Assignment-1

ME-341

Q1. A glass window of width W=1 m & height H=2m is 5mm thick and has a thermal
conductivity of K glass=1.4 w/m-k. If the inner and outer surface temperature of glass
are 15
0
C and -20
0
C, respectively,on a cold winter day, what is the rate of heat loss
through the glass? To reduce heat loss through windows, it is customary to use a
double pane construction in which adjoining panes are seperated by an air space. If the
spacing is 10 mm and the glass surfaces in contact with the air have temperatures of
10
0
C and -15
0
C, what is the rate of heat loss from a 1m 2m window? The thermal
conductivity of air is k air=0.024 W/m-k.

Q2. A gage for measuring heat flux to a surface or through a laminated material employs
five thin-film, chromel/ alumel (type K) thermocouples deposited on the upper and
lower surfaces of a wafer with a thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/m-k and thickness of
0.25mm.
(1) Determine the heat flux q through the gage when the voltage output at the
copper leads is 350 V. The seebeck coefficient of the type-K thermocouple
materials is approximately 40 V/
0
C.
(2) What precaution should you take in using a gage of this nature to measure heat
flow through the laminated structure shown?


Q3. The temperature controller for a clothes dryer consists of a bimetallic switch mounted
on an electrical heater attached to a wall-mounted insulation pad. The switch is set to
open at 70
0
C, the maximum dryer air temperature. In order to operate the dryer at a
lower air temperature, sufficient power is supplied to the heater such that the switch
reaches 70
0
C (T
set
) when the air temperature T is less than T
set
. If the convection heat
transfer coefficient between the air and the exposed switch surface of 30mm
2
is 25
W/m
2
-K how much heater power P
e
is required when the desired dry air temperature is
T=50
0
C?

Q4. Youve experienced convection cooling if youve ever extended your hand out the
window of a moving vehicle or into a flowing water stream. With the surface of your
hand at a temperature of 30
0
C, determine the convection heat flux for (a) a vehicle
speed of 35 km/h in air at -5
0
C with a convection coefficient of 40 W/m
2
-K and (b) a
velocity of 0.2 m/s in a water stream at 100C with a convection coefficient of
900W/m
2
-K. Which condition would feel colder? Contrast these results with a heat
loss of approximately 30 W/m
2
under normal room conditions.

Q5. The free convection heat transfer coefficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended in
still air can be determined from observations of the change in plate temperature with
time as it cools. Assuming the plate is isothermal and radiation exchange with its
surroundings is negligible, evaluate the convection coefficient at the instant of time
when the plate temperature is 225
0
C and the change in the plate temperature with time
(dT/dt) is -0.022K/s. The ambient air temperature is 25
0
C and the plate measures
0.30.3 m with a mass 0f 3.75 kg and a specific heat of 2770 J /kg-K.

Q6. Chips of width of L=15 mm on a side are mounted to a substrate that in installed in an
enclosure whose walls and air are maintained at a temperature of T
sur
=T=25
0
C. The
chips have an emissivity of =0.60 and a maximum allowable temperature of T
s
=85
0
C.
(1) If the heat is rejected from the chips by radiation and natural convection, what
is maximum operating power of each strip? The convection coefficient
depends on the chip to air temperature difference and may be approximated as
h=C (T
s
-T)
1/4
, where C=4.2 W/m
2
-K
5/4
.
(2) If the fan is used to maintain air flow through the enclosure and the heat
transfer is by forced convection, with h=250 W/m
2
-K, what is the maximum
operating power?


Q7. A vaccum system, as used in sputtering electrically conducting thin flims on
microcircuits, is comprised of a baseplate maintained by an electrical heater at 300 K
and a shroud within the enclosure maintained at 77 K by a liquid-nitrogen coolant
loop. The circular base plate, insulated on the lower side, is 0.3 m in diameter and has
an emissivity of 0.25.
(1) How much electrical power must be provided to baseplate heater?
(2) At what rate must be the liquid nitrogen be supplied to the shroud if its heat of
vaporization is 125 KJ /Kg.
(3) To reduce the liquid nitrogen consumption , it is proposed to bond a thin sheet
of aluminium foil (=0.09) to the baseplate. Will this have the desired result?




Q8. The electrical-substitution radiometer shown schematically determines the optical
(radiant) power of a beam by measuring the electrical power required to heat the
receiver to the same temperature. With a beam such as laser of beam optical power
Popt, incident on the receiver ,its temperature Ts, increases above that of chamber
walls held at uniform temperature , T
sur
=77 K. With the optical beam blocked, the
heater on the backside of the receiver is energized and the electrical power, P
elec,

required to reach the same value of T
s
is measured. The purpose of your analysis to
determine the relationship between the electrical and the optical power, considering
the heat transfer processes experienced by the receiver.
Consider a radiometer with a 15mm diameter receiver having a blackened surface with
an emissivity of 0.95 and the absorptivity of 0.98 for the optical beam. When
operating in the optical mode, conduction heat losses from the backside of the receiver
are negligible. In the electrical mode amounts to 5% of the electrical power. What is
the optical power of the beam when the indicated electrical power is 20.64 mW? What
is the corresponding receiver temperature?



Q9. The diameter and the surface emissivity of an electrically heated plate are D=300mm and
=0.80, respectively.
(1) Estimate the power needed to maintain a surface temperature of 200
0
C in a room
for which the air and the walls are at 25
0
C. The coefficient characterizing heat
transfer by natural convection depends on the surface temperature and, in units of
W/m2-K, may be approximated by an expression of the form h=0.80(T
s
-T)
1/3
.
(2) Asses the effect of surface temperature on the power requirement, as well as on the
relative contributions of convection and radiation to the heat transfer from the
surface.

Q10. In analyzing the performance of a thermal system, the engineer must be able to
identify the relevant heat transfer processes. Only then can the system behavior be
properly quantified. For the following systems identify the pertinent processes,
designating them by approrpriately labeled arrows on asketch of the system. Answer
additional questions that appear in the problem statement .
(1) Identify the heat transfer processes that determine the temperature of an
asphalt pavement on a summer day. Write the energy balance for an surface of
the pavement.
(2) Microwave radiation is known to be trainsmitted by plastics, glass and
ceramics, but to be absorbed by materials having polar molecules such as
water. Water molecules exposed to microwave radiation align and reversed
alingment with the microwave radiation at frequiencies upto 10
9
s
-1
, causing
heat to be generated . contrast cooking in a microwave oven with cooking in a
conventional radiant or convection oven. In each case what is the physical
mechanism resonsipble for heating the food? Which oven has the greater
energy utilization efficiency? Why ? microwave heating is being considered
for drying clothes. How would operation of microwave clothes dryer is
different from conventional dryer ? which is likely to have the greater energy
utilization efficiency and why ?

Q11. In considering the following problems involving heat transfer in the natural
enviroment (outdoors), recognize that solar radiation is comprised of long and short
wavelength components. If this radiation is incident on a semitransparent medium,
such as water or glass, two things will happen to the nonreflected portion of the
radiation. The long wavelength component will be absorbed at the surface of the
medium , whereas the shortwavelength component will be transmitted by the surface.
(1) The number of panes in a window can strongly influence the heat loss from a
heated room to the outside ambient air. Compare the single and double paned
units shown by identifying relevant heat transfer processes for each case.
(2) In a typical flat plate solar collecter , energy is collected by a working fluid
that is circulated through tubes that are in good contact with the back face of an
absorber plate. The back face is insulated from the surroundings , and the
absorber plate receives solar radiation on its front face, which is typically
covered by one or more transparent plates. Identify the relevantheat transfer
processes, first for the absorber plate with no cover plate and then for the
absorber plate with a single cover plate.