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    06 PH Newton Law of Universal Gravitation

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    06 PH Newton Law of Universal Gravitation

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    157 views12 pages

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    06 ph newton law of universal gravitation

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    157 views12 pages

    06 PH Newton Law of Universal Gravitation

    Uploaded by

    api-235269401

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    The force of attraction between any two masses

    in the universe is called the force of gravitation.


    Gravitational force is directly proportional to the
    product of the masses and inversely proportional
    to the square of the distance between the
    objects
    Symbolically: F m
    1
    x m
    2

    F
    1
    r
    2r
    3r
    Object
    Earth
    Distance Weight
    r 1 unit
    2r 1/4 unit
    3r 1/9 unit
    F m
    1
    & F m
    2
    & F 1/d
    2
    Earth moving about the sun
    2
    N. B. Definition:
    Every particle in the universe exerts a force
    of gravitational attraction on every other
    particle. The force between the two particles
    is directly proportional to the product of their
    masses and inversely proportional to the square
    of the distance between them.

    Mathematically:
    2
    2 1
    d
    m x m
    G F
    G is the universal gravitational constant.
    G = 6,67 x 10
    -11
    N.m
    2
    .kg
    -2

    3
    The value of G was determined by Lord Cavendish
    using the following apparatus.
    In this experiment the
    force of attraction
    between the spheres
    was measured & G
    could thus be
    calculated.
    Cavendish's experiment
    Law of gravitation
    4
    Terminology
    Free fall:
    An unimpeded fall where only
    gravitational force acts on an object.(Up or down)
    Terminal velocity (during free fall):
    The velocity an object has when the upward air
    resistance is equal to the earths downward
    attracting force. (constant velocity)
    Gravitational acceleration (g):
    The acceleration of an object in earths
    gravitational field.
    Coin & feather experiment
    Free fall from space
    5
    The value of g varies over earths surface. At
    the equator it is less and at the poles it is more.
    9,8 m/s
    2
    is usually used. Use this value in all
    calculations
    The value of g is
    independent of the
    mass of the object
    in earths gravitational
    field. This can be
    shown mathematically
    as follows:
    Determination of g by pendulum
    6
    The force between an object and earth is given by:
    F = G
    2
    r
    m x M
    According to N II:
    F
    net
    = w = mg
    Therefore:
    mg = G
    2
    r
    m x M
    g = G
    2
    r
    M
    The acceleration g is
    thus dependent
    upon mass & radius
    (& not the mass of
    the object) of the
    planet.
    The gravity on any
    planet is thus
    calculated this way.
    Weight of Earth
    7
    The mass
    and radius
    of the
    respective
    planets
    determines
    gravity
    Gravity on planets
    8
    Mass (in kilogram kg) is the amount of
    matter contained by a particular object.

    It always has the same value irrespective
    of its position in the universe.

    Can also be described as:

    A measure of how much an object resists a
    change in its state of rest or of uniform
    velocity. This is known as the inertial mass.

    Weight, however is a force.
    Mass vs weight Inertia, mass & weight
    9
    Mass pieces
    Object placed in
    one pan and
    mass pieces in
    the other.
    This determines
    the mass of the
    object.
    10
    The weight of an object (in newton N) is a
    measure of the gravitational force of
    attraction exerted by the earth on an object
    near to the earths surface.

    w = f
    g
    = mg

    Here w or f
    g
    is the weight, m the mass of the
    object and g the acceleration due to gravity.

    The g near the earths surface
    is approximately 9,8 ms
    -2
    .
    Since the radius is different,
    g is also different from point
    to point on surface of earth.
    11
    The sensation of weightlessness is what we
    experience when our weight appears to be zero
    even when in a gravitational field.

    This happens when in free fall.

    Astronauts experience this sensation while
    orbiting the Earth in their spacecraft. They are
    experiencing the same acceleration
    as the spacecraft and the floor
    exerts no force on them thus
    the feeling of weightlessness.
    Weightlessness
    12

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