voltage (V)
r_a = 0.08; % Armature + field resistance (ohms)
i_a = 10:10:300; % Armature (line) currents (A)
n_s = 25; % Number of series turns on field

% Calculate the MMF for each load
f = n_s * i_a;

% Calculate the internal generated voltage e_a.
e_a = v_t - i_a * r_a;

% Calculate the resulting internal generated voltage at
% 1200 r/min by interpolating the motor's magnetization curve.
e_a0 = interp1(mmf_values,ea_values,f,'spline');

% Calculate the motor's speed from Equation (9-13).
n = (e_a ./ e_a0) * n_0;

% Calculate the induced torque corresponding to each
% speed from Equations (8-55) and (8-56).
t_ind = e_a .* i_a ./ (n * 2 * pi / 60);

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% Plot the magnetization Curve Used
subplot(1,2,1); hold on;
plot(mmf_values,ea_values,'color','k','linewidth',2.0);
grid on;
xlabel('\bfField Magneto-Motive Force, \bfF (A. Turns)');
ylabel('\bfInternal Generated Voltage, E_{A} (Volts)');
title('\bf Magnetization Curve of the motor used in Exp 9.5');

% Plot the torque-speed curve
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(t_ind,n,'Color','k','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bfTorque Induced, \tau_{ind} (N-m)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('\bfRotational Speed, n_m (r/min)','Fontweight','Bold');
title ('Series DC Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic (Example 9.5)','Fontweight','Bold');
axis([ 0 700 0 5000]);
grid on;
hold off;

Output: