50

CHAPTER 4
The Integral Forms of the
Fundamental Laws
4.1 a) No net force may act on the system: S
v
F = 0.
b) The energy transferred to or from the system must be zero: Q- W = 0.
c) If
3 3 2

10 ( ) 0
n
V V n i j = = - =
v
is the same for all volume elements then
S
v v
F
D
Dt
V dm =

, or S
v v
F
D
Dt
mV = ( ). Since mass is constant for a system
S
v
v
F m
DV
Dt
= . Since
DV
Dt
a F ma
v
v
v
v
= = , . S
4.2 Extensive properties: Mass, m; Momentum, mV
v
; kinetic energy,
1
2
mV
2
;
potential energy, mgh; enthalpy, H.
Associated intensive properties (divide by the mass): unity, 1; velocity,
v
V; V
2
/2;
gh; H/m = h (specific enthalpy).
Intensive properties: Temperature, T; time, t; pressure, p; density, ; viscosity, .
4.3 (B)
4.4
System ( ) t V =
1
c.v.( ) t V = 1
System ( ) t t V + D = 1 V + 2
c.v.( ) t t V + D = 1
4.5
System ( ) t V =
1
V +
2
c.v.( ) t V = 1 V + 2
System ( ) t t V + D = 2 V + 3
c.v.( ) t t V + D = 1 V + 2
1
2
1
2
3
pump
51
4.6 a) The energy equation (the 1
st
law of Thermo).
b) The conservation of mass.
c) Newtons 2
nd
law.
d) The energy equation.
e) The energy equation.
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
$
$ $
. (
$ $
) n i j i j
1
1
2
1
2
0 707 = - - = - + . $ .
$
.5
$
n i j
2
0 866 0 = - . $
$
n j
3
= - .
1 1 1

10 [ 0.707( )] 7.07 fps
n
V V n i i j = = - + = -
v
V V n i i j
n 2 2 2
10 0866 05 866 = = - =
v
$
$
( .
$
.
$
) . fps
3 3 2

10 ( ) 0
n
V V n i j = = - =
v
4.11 flux = $ n VA
v
flux1 = [ . (
$ $
)]
$
/ . - + = - 0 707 10 0 707 10 i j i A A
flux2 = ( .
$
.5
$
)
$
/ . 0 866 0 10 0 866 10 i j i A A - =
flux3 = (
$
)
$
- = j i A 10 0
3
n
v
n
v
w
n
v
n
v
n
v
n
v n
n
n
v
v
v
v
n
n
n
n
v
v
v
v
n
n
v
v
52
4.12 ( $) ( .5
$
.
$
)
$
( )
v
B n A i j j = + 15 0 0 866 10 12
= = 15 0 866 120 1559 . cm
3
Volume = 15 60 10 12 1559 sin cm
3 o
=
4.13 The control volume must be independent of time. Since all space coordinates are
integrated out on the left, only time remains; thus, we use an ordinary derivative
to differentiate a function of time. But, on the right, we note that and may be
functions of (x, y, z, t); hence, the partial derivative is used.
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17 If fluid crosses the control surface only on areas A1 and A2,
$ $ $
. .
n VdA n VdA n VdA
A A c s
= + =

v v v
0
2 1
For uniform flow all quantities are constant over each area:

1 1 1 2 2 2
0
2 1
$ $ n V dA n V dA
A A
+ =

v v
Let A
1
be the inlet so $ n V V A
1 1 1 2
= -
v
and be the outlet so $ . n V V
2 2 2
=
v
Then
- + =
1 1 1 2 2 2
0 V A V A
or

2 2 2 1 1 1
A V A V =
1
2
1
system (
D
t) is in
volumes 1 and 2
c.v. (0) = c.v. (Dt)
= volume 1
1
2
3
system (
D
t) = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
c.v. (Dt) = V
1
+ V
2
system boundary
at (t +
D
t)
53
4.18 Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m
V
representing the mass in the volume:
0 = +

dm
dt
n VdA
V
c s

$
. .
v
= + -
dm
dt
A V A V
V

2 2 1 1
= + -
dm
dt
Q m
V
& .
Finally,
dm
dt
m Q
V
= - & .
4.19 Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m
S
representing the mass in the sponge:
0 = +

dm
dt
n VdA
S
$
v
= + + -
dm
dt
A V A V A V
S

2 2 3 3 1 1
= + + -
dm
dt
m A V Q
S
& .
2 3 3 1

Finally,
dm
dt
Q m A V
S
= - -
1 2 3 3
& .
4.20 (D)
2
200
0.04 70 0.837 kg/s
0.287 293
p
m AV AV
RT
= = = =

& .
4.21 A1V1 = A2V2.
125
144
2
.
60 =
2 5
144
2
.
V2. \V2 = 15 ft/sec.
& .
.
m AV = = 194
1 25
144
60
2
= 3.968 slug/sec. Q = AV =
125
144
2
.
60 =2 045 . / . ft sec
3
4.22 A1V1 = A2V2. .025
2
10 = (2 .6 .003)V2. \V2 = 1.736 m/s.
& . m AV = = 1000 025 10
2
= 19.63 kg/s. Q = AV= .025
2
10 =0 01963 . . m / s
3
4.23 & m
in
= A1V1 + A2V2. 200 = 1000 p .025
2
25 + 1000 Q2. \Q2 =0 1509 . . m / s
3
4.24
1
1
1
40 144
1716 520
= =

p
RT
= .006455 slug/ft
3
.
2
7 144
1716 610
=

= .000963 slug/ft
3
.
& .
& .
( / ).
. m AV V
m
A
= \ = =

1
1 1
2
2
2 144 006455
\V1 = 355 fps.
& . . ( / ) . m V
2 2
0 2 000963 2 3 144 = = \V2 = 4984 fps.
54
4.25
1 1 1 2 2 2 1
1
2
500
287 393
4
1246
287 522
8 317 A V A V
p
RT
= = =

= =

= .
.
.433 .
.
.
kg
m
kg
m
3 3
4.433 .05
2
600 = 8.317 .05
2
V2. \V2 = 319.8 m/s.
& m A V =
1 1 1
= 20.89 kg/s. Q A V
1 1 1
= = 4 712 . . m / s
3
Q2 =2.512 . m / s
3
4.26
1 1 1 2 2 2
A V A V =
p
RT
A V
p
RT
A V
1
1
1 1
2
2
2 2
=
200
293
0 05 40
120
0 03 120
2
2
2
= . . .
T
\ = - T
2
189 9 83 . . K or C
o
4.27 a) A V A V
1 1 2 2
= . (2 1.5 + 1.5 1.5) 3 =
d
2
2
4
2 . \d2 = 3.167 m
b) (2 1.5 + 1.5 1.5) 3 =
d
2
2
4
2
2
. \d2 = 4.478 m
c) (2 1.5 + 1.5 1.5) 3 =
1
3 2
866 2
2
R
R
R -

. .
\R = 3.581 m. \d2 = 7.162 m
4.28 (A) Refer to the circle of Problem 4.27:
2 3
75.7 2
( 0.4 0.10 0.40 sin75.5 ) 3 0.516 m /s.
360
Q AV

= = - =
o
4.29 a) v
r
r
r V vdA
r
r
rdr r
r
r
dr
r r r
= -

= = -

= -

10 1 10 1 2 20
0
0
2
0 0 0
2
0 0
0 0 0
. .
\ = -

= V
r
r r 20
2 3
10
3
0
2
0
2
0
2
= 3.333 m/s.
& . . m AV = = 1000 04 3 33
2
= 16 75 . . kg / s Q = AV =0 01675 . . m / s
3
b) v
r
r
r V
r
r
rdr
r r
r
= -

= -

= -

10 1 10 1 2 20
2 4
2
0
2 0
2
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
2 0
. . \V = 5 m/s
& . m AV = = 1000 04 5
2
= 25 13 . kg / s. Q = AV =0 02513 . m / s.
3
c) v
r
r
r V
r
r
rdr r
r
r
= -

= -

20 1 20 1 2 10 4
0
0
2
0 2
0
2
0
0
. / .
/
\V = 5.833 m/s
& . . m AV = = 1000 04 5833
2
= 29 32 . kg / s. Q =0 02932 . . m / s
3
q
R
cosq = 1/2
q = 60
o
55
4.30 a) Since the area is rectangular, V = 5 m/s.
& . . m AV = = 1000 08 8 5 = 320 kg / s. Q =
& m

= 0 32 . . m / s
3
b) v
y
h
y
h
= -

40
2
2
with y = 0 at the lower wall.
\ = -

Vhw
y
h
y
h
wdy
h
w
h
40 40
6
2
2
0
. \V = 6.667 m/s.
& . . . m AV = = 1000 08 8 6 667 = 426 7 . kg / s. Q = 0 4267 . . m / s
3
c) V .08 = 10 .04 + 5 .02 + 5 .02. \V = 7.5 m/s.
& . . .5 m AV = = 1000 08 8 7 = 480 kg / s.
&
&
Q
m
=

= 0 48 . . m / s
3
4.31 a) A V v dA
1 1 2
=

.

= -

1
24
6 1 2 2
4
2
0
2
0
2
0
2 0
v
r
r
rdr v
r
r
max max
.
With r
0
1
24
= , v
max
= 12 fps. \ = v r ( ) 12 1 576
2
( ) . - r fps
b) A V v dA
1 1 2
=

.
1
12
6 1
4
3
2
2
= -

=
-

w v
y
h
wdy v w
h
h
h
max max
.
With h =
1
24
, v
max
= 9 fps. \ = v y ( ) 9 1 576
2
( ) . - y fps
c)
1 1 2
. AV v dA =

0
2 2
2 0
max max
2
0
0
0.01 2 1 2 2 .
4
r
r r
v rdr v
r


= - =

With r0 = 0.01 m,
max
v = 4 m/s. ( ) v r \ =
2
4(1 10000 ) m/s. r -
d) n
2
max max
2
4
0.02 2 1 .
3
h
h
y h
w v wdy v w
h -

= - =


With h = 0.01 m,
max
v = 3 m/s. ( ) v y \ =
2
3(1 10000 ) m/s. y -
4.32 If dm dt / , = 0 then
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
A V A V A V = + . In terms of & m Q
2 3
and this
becomes, letting
1 2 3
= = ,
1000 0 02 12 1000 0 01
2
2
= + . & . . m \ =
&
. . m
2
5 08 kg / s
4.33 v dA A V
r
1
0
2 2
1

= . v
r
r
rdr
r
max
. .
0
2
1
2
2
1
1 2 0025 2

=
\ = 2
005
4
0025 2
2
2
v
max
.
. . \v
max
= 1 m/s. \ = v r ( ) 1
005
2
2
-

r
.
. m / s
56
4.34 & & &
. . ( ) .
&
.
.
m m m y y dy m
in out
= + = - +

2 2 10 10 20 100 2 1 2 10
2
0
1
Note: We see that at y = 0.1 m the velocity u(.1) = 10 m/s. Thus we integrate to
y = 0.1, and between y = 0.1 and 0.2 the velocity u = 10.
4
4
3
2 = +

+
&
. m \ = & . m 0 6667 = 0.82 kg/s.
4.35 V h u y dy
h
1 1
0
=

( ) . 10 05 10 20 100
2
0
= -

. ( ) y y dy
h
= -

10 10
100
3
2 3
h h .
\666.7 h
3
- 200 h
2
= -1. This can be solved by trial-and-error:
h = .06: -.576
?
-1. h = .07: -.751
?
-1.
h = .08: -.939
?
-1. h = .083: -.997
?
-1.
h = .084: -1.016
?
-1. \h = 0.0832: or 8.32 cm.
Note: Fluid does not cross a streamline so all the flow that enters on the left leaves on
the right. The streamline simply moves further from the wall.
4.36 ( )
&
. . ( )
/
m VdA y y y dy = = - -

2 2 1 3545 6 9 2 5
0
1 3
2
( )
= - - +

22 6 2 127 9 3 19
2 2 3
0
1 3
y y y y dy . .
/
= 4.528 slug/sec.
V u = = =
2
3
2
3
2
4
3
max
. fps (See Prob. 4.31b).
=
+ 2 2 194
2
. .
= 2.07 slug/ft
3
. \ =

V A 2 07
4
3
5
1
3
. = 4.6 slug/sec.
Thus, VA m & since = (y) and V = V(y) so that V V .
4.37 A V A V
1 1 2 2
= . = . ( . . ) . 01 8 2 2 04
2
2
V cos 30
o
\V2 = 0.05774 m/s.
4.38 2000
4
3
0015 9000 5
3
3
3
3
.
m of H O
m of air
m of air
s
2
= 1.5 (1.5h). \h = 0.565 m.
4.39 Use Eq. 4.3.3: 0
1 1 1 1
= - +

t
d V V n A
v
$ .
v
V n V
1 1 1
= - $ .
\ = -

1 1 1
A V
t
V
tire
.
( . )
.
37 14 7 144
1716 520
1
96
180 17
2
+

=

t
57
\ =

t
3 01 10
5
. .
-
-
slug
ft sec
3
4.40 & & & . m m m
in
= +
2 3
V
1
= 20 m/s (see Prob. 4.31c).
20 1000 02 10 1000 02
2 2
3
= + . . . V \V
3
= 12.04 m/s.
4.41 0
2 3 1
= + = + + -
d
dt
m m
d
dt
m m m m
c v net c v . . . .
& & & &
\ = - - = - -
d
dt
m m m m
c v . .
& & & . .
1 2 3
2 2
1000 02 20 10 1000 02 10
= 2.57 kg/s.
4.42 The control surface is close to the
interface at the instant shown.
\Vi = interface velocity.

e e e i i i
A V A V = .
1 15 300
8000
287 673
1
2 2
.5 .
.
. =

V
i
\Vi = 0.244 m/s.
4.43 Assume an incompressible flow:
4
1 2 2
Q A V = . 4 1500 60 2 4
2
= / ( ) . V \ = V
2
12.5 . fps
4.44 For an incompressible flow (low speed air flow)
udA A V
A
=

2 2
1
. 20 0 8 0 15
1 5 2
2
0
0 2
y dy V
/
.
. . . =

20 0 8
5
6
0 2 015
6 5 2
2
= . . . .
/
V \ = V
2
27 3 . . m / s
4.45 A V v dA A V
e e 1 1 2
+ =

( . . )
.
.
.
01 0 025 4 200 1
0 025
2 0 1
2 2
2
2
2
0
0 025
- + -

r
rdr V
e
0 1178 01963 0 0314 . . . . + = V
e
\ = V
e
10 0 . . m / s
4.46 Draw a control volume around the entire set-up:
0
2 2 1 1
= + -
dm
dt
V A V A
tissue

= +
-

-
&
&
( tan )
&
m
d d
h h h
tissue

2
2 2
2 1
2
1
4
V
e
n
n
V
i
58
or
&
& &
tan . m
d d
h h h
tissue
=
-
+

2
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
4
4.47 The width w of the channel is constant throughout the flow. Then
0
2 2 1 1
= + -
dm
dt
A V A V . 0
2 2 1 1
= + -
d
dt
whL A V A V ( )
0 100 0 2 8 4 0 2 = + -
dh
dt
w w w . . . \ =
&
. . h 0 008 m / s
4.48 0
2 2 1 1
= + -
dm
dt
A V A V
= + -
-
& ( . . / ). m 1000 0 003 0 02 10 10 60
2 6
\ =
-
& . . m 3 99 10
4
kg / s
4.49
1 1 1 2 2 2
A V A V = . & m A V
1 2 2 2
= .
400 10 900 0 2 0 05
10 100 6 2
e V
e
- -
=
/
. . . \ = V
e
207 m / s.
4.50 0
3 3 1 1 1 2
= + - -
dm
dt
Q A V m & where m Ah = .
a) 0 1000 0 6 1000 0 6 60 1000 0 02 10 10
2 2
= + - - .
&
. / . . h
\ =
&
. h 0 0111 m / s or 11.1 mm / s
b) 0 1000 0 6 1000 0 01 0 20
2
= + - - .
&
. . h
\ =
&
. . h 0 00884 m / s or 8.84 mm/ s
c)
2 2
0 1000 0.6 1000 1.0/60 1000 0.02 5 10. h = + - -
&
0.000339 m/s or 0.339 mm/s. h \ =
&
4.51 A V A V
1 1 2 2
= where A
2
is an area just under the top surface.
a) =
-
0 02 10 60
2 10 2
. ( tan )
/
e h
dh
dt
t o
\ =
-
h dh e dt
t 2 10
0 001333 . .
/
\ = - +
-
h e
t 3 10
0 04 0 04 . . .
/
Finally,
h t e
t
( ) . ( ) .
/ /
= -
-
0 342 1
10 1 3
b) 0 04 10 10 60 10
10
. ( tan )
&
/
=
-
e h h
t o
\ =
-
hdh e dt
t
0 2309
10
. .
/
\ = - +
-
h e
t 2 10
4 62 4 62 . . .
/
Finally,
/10 1/ 2
( ) 2.15(1 ) .
t
h t e
-
= -
59
4.52
&
W T pAV
du
dy
A
belt
= + +
= + +
-
20 500 2 60 400 0 4 0 10 181 10 100 0 0 8
5
/ . .5 . .5 .
= + + = 1047 800 0 000724 1847 . W
4.53 If the temperature is essentially constant, the internal energy of the c.v. does not
change and the flux of internal energy into the pipe is the same as that leaving
the pipe. Hence, the two integral terms are zero. The losses are equal to the heat
transfer exiting the pipe.
4.54 80% of the power is used to increase the pressure while 20% increases the
internal energy (
&
Q = 0 because of the insulation). Hence,
&
~
.
&
m u W D = 0 2
1000 0 02 4 18 0 2 500 = . . . . DT \ = DT 0 836 . . C
o
4.55 (D)
2 2
2 1
2
P
W V V
Q g
-
=
&
2 1
1200 200
. .
0.040
P
p p W

- -
+ =

&
40
40 kW and energy req'd = 47.1 kW.
0.85
P
W \ = =
&
4.56
&
. W
Q H
P
P
p
=

5 746
9800 20
0 87
=
Q
.
. \ = Q 0 01656 . . m / s
3
4.57 - = -
&
&
. .
W
mg
T
40 0 89
a)
&
. . W
T
= = 40 0 89 200 9 81 69 850 W
b)
&
. ( / ) . W
T
= = 40 0 89 90 000 60 9 81 523 900 W
c)
&
. ( / ) . W
T
= = 40 0 89 8 10 3600 9 81 776
6
100 W
4.58
10000000
. 0.89 50. 1.273 m/s
100 3 60 9.8
T
T
W
z V
AVg V

- = D = \ =

&
4.59
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

.
12
2 32 2
6
36
64 4
2 2
2
2 2

+ = +
. .
.
h
h
8 236
20 1
2
2 2
.
.
. = +
h
h Continuity: 3 12 = h2 V2.
3 ft
V
1
h
2
V
2
60
This can be solved by trial-and-error.
2
8': 8.24 ? 8.31 h =
2
7.9': 8.24 ? 8.22 h = Qh
2
= 7 93 . . '
2
1.8': 8.24 ? 8.00 h =
2
1.75': 8.24 ? 8.31 h = Qh
2
= 176 . '.
4.60
V
g
z
V
g
z h
L
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
+ = + + . \

+ =

+ +
4
2 9 81
2
16
2 9 81
0 2
2
2
2 2
. .
. .
h
h
\2 615 0 815
2
2
2
. . / . = + h h Trial-and-error provides the following:
h
2
2 2 615 2 63 =
=
.5: .
?
. h
2
2 45 615 2 =
=
. : .
?
.59. 2 \ = h
2
2 47 . m
h
2
0 65 2 615 2 =
=
. : .
?
.58 h
2
0 64 615 2 63 =
=
. : .
?
. . 2 \ = h
2
0 646 . m
4.61 Manometer: Position the datum at the top of the right mercury level.
9810 4 9810
2
1000 9810 13 6 4 9810 2
2 2
2
2
1
+ + + = + + . ( . ) . z p
V
p
Divide by = 9810: . . . . 4
2
13 6 4 2
2
2 2
2
1
+ + + = + + z
p V
g
p

(1)
Energy:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

. (2)
Subtract (1) from (2): With z
1
= 2 m,
V
g
1
2
2
12 6 4 = . . . \V1 = 9.94 m/s
4.62 The manometer equation (see Prob. 4.61) is
0 4
2
13 6 4 2
2
2 2
2
1
. . . . + + + = + + z
p V
g
p

(1)
Energy:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
V
g
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0 05
2
+ + = + + +

. . (2)
Subtract (1) from (2): With z
1
= 2 m, and with V2 = 4V1 (continuity)
18
2
12 6 0 4
1
2
.
. . .
V
g
= \V1 = 7.41 m/s.
4.63 (A)
2
2
0
V
=
2
1 2 1
2
V p p
g
- -
+
2
2
2
120
. 0 . 7 200000 Pa.
2 9.8 9810
p
p

-
= + \ =

4.64 Q = 120 0.002228 = p

1
12
2
1

V . \V1 = 12.25 fps.

61
Continuity:

1
12
1
12
2
1
2
2
V V
.5
. \V2 = 5.44 fps.
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p V
g
1
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
0 37
2
+ = + +

. .
\ = + -

p
2
2 2
60 144 62 4 0 63
12 25
64 4
5 44
64 4
. .
.
.
.
.
= 8702.9 psf or 60.44 psi
4.65 Q = 600 10
-3
/60 = p .02
2
V1. \V1 = 7.958 m/s.
3
2
0.02
3 3
3 3 2
0
1 1
10 1
0.02 6.67 0.02
y
V dA wdy
AV w

= = -




V
A V
A
2
1 1
2
2
2
04 7 958
06
= =
. .
.
= 3.537 m/s.
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p
h
L
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ = + +

.
\ =
-

+
-
h
L
7 958 3
2 9 81
690 000 700 000
9810
2 2
. .537
.
= 1.571 m
4.66 V Q A
1 1 2
0 08
03
= =

/
.
.
= 28.29 m/s. \V2 = 9V1 = 254.6 m/s.
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p V
g
1
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
+ = + +

. .
\ =

p
1
2 2
9810
254 6
2 9 81
0 8
28 29
2 9 81
.
.
.
.
.
= 32 1 10
6
. . Pa
4.67 a) Across the nozzle:
2 2
1 2
.07 .025 . V V = \V2 = 7.84 V1.
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ = +

.
2
2
1 1
7.84 1
9810 .
2 9.81
p V
-
\ =

For the contraction: = . . . 07 05

2
1
2
3
V V \V3 = 1.96 V1.
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 3
2
3
2 2
+ = +

.
Manometer: + = + . . . . 15 136 15
1 3
p p \ = +
p p
1 3
12 6 15

. . .
Subtract the above 2 eqns:
V
g
V
g
V
g
1
2
3
2
2 1
2
2
12 6 15
2
196
2
+ = = . . . .
\ - = ( . ) . . . 196 1 12 6 15 2
2
1
2
V g \V1 = 3.612 m/s. \p1 = 394 400 Pa.
62
From the reservoir surface to section 1:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
0
2
0
0
1
2
1
1
2 2
+ + = + +

H = +
3 612
19 62
2
.
.
394 400
9810
= 40.0 m.
b) Manometer: + = + . . . . 2 136 2
1 3
p p \ = +
p p
1 3
12 6 2

. . .
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 3
2
3
2 2
+ = +

. Also, V3 = 1.96 V1.
\ + =
V
g
V
g
1
2 2
1
2
2
12 6 2
196
2
. .
.
. \V1 = 4.171 m/s.
The nozzle is the same as in part (a): \p1 = 534 700 Pa.
From the reservoir surface to the nozzle exit:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

. \ = =

H
V
g
2
2 2
2
32 7
2 9 81
.
.
= 54.5 m.
4.68 a) Energy:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

. \ = = V gz
2 0
2 2 9 81 2 4 . . = 6.862 m/s.
Q = AV = .8 1 6.862 = 5 49 . . m / s
3
For the second geometry the pressure on the surface is zero but it increases
with depth. The elevation of the surface is 0.8 m.
\ = + z
V
g
h
0
2
2
2
. \ = - = V g z h
2 0
2 2 9 81 2 ( ) . = 6.264 m/s.
\Q = .8 6.264 = 5 01 . . m / s
3
Note: z0 is measured from the channel bottom in the 2nd geometry.
\z0 = H + h.
b)
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

. \ = = +

= V gz
2 0
2 2 32 2 6
2
2
2123 . . fps.
\Q = AV = (2 1) 21.23 = 42.5 cfs.
For the second geometry, the bottom is used as the datum:
\ = + + z
V
g
h
0
2
2
2
0 . \ = + -
V
g
H h h
2
2
2
( ) .
\ = = V gH
2
2 2 32 2 6 . = 19.66 fps. \Q = 39.3 cfs.
63
4.69 From the reservoir surface to the exit: Continuity:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z K
V
g
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
+ + = + + +

. V V
1 2
2
2
03
08
=
.
.
= .1406 V2.
10
2
5
1406
2
2
2 2
2
2
= +
V
g
V
g
.
\V2 = 13.36 m/s. \Q = 13.36 p .015
2
=0 00944 . . m / s
3
The velocity in the pipe is V1 = 1.878 m/s.
Energy 0 A: 10
1878
2 9 81 9810
8
1878
2 9 81
3
2 2
=

+ +

+
.
.
.
.
.
.
p
A
\pA = 65 500 Pa.
Energy 0 B: 10
1878
2 9 81 9810
2 0
1878
2 9 81
10
2 2
=

+ +

+
.
.
.
.
.
.
p
B
\pB = -5290 Pa.
Energy 0 C: 10
1878
2 9 81 9810
12 2 8
1878
2 9 81
2 2
=

+ + +

.
.
.
.
.
.
p
C
\pC = -26 300 Pa.
Energy 0 D: 10
1878
2 9 81 9810
0 5
1878
2 9 81
2 2
=

+ + +

.
.
.
.
.
p
D
\pD = 87 500 Pa.
4.70
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

.
80 000
9810
+ =

4
2 9 81
2
2
V
.
. \V2 = 19.04 m/s.
a) Q A V = =
2 2
2
025 19 04 . . = 0 0374 . . m / s
3
b) Q A V = =
2 2
2
09 19 04 . . = 0 485 . . m / s
3
c) Q A V = =
2 2
2
05 19 04 . . = 0 1495 . . m / s
3
4.71 a)
p
z
V
g
V
g
0
0
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
+ = + .54 .
80 000
9810
+ = + 4
16
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
V
g
V
g
.54 . \V1 = 3.687 m/s.
Q A V = =
1 1
2
05 3 687 . . = 0 0290 . . m / s
3
b) A V A V
1 1 2 2
= . V V V
1
2
2 2 2
09
05
3 24 = =
.
.
. .
80 000
9810
+ = + 4
2
2 3
3 24
2
2
2 2
2
2
V
g
V
g
.
.
. \V2 = 3.08 m/s. \Q A V =
2 2
= 0 0784 . . m / s
3
c)
80 000
9810
+ = + 4
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
V
g
V
g
.5 . \V2 = 9.77 m/s. \Q A V =
2 2
= 0 0767 . . m / s
3
4.72 (C) Manometer:
2
2
1 2
2
V
H p g p
g
+ = + or
2
2
1
9810 0.02 .
2
V
p g
g
+ =
Energy:
2
100000 7.96
. 3.15.
2 9.81 9810
K K = \ =

64
Combine the equations:
2
1
1
9810 0.02 1.2 . 18.1 m/s.
2
V
V = \ =
4.73 Manometer: . 6 . 13
2 1
p z H p z H + + = + + \ = +
p
H
p
1 2
12 6

. .
Energy:
p V
g
p V
g
1 1
2
2 2
2
2 2
+ = + .
Combine energy and manometer: 12 6
2
2
2
1
2
. . H
V V
g
=
-
Continuity: V
d
d
V
2
1
2
2
2
1
= . \ = -

V H g
d
d
1
2 1
4
2
4
12 6 2 1 . / .
\ = =

-

Q V
d H g
d d
d
1
1
2
1
4
2
4
1 2
1
2
4 4
12 6 2
1

.
/
/
= 12 35
1
2
2
2
1
4
2
4
1 2
.
/
d d
H
d d -

4.74 Use the result of Problem 4.73:

a) Q = 12.35 . .
.
. .
/
16 08
2
16 08
2 2
4 4
1 2

= 0 0365 . . m / s
3
b) Q = 12.35 . .
.
. .
/
24 08
4
24 08
2 2
4 4
1 2

= 0 0503 . . m / s
3
c) Using English units with g = 32.2: Q d d
H
d d
=
-

22 37
1
2
2
2
1
4
2
4
1 2
. .
/
Q =

22 37
1
2
1
4
10 12
25
2 2
4 4
1 2
.
/
.5 .
/
= 1.318 cfs.
d) Q = 22.37 1
1
3
15 12
1 3333
2
2
4 4
1 2

/
.
/
= 2.796 cfs.
4.75 (B)
2
2
0.040
. 7.96 m/s.
2
0.04
L
V p Q
h K V
g A

D
= = = = =

2
100000 7.96
. 3.15.
2 9.81 9810
K K = \ =

4.76 a) Energy from surface to outlet:

V
g
H
2
2
2
= . \ = V gH
2
2
2 .
Energy from constriction to outlet:
p V
g
p V
g
1 1
2
2 2
2
2 2
+ = + .
65
Continuity: V V
1 2
4 = . With p1 = pv = 2450 Pa and p2 = 100 000 Pa,
2450
9810
16
2 9 81
2
100 000
9810
1
2 9 81
2 +

= +

. .
. gH gH \H = 0.663 m.
b) With p1 = 0.34 psia, p2 = 14.7 psia,
.
.
.
.
.
34 144
62 4
16
2
2
14 7 144
62 4
1
2
2

+ =

+
g
gH
g
gH \H = 2.21 ft.
4.77 Continuity: V V
1 2
4 = . Energy surface to exit:
V
g
H
2
2
2
= .
Energy constriction to exit:
p V
g
p V
g
v

+ = +
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
.
\ = +
-
= - = - p p
V V
g
p H
v 2
2
2
2
2
2
16
2
15 100 000 15 65 9810 . = 4350 Pa.
From Table B.1, T = 30C.
4.78 Energy surface to surface: z z h
L 0 2
= + . \ = + 30 20 2
2
2
2
V
g
.
Continuity: V1 = 4V2. \V
1
2
= 160 g. \V
2
2
= 10 g.
Energy surface to constriction: 30
160
2
94 000
9810
1
= +
-
+
g
g
z
( )
\z1 = -40.4 m. \H = 40.4 + 20 = 60.4 m.
4.79 Continuity: V V
2
2
2 1
10
6
= = 2.778 V1.
Energy:
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ = +

.
V
g
V
g
1
2 2
1
2
2
200 2 778
2
2450
9810
+ = +
000
9810
.
.
\V
1
= 7.67 m/s. \Q = .05
2
7.67 = 0 0602 . . m / s
3
4.80 Velocity at exit = V
e
. Velocity in constriction = V
1
. Velocity in pipe = V
2
.
Energy surface to exit:
V
g
H
e
2
2
= . \ = V gH
e
2
2 .
Continuity across nozzle: V
D
d
V
e 2
2
2
= . Also, V V
1 2
4 = .
Energy surface to constriction: H
V
g
p
v
= +
1
2
2
.
66
a) 5
1
2
16
2
2 5
97
4
4
=

+
-
g
D
g
.
.
550
9810
\ = D 0131 . m
b) 15
1
2
16
8 12
2 15
34 14 7 144
62 4
4
4
=

+
-
g
D
g
( / )
(. . )
.
. \ = D 0 446 . or 5.35
4.81 Energy surface to exit: 3
2
4
2
1177
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + \ =
V
g
V
g
V . . .
Energy surface to A: 3
1177
2 9 81
1176 100
3 1
1177
2 9 81
2
=

+
-
+ + +

.
.
( ) .5
.
.
.
000
9810
H
\ = H 8.57 . m
4.82 & . . m AV = =

= 1 94
1
12
120 5 079
2
slug / sec.
&
. .
. .
/ . , . W
P
=
-

= 5 079 32 2
30 120
2 32 2
120 144
62 4
0 85 12 950
2 2
ft - lb
sec
or 23.5 Hp
4.83 & . . m AV = = = 1000 02 40 50 27
2
kg / s.
20
40
2 9 81 9810
0 82
2
000 = 50.27 9.81
10
2

.
/ . .
Dp
\ = Dp 1088 10
6
. . Pa
4.84 (C)
2 2
2 1
2
P
W V V
Q g
-
=
&
.
p

D
+
16
0.040 400 16 kW. 18.0 kW.
0.89
P
P
W
W Q p

= D = = = =
&
&
4.85 - =
-

+
-

&
.
.
.
. . W
T
2 1000 9 81
0 10 2
2 9 81
600
0 87
2
000
9810
\ =
&
. . W
T
1304 10
6
W
We used V Q A
2 2 2
2
25
10 2 = =

= /
.
.

m / s.
4.86 V V
1 2 2 2
450
3
15 9
450
3 75
10 19 =

= =

=

. .
.
. . fps fps
-

=
-

+
-

10 000
1
746
550 450 194 32 2
1019 159
2 32 2
18 140 144
62 4
2 2
,
.
. .
. .
.
( )
.
.
T
\ =
T
0924 .
67
4.87 a)
& &
& ( ) . Q W mg
V V
g
p p
z z
c
g
T T
S
v
- =
-
+ - + - + -

2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2 1 2 1
2
The above is Eq. 4.5.17 with Eq. 4.5.18 and Eq. 1.7.13.

1
1
1
2
2 2
85 9 81
287 293
9 92
600 9 81
287
20
= =

= =

=
p g
RT T T
.
.
. .
.
.
. N / m
500
3
\- -

+ - + -

(
.
.5
.
( ) . 1
2 9 81
600
20
85 716
9 81
293
2
2
500 000) = 5 9.81
200 000
500
000
9.92
2
T
T
\ = T
2
572 K or 299 C .
o
Be careful of units! p c
v 2
600 716 = =

000 Pa,
J
K kg
.5
b) -60 000 + 1 500 000 = same as above. \ = T
2
560 K or 287 C.
o
4.88
1
1
1
2
14 7 144 32 2
1716 520
0 0764
60 144 32 2
1716 760
0 213 = =

= =

=
p g
RT
. .
. .
.
. .
lb
ft
lb
ft
3 3
c mg AVg AV
v
= = = =

= 4296 213
1
24
600 697
2
ft - lb
slug - R
lb /sec.
o
. & . .
Use Eq. 4.5.17 with Eqs. 4.5.18 and 1.7.13:
& &
&
( ) . Q W mg
V V
g
p p c
g
T T z z
c
v
+ =
-
+ - + - + -

2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2 1 2 1
2
- + =

+

-

+ -

10 778 697 697

600
2 32 2
60 144
213
14 7 144
0764
4296
32 2
300 60
2
.
&
.
. .
.
. .
( ) W
c
\ =
&
. W
c
40 600
ft - lb
sec
or 73.8 Hp
4.89 Energy surface to exit: - = - +

&
& . . W mg
V
g
V
g
T T

2
2
2
2
2
20 4 5
2
V mg Q
2 2
15
6
1326 15 9810 147 =

= = = =

.
. & m / s. 150 N / s.
- =

- +

\ =
&
.
.
.
.
.
.
&
. W W
T T
08 147
2 981
20 4 5
1326
2 9 81
2
150
13.26
5390 kW
2
4.90 (D)
2 2
4.58 7.16
36.0 15 3.2 . 416 000 Pa
2 9.81 9810 2 9.81
B
B
p
p + = + + \ =

In the above energy equation we used
2
2
0.2
with 4.42 m/s.
2
0.2
L
V Q
h K V
g A

= = = =

68
4.91 Energy surface to C:
&
. &
.
.
.
. . W mg
P
+ =

+ +

8 10
10
2 9 81
200
7 7
10
2 9 81
7705
2 2
000
9810
( & . . .5
&
. mg AVg W
P
= = = \ = 1000 05 10 9 81 770 52
2
N / s.) 700 W
Energy surface to A: 30
10
2 9 81 9810
1
10
2 9 81
169
2 2
=

+ +

\ =
.
.5
.
. .
p
p
A
A
300 Pa
Energy surface to B:
2 2 2
2 2
B O B O B
P P B O
V V p p V
W mg z z K
g g

- -
= + + - +



&
&
52
2 9 81 9810
30 15
10
2 981
706
2
700 .8 = 770.5
10
100 Pa
2

+ - +

\ =
.
.
.
. .
p
p
B
B
4.92 Manometer: + + = + + +
20
12
13 6
20
12 2
1 1 2 2
2
2
z p z p
V
. .
\ + + = + + +
20
12
13 6
20
12 2
1
1
2
2 2
2
z
p
z
p V
g
. .
Energy:
V
g
z
p
H z
p V
g
T
1
2
1
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
+ + = + + +

.
\ = + - =

=
20
12
13 6
20
12 2
18
1
3
516
1
2
1 2
. . .
V
g
H V
T
fps.

\ = +

= = = H W Q H
T T T T
12 6
20
12
516
2 32 2
62 3 62 4 18 9 62 3
2
.
.
.
. ' .
&
. . .
= 62 115 , . 980
ft - lb
sec
or Hp
4.93 Energyacross the nozzle:
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 1 1
2
5
. 6.25 .
2 2
2
p V p V
V V V
g g
+ = + = =
2 2 2
1 1
1
6.25 400 000
. 4.58 m/s
9810 2 9.81 2 9.81
V V
V \ + = \ =

, 7.16 m/s
A
V = ,
2
28.6 m/s. V =
Energysurface to exit:
2 2 2
28.6 4.58 7.16
15 1.5 3.2 .
2 9.81 2 9.81 2 9.81
P
H + = + +

36.8 m.
P
H \ =
2
/ 9810 ( .01 ) 28.6 36.8/.85 3820 W.
P P P
W QH \ = = =
&
69
Energy surface to A:
2 2
7.16 7.16
15 3.2 . 39 400 Pa
2 9.81 9810 2 9.81
A
A
p
p = + + \ =

Energy surface to B:
2 2
4.58 7.16
36.0 15 3.2 . 416 000 Pa
2 9.81 9810 2 9.81
B
B
p
p + = + + \ =

4.94 (A) V
Q
A
= =

=
0 1
04
19 89
2
.
.
.

m / s.
Energy surface to entrance: H
V
g
p
z K
V
g
P
= + + +
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
.
\ =

+ + +

= H
P
19 89
2 9 81
180
50 5 6
19 89
2 9 81
201 4
2 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
000
9810
m.
\ = = =
&
/ . . / . . W QH
P P P
9810 0 1 2014 0 75 263 000 W
4.95 Energy surface to exit: 10
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + + +
V
g
p
z
V
g
. .
\ = = = \ = V Q d d
2 2
2
2
7 83 0 02 7 83 4 0 0570 . . . / . . m / s. m.
4.96 Depth on raised section = y
2
. Continuity: 3 3
2 2
= V y .
Energy (see Eq. 4.5.21):
3
2
3
2
0 4
2
2
2
2
g
V
g
y + = + + ( . ).
\ = + - + = 3 059
9
2
3 059 4 128 0
2
2
2 2 2
3
2
2
. , . .
g y
y y y or
Trial-and-error:
2
2
2
2. 0: .11 ? 0.
1.85 m.
1. 8: .05 ? 0.
y
y
y
= -

\ =

= +

2
2
2
2.1: .1 ? 0.
2.22 m.
2. 3: .1 ? 0.
y
y
y
= -

\ =

= +

The depth that actually occurs depends on the downstream conditions.
We cannot select a correct answer between the two.
4.97 Mass flux occurs as shown. The velocity
of all fluid elements leaving the top and
bottom is approximately 32 m/s. The
distance where u y = = 32 m/s is 2 m.
m
1
m
3
m
2
m
3
.
.
.
.
70
To find & m
3
use continuity:
& & &
. ( )
&
. m m m y dy m
1 2 3
2
3
0
2
2 4 10 32 2 28 10 2 = + = + +

\ = - +

=
&
. . m
3
640 10 28 2
8
3
53 3
Rate of K.E. loss =
& &
m
V
m
V u
dy
1
1
2
3
1
2 3
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 - -

= - - +

1280
32
2
53 3 32 10 28
2
2 2 3
0
2
. ( ) y dy
[655360 54579 507320] 115000 . W = - - =
4.98 The average velocity at section 2 is also 8 m/s. The kinetic-energy-
correction factor for a parabola is 2 (see Example 4.9). The energy
equation is:
V
g
p V
g
p
h
L
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ = + +

.
8
2 9 81
150
2
8
2 9 81
110
2 2

+ =

+ +
. .
.
000
9810
000
9810
h
L
\ = h
L
0 815 . . m
4.99 V
A
VdA y dy = = + = +

=

1 1
2
28
1
2
28 2
2
3
29 33
2
3
0
2
( ) . m / s
= =

+

1 1
2 29 33
28
3
3
3
2 3
0
2
AV
V dA y dy
.
( )
[ ]
=

+ + + =
1
2 29 33
28 2 3 28 2 3 3 28 2 5 2 7 1005
3
3 2 3 5 7
.
/ / / .
4.100 a)
2 2 4
0.01
2 2 2 2
0
1 1 20 0.01 0.01
10 1 2 5 m/s
2
0.01 0.01 0.01 4 0.01
r
V VdA rdr
A

= = - = - =

= =

-

1 1
0 01 5
10 1
0 01
2
3
3
2 3
3
2
2
3
0
0 01
AV
V dA
r
rdr
. .
.
=

=
2000
0 01 5
0 01
2
3 0 01
4 0 01
3 0 01
6 0 01
0 01
8 0 01
2 00
2 3
2 4
2
6
4
8
6
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
71
b)
2 3
0.02
2 2
0
1 1 10 0.02
10 1 0.02 6.67 m/s
0.02 0.02
0.02 3 0.02
y
V VdA wdy
A w

= = - = - =

3
2
0.02
3 3
3 3 2
0
1 1
10 1
0.02 6.67 0.02
y
V dA wdy
AV w

= = -




=

=
1000
0 02 6 67
0 02
3 0 02
3 0 02
3 0 02
5 0 02
0 02
7 0 02
1
3
3
2
5
4
7
6
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.541
4.101 V
A
VdA
R
u
r
R
rdr u
n
n
n
n
n R
= = -

= -
+
-
+

1 1
1 2 2
2 1 1
2
1
0

max
/
max
K E V
V
dA u
r
R
rdr u R
n
n
n
n
n R
. .
max
/
max
=

= -

= -
+
-
+

2
3
3
3 2
0
2 2
1 2
3 2 3
a) V u u = - -

= 2
5
11
5
6
0 758
max max
.
K E R u R u . . .
max max
= -

=
2 3 2 3
5
8
5
13
0 24

= =

=
K E
AV
R u
R u
. . .
.
.
max
max
1
2
0 24
1
2
0 758
1102
3
2 3
2 3 3
b) V u u = - -

= 2
7
15
7
8
0 817
max max
.
K E u R R u . . .
max max
= -

=
3 2 2 3
7
10
7
17
0 288

=
K E
AV
V
R u
R u
u
. . .
.
.
.
max
max
max
2
2 3
2
2 2
2
0 288
0 817
0 817
2
1056
c) V u u = - -

= 2
9
19
9
10
0 853
max max
.
K E R u R u . . .
max max
= -

=
2 3 2 3
9
12
9
21
0 321

= =

=
K E
AV
R u
R u
. . .
.
.
max
max
1
2
0 321
1
2
0 853
1034
3
2 3
2 3 3
72
4.102 Engine power = F V m
V V
u u
D
+
-
+ -

&
~ ~ 2
2
1
2
2 1
2
& &
( ) m g F V m
V V
c T T
f f D v
= +
-
+ -

2
2
1
2
2 1
2
4.103
&
W F V
D
=
10
5
930
100
3600
015
1340
1000
100
3 -

=
m
km
kg
m
kJ
kg
km
s
000
3600
3
3
q
f
.
\ = q
f
48 030 kJ / kg
4.104 0
2 2
32
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 2
= + + - - - +

V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
LV
gD
0 2
2 9 81
0 35 32
10 180
9 81 0 02
2 6
2
=

- +

-
V V
.
.
. .
.
V V V Q
2 5
14 4 3 434 0 0 235 7 37 10 + - = \ = =
-
. . . . . m / s and m / s
3
4.105 Energy from surface to surface: H
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z K
V
g
P
= + + - - - +
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2 2 2
.
a) H
Q
Q
P
= +

= + 40 5
0 04 2 9 81
40 50 7
2
2
2
. .
.
Try Q H H
P P
= = = 0 25 43 2 58 . : . (energy). (curve)
Try Q H H
P P
= = = 0 30 44 6 48 . : . (energy). (curve)
Solution: Q = 0 32 . . m / s
3
b) H
Q
Q
P
= +

= + 40
20
0 04 2 9 81
40 203
2
2
2
. .
Try Q H H
P P
= = = 0 25 52 7 58 . : . (energy). (curve)
Solution: Q = 0 27 . m / s
3
Note: The curve does not allow for significant accuracy.
4.106 Continuity: A V A V A V
1 1 2 2 3 3
= +
= + \ = 0 06 5 0 02 20 0 03 1111
2 2 2
3 3
. . . . . V V m / s
Energy: energy in + pump energy = energy out
&
&
& &
m
V p
W m
V p
m
V p
P P 1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
2 2 2
+

+ = +

+ +

73
1000 0 06 5
5
2
120
0 85 1000 0 02 20
20
2
300
2
2
2
2
+

+ = +

. .
&
.
000
1000
000
1000
W
P
+ +

1000 0 03 1111
1111
2
500
2
2
. .
. 000
1000
\ =
&
W
P
26 700 W
4.107 (A) After the pressure is found, that pressure is multiplied by the area of the
window. The pressure is relatively constant over the area.
4.108
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ = +

.
2
2 1 1
2
4 .
( /2)
d
V V V
d
= =
a)
V V
1
2
1
2
2 9 81
200 16
2 9 81
+ =
. .
.
000
9810
\ = V
1
5164 . m / s.
( ) p A F m V V
1 1 2 1
- = -
&
.
200 000 03 1000 03 5 164 4 5 164 5164
2 2
- = - . . . ( . . ). F \ = F 339 N.
b)
V V
1
2
1
2
2 9 81
400 16
2 9 81
+ =
. .
.
000
9810
\ = V
1
7 303 . m / s.
400 000 03 1000 03 7 303 4 7 303 7 303
2 2
- = - . . . ( . . ). F \ = F 679 N.
c)
2 2
1 1
16 200 000
.
2 9.81 9810 2 9.81
V V
+ =

1
5.164 m/s. V \ =
2 2
200 000 .06 1000 .06 5.164(4 5.164 5.164). F - = - 1356 N. F \ =
d)
2 2
1 1
1
16 30 144
. 17.24 fps.
2 32.2 62.4 2 32.2
V V
V

+ = \ =

2 2 2
30 1.5 1.94 (1.5/12) 17.24 (4 1). 127 lb. F F - = - \ =
e)
2 2
1 1
1
16 60 144
. 24.38 fps.
2 32.2 62.4 2 32.2
V V
V

+ = \ =

2 2 2
60 1.5 1.94 (1.5/12) 24.38 (4 1). 254 lb. F F - = - \ =
f)
2 2
1 1
1
16 30 144
. 17.24 fps.
2 32.2 62.4 2 32.2
V V
V

+ = \ =

2 2 2
30 3 1.94 (3/12) 17.24 (4 1). 509 lb. F F - = - \ =
4.109
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ = +

. V V V
2
2
2 1 1
9
3
9 = = .
V
1
2
2 9 81
2 81
2 9 81
+ =
. .
.
000 000
9810
V
1
2
\ = V
1
2
50.
74
p A F m V V m V
1 1 2 1 1
8 - = - = &( ) &
2 045 1000 045 8 50
2 2
000 000 - = . . F
\ = F 10 180 N.
4.110
2 2
1 1 2 2
.
2 2
V p V p
g g
+ = +
0
2
.01 .006 .15. 11.1 m/s.
e e
V V V = \ =
SF m V V
x x x
= - &( ).
2 1
a) V V V
2
2
2 1 1
10
8
1 = = .562 .
V V
1
2
1
2
2 9 81
400 2 441
2 9 81
+ =
.
.
.
.
000
9810
\ = V
1
23.56 . m / s
\ - = - p A F m V V
1 1 2 1
&( ).
400 05 1000 05 23 23
2 2
000 - = . . .56(.562 .56). F \ = F 692 N.
b) V V V
2
2
2 1 1
10
6
2 778 = = . .
V
g
V
g
1
2
1
2
2
400 7 716
2
+ =
000
9810
.
. \ = V
1
10 91 . . m / s
400 05 1000 05 10 91 1778 10 91
2 2
000 - = . . . ( . . ). F \ = F 1479 N.
c) V V V
2
2
2 1 1
10
4
6 25 = = . .
V
g
V
g
1
2
1
2
2
400 39 06
2
+ =
000
9810
.
. \ = V
1
4.585 . m / s
400 05 1000 05 4 5 25 4
2 2
000 - = . . .585( . .585). F \ = F 2275 N.
d) V V V
2
2
2 1 1
10
2
25 = = .
V
g
V
g
1
2
1
2
2
400 625
2
+ =
000
9810
. \ = V
1
1132 . . m / s
400 05 1000 05 1132 24 1132
2 2
000 - = . . . ( . ). F \ = F 2900 N.
4.111 (C)
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
V p V p
g g
+ = +
2 2
1
(6.25 1) 12.73
. 9810 3085000 Pa.
2 9.81
p
-
= =

2
1 1 2 1
( ). 3085000 0.05 1000 0.1 12.73(6.25 1) p A F Q V V F - = - - = -
17500 N. F \ =
4.112 V V p
V V
g
2 1 1
2
2
1
2 2 2
4 120
2
62 4
120 30
2 32 2
13 = = =
-

=
-

= fps. 080 psf. .

.
,
2 2
1 1 2 1
1.5 1.5
( ) 13,080 1.94 30( 120 30) 1072 lb.
12 12
x x
F p A m V V

= - - = - - - =


&
4.113 V V
V
g
p V
g
p V
g
p
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
1
4
2 2
15
2
= + = + \ = . . .

a) V
1
2
2 9 81
15 9810
200 000 26 67 =

=
.
. . \ = = V V
1 2
516 20 7 . . m / s, m / s.
p A F m V V
x x x 1 1 2 1
- = - &( ). \ = + = F
x
200 000 04 1000 04 5 16 1139
2 2 2
. . . . N
75
F m V V
y y y
= - & ( ).
2 1
\ = = F
y
1000 04 5 16 20 7 537
2
. . ( . ) . N
b) V
1
2
2 9 81
15 9810
400 000 53 33 =

=
.
. . \ = = V V
1 2
7 30 29 2 . . m / s, m / s.
p A F m V V
x x x 1 1 2 1
- = - &( ). \ = + = F
x
400 000 04 1000 04 7 3 2280
2 2 2
. . . . N
F m V V
y y y
= - & ( )
2 1
=1000 04 7 3 29 2 1071
2
= . . ( . ) . N
c) V
1
2
2 9 81
15 9810
800 000 106 7 =

=
.
. . \ = = V V
1 2
10 33 41 3 . . m / s, m / s.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
800 000 .04 1000 .04 10.33 4560 N.
x
F p A AV = + = + =
F m V
y y
= & ( )
2
=1000 04 10 33 41 3 2140
2
= . . ( . ) . N
4.114 V V
2
2
2 1
40
10
80 = = m / s.
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ = +

\ =

= p
1
2 2
6
9810
80
2 9 81
5
2 9 81
3 19 10
. .
. Pa.
p A F m V V
x x 1 1 2 1
- = - & ( ). \ = - - = F 3 19 10 2 1000 2 5 80 5 353
6 2 2
. . . ( ) 000 N.
4.115 A V A V
1 1 2 2
= . = - . (. . ) . 025 4 025 02
2 2 2
2
V
\ = V
2
1111 . m / s.
p V
g
p V
g
1 1
2
2 2
2
2 2
+ = + .
2 2
1
11.11 4
9810 53700 Pa.
2 9.81
p

-
= =

1 1 2 1
( ). p A F m V V - = - &
2 2
53 700 .025 1000 .025 4(11.11 4) 49.6 N. F \ = - - =
4.116 Continuity: . . . . 7 1 7
1 2 2 1
V V V V = \ =
Energy:
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

V V
V V
1
2
1
2
1 2
2 9 81
7
49
2 9 81
1 0 495 3 467

+ =

+ \ = =
.
.
.
. . . , . m / s.
Momentum: F F R m V V
x 1 2 2 1
- - = - &( )
9810 35 7 1 9810 05 0 1 1 1000 1 1 3 467 3 467 495 - - = - . (. .5) . ( . .5) (. .5) . ( . . ) R
x
\ = R
x
1986 N.
\R
x
acts to the left on the water, and to the right on the obstruction.
F
V
2
p
1
A
1
F
p
1
A
1
F
2
F
1
R
x
76
4.117 Continuity: 6 2 30
1 2 2 1
V V V V = \ = . . .
Energy (along bottom streamline):
V
g
p
z
V
g
p
z
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = + +

2 2
2 2
/900
6 0.2.
2 9.81 2 9.81
V V
+ = +

2 1
10.67, .36 m/s. V V \ = =
Momentum: F F F m V V
1 2 2 1
- - = - &( )
9810 3 6 4 9810 1 2 4 1000 2 4 10 67 10 67 36 - - = - ( ) . (. ) (. ) . ( . . ) F
\ = F 618 000 N. (F acts to the right on the gate.)
4.118 a) 8 6
2 2
= . . V y F F m V V
1 2 2 1
- = - & ( ).
- =

-

. . .
.
. 3 6
2
6 8
8 6
8
2
2
2
w
y
y w w
y

2
36 4 8 8
6
6
4 8 8 2
9 81
2
2 2
2
2 2
(. ) .
.
. (. )
.
.
. - =
-
\ + =

y
y
y
y y
y y y
2
2
2 2
6 7 829 0 2 + - = \ = . . . .51 . m (See Example 4.12.)
b) y y y
g
y V
2 1 1
2
1 1
2 2 2
1
2
8 1
2
4 4
8
9 81
4 12 3 23 = - + +

= - + +

= . .
.
. . . m
c) y y y
g
y V
2 1 1
2
1 1
2 2 2
1
2
8 1
2
2 2
8
32 2
2 20 6 12 = - + +

= - + +

=
.
. . ft
d) y y y
g
y V
2 1 1
2
1 1
2 2 2
1
2
8 1
2
3 3
8
32 2
3 30 11 = - + +

= - + +

=
.
.54 . ft
4.119 Continuity: V y V y V y y y
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
4 4 = = \ = . .
Use the result of Example 4.12: y y y
g
y V
2 1 1
2
1 1
2
1 2
1
2
8
= - + +

/
a) y
2
4 8 3 2 = = . . . m
1/ 2
2 2
1
1 8
3.2 .8 .8 .8 .
2 9.81
V


= - + +




\ = V
1
8 86 . m / s.
b) y
2
4 2 8 = = ft.
8
1
2
2 2
8
32 2
2
2
1
2
1 2
= - + +

.
.
/
V \ = V
1
25 4 . fps.
F
2
F
1
F
77
4.120 V =

=
9
3 3
1 m / s.
1
2 9 81
3
2 9 81
2
1
2
1

+ =

+
. .
.
V
y V y
1 1
1 3 = .
\ = + 3 05
19 62
3
1
2
1
.
.
.
V
V
Trial-and-error:
V
V
1
1
7 3 05 2 93
7 2 3 05 3 06
=
=
=
=

: .
?
.
. : .
?
.
V
1
7 19
417
=
=
.
.
m / s.
y m.
1
1/ 2
2 2
2
1 8
.417 .417 .417 7.19 1.90 m.
2 9.81
y


= - + + =




V
2
19 7 19 417 = . . . . V
2
1 = .58 . m / s
4.121 Refer to Example 4.12:
y
y w w w
y
V y
1
1
1
1 1
2
3 6 6 10 10
60
6 10 - = -

= . ( ).
\ - =
-

2
36 600
6
1
2 1
1
( ) . y
y
y
\ + = = \ = = ( )
.
. . . , . . y y y V
1 1 1 1
6
1200
32 2
37 27 3 8 15 8 ft fps
4.122 Continuity: 20 015 03
2
2
2
= . . . V
\ = V
2
5 m / s.
Momentum: p A p A m V V
1 1 2 2 2 1
- = - &( ).
60 03 03 1000 015 20 5 20
2
2
2 2
000 - = - . . . ( ). p \ = p
2
135 kPa.
4.123
2
1 1 2 2 2
2
.05
2 . 15 30 m/s.
2 .025
V A V A V

= = =

p V
g
p V
g
p
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
9810
30 15
2 9 81
337

+ = + \ =
-

= .
.
500 Pa.
( )
2 1 1 1 1
. ( ).
x x x
F m V V p A F m V S = - - = - & &
\ = + = + = F p A mV
1 1 1
2 2 2
337 05 1000 05 15 4420 & . . . 500 N
4.124 & . . m
1
2
1000 03 12 33 93 = = kg / s.
& . . m
3
2
1000 02 8 10 05 = = kg / s.
\ = - = = \ = & & & . . . . m m m V V
2 1 3
2
2 2
23 88 1000 03 8 446 m / s.
Energy from 1 2:
V
g
p V
g
p
p
1
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
500
8 446
2 9 81
9810 + = + \ =
-

.
.
.
000+
12
2
= 536 300 Pa.
p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
p
1
A
1 p
2
A
2
p
3
A
3
R
y R
x
78
Energy from 1 3:
V
g
p V
g
p
1
2
1 3
2
3
2 2
+ = +

.
\ = +
-

= p
3
2 2
500
12 8
2 9 81
9810 540 000 000 Pa.
.
p A p A R m V m V m V
x x x x 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1
- - = + - & & & .
\ = - + - = R
x
500 03 536 03 33 93 12 23 88 8 446 103
2 2
000 300 N . . . . . .
p A R m V m V m V
y y y y 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1
- = + - & & & .
\ = - - = R
y
540 10 05 8 759 000 .02 N
2
. ( ) .
4.125 a) ( ) SF m V V F mV V
m
A
x x x
= - - = - = & . & .
&
2 1 1 1
1

300
1000 05
2
.
= 38.2 m/s
\ = = F 300 38 2 11 . . 460 N
b) - = - - F m V V
r B
& ( )(cos ).
1
1
\ = - = F 300
28 2
38 2
38 2 10 6250
.
.
( . ) . N
c) - = - - F m V V
r B
& ( )(cos ).
1
1
\ = - - = F 300
48 2
38 2
38 2 10 18
.
.
( . ( )) . 250 N
4.126 a) - = - F m V V
x x
&( ).
2 1
200 1 94
1 25
12
2
1
2
=

.
.
. V \ = V
1
55 fps.
b) - = - - F m V V
r B
& ( )(cos ).
1
1 200 1 94
125
12
30
2
1
2
=

- .
.
( ) . V \ = V
1
85 fps.
c) - = - - F m V V
r B
& ( )(cos ).
1
1 200 1 94
125
12
30
2
1
2
=

+ .
.
( ) . V \ = V
1
25 fps.
4.127 a) - = - F m V V
x x
&( ).
2 1
- = - 700 1000 04 30
2
1 1 1
. ( cos ). V V V
o
\ = V
1
32 24 . m / s.
\ = = = & . . . . m A V
1 1
2
1000 04 32 24 162 1 kg / s
b) - = - - F m V V
r B
& ( )(cos ).
1
1 - = - - 700 1000 04 8 866 1
2
1
2
. ( ) (. ). V \ = V
1
40 24 . m / s.
\ = = = & . . . m A V
1 1
2
1000 04 40 24 202 kg / s
c) - = - - F m V V
r B
& ( )(cos ).
1
1 - = + - 700 1000 04 8 866 1
2
1
2
. ( ) (. ). V \ = V
1
24 24 . m / s.
\ = = = & . . . . m A V
1 1
2
1000 04 24 24 1218 kg / s
4.128 (D)
2 1
( ) 1000 0.01 0.2 50(50cos60 50) 2500 N.
x x x
F m V V - = - = - = -
o
&
F
V
1
V
2
79
4.129 a) - = - =

- R m V V
x x x
& ( ) . ( cos ).
2 1
2
1 94
1
12
120 120 60 120
o
\ = R
x
305 lb.
R m V V
y y y
= - =

& ( ) . ( . ).
2 1
2
1 94
1
12
120 120 866 \ = R
y
528 lb.
b) - = - - =

- R m V V
x r B
& ( )(cos ) . (.5 ).
1
2
1 194
1
12
60 60 1 \ = R
x
76 2 . . lb
R m V V
y r B
= - =

& ( ) sin . ( . ).
1
2
194
1
12
60 60 866 \ = R
y
132 lb.
c) - = - - =

- R m V V
x r B
& ( )(cos ) . (.5 ).
1
2
1 1 94
1
12
180 180 1 \ = R
x
686 lb.
R m V V
y r B
= - =

& ( ) sin . ( . ).
1
2
194
1
12
180 180 866 \ = R
y
1188 lb.
4.130 V R
B
= = = 0 30 15 .5 m / s.
- = - - = - R m V V
x B
& ( )(cos ) . (.5 ).
1
2
1 1000 025 40 25 1 \ = R
x
982 N.
\ = = =
&
. W R V
x B
10 10 982 15 147 300 W
4.131 a) - = - = - - R m V V
x x x
& ( ) . ( cos ).
2 1
2
4 02 400 400 60 400
o
\ = R
x
1206 N.
R m V V
y y y
= - =
&
( ) . ( sin ).
2 1
2
4 02 400 400 60
o
\ = R
y
696 N.
b) - = - - = - - R m V V
x r B
& ( )(cos ) . ( . ).
1
2 2
120 1 4 02 300 5 1
o
\ = R
x
679 N.
R m V V
y r B
= - =
&
( )sin . . .
1
2 2
4 02 300 866 \ = R
y
392 N.
c) - = - - = - - R m V V
x r B
& ( )(cos ) . ( . ).
1
2 2
120 1 4 02 500 5 1
o
\ = R
x
1885 N.
R m V V
y r B
= - =
&
( )sin . . .
1
2 2
4 02 500 866 \ = R
y
1088 N.
4.132 - = - - = - - - F m V V
x B
& ( )(cos ) . ( ) ( .5 ).
1
2 2
120 1 4 02 400 180 1
o
\ = R
x
365 N.
V
B
= = 12 150 180 . m / s.
&
. W = = 15 365 180 986 000 W
The y-component force does no work.
4.133 (A)
2
2 1
( ) 1000 0.02 60 (40cos45 40) 884 N.
x r r x x
F m V V - = - = - =
o
&
Power 884 20 17700 W.
x B
F V = = =
4.134 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:
1 1 1
2
1 1
750sin sin45 507 fps.
750cos 300 cos45
r r
r
r
V V
V
V

= =

=
- =

o
o
Note: V V V V V V V
x x r B r B r 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
- = - + - - = - + cos cos (cos cos ).
\ = + =

+ = R mV
x r
& (cos cos ) .
.5
(cos cos ) .
1 2 1
2
015
12
750 507 30 45 48 9
o o
lb.
80
\ = = =
&
. , W R V
x B
15 15 48 9 300 220 000
ft - lb
sec
or 400 Hp.
b)
750 60
750 300 60
554
1 1
1 1
1 2
sin sin
cos cos
.

=
- =

=
V
V
V V
r
r
r r
o
o
fps =
\ = + =

+ = R mV
x r
& (cos cos ) .
.5
(cos cos ) .
1 2 1
2
015
12
750 554 30 60 46 4
o o
lb.
\ = = =
&
. , W R V
x B
15 15 46 4 300 209 000
ft - lb
sec
or 380 Hp.
c)
750 90
750 300 90
687
1 1
1 1
1 2
sin sin
cos cos
.

=
- =

=
V
V
V V
r
r
r r
o
o
fps =
\ = + =

+ = R mV
x r
& (cos cos ) .
.5
(cos ) .5
1 2 1
2
015
12
750 687 30 0 36
o
lb.
\ = = =
&
. , W R V
x B
15 15 36 5 300 164 300
ft - lb
sec
or 299 Hp.
4.135 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:
100 30
100 30 20
36 9 83 3
1 1
1 1
1 1
sin sin
cos cos
. , .
o
o
o
=
- =

\ = =
V
V
V
r
r
r

m / s.
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin60 83.3sin
71.5, 48 .
cos60 83.3cos 20
V
V
V

=

= =

= -

o
o
o
- = - = - - \ = R m V V R
x x x x
& ( ) . ( .5cos cos ).
2 1
2
1000 015 100 71 60 100 30 8650
o o
N.
\ = = =
&
. . W V R
B x
12 12 20 8650 2 08 10
6
W
b)
100 30
100 30 40
47 68 35
1 1
1 1
1 1 2
sin sin
cos cos
, .
o
o
o
=
- =

\ = = =
V
V
V V
r
r
r r

m / s.
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin60 68.35sin
38.9 m/s, 29.5 .
cos60 68.35cos 40
V
V
V

=

= =

= -

o
o
o
- = - = - - \ = R m V V R
x x x x
& ( ) . ( . cos cos ).
2 1
2
1000 015 100 38 9 60 100 30 7500
o o
N.
\ = = =
&
. . W V R
B x
12 12 40 7500 3 60 10
6
W
c)
100 30
100 30 50
53 8 6196
1 1
1 1
1 1 2
sin sin
cos cos
. , .
o
o
o
=
- =

\ = = =
V
V
V V
r
r
r r

m / s.
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin60 61.76sin
19.32 m/s, 15.66 .
cos60 61.96cos 50
V
V
V

=

= =

= -

o
o
o
81
- = - = - - \ = R m V V R
x x x x
& ( ) . ( . cos cos ).
2 1
2
1000 015 100 19 32 60 100 30 6800
o o
N.
\ = = =
&
. . W R V
x B
12 12 6800 50 4 08 10
6
W
4.136 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:
50 30
50 30
2500 86 6
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
sin sin
cos cos
.
o
o
=
- =

\ = - +
V
V V
V V V
r
B r
r B B

2 2 2 2 2
2 1
2 2
30sin60 sin
900 30 .
30cos60 cos
r
r r B B
r B
V
V V V V
V V

=

\ = = + +

- =

o
o
Combine the above: V
B
= 13 72 . m / s. Then,
1 2
59 4 42 1 = = . , . .
o o
- = - = - - \ = R m V V R
x x x x
& ( ) . ( cos cos ).
2 1
2
1000 01 50 30 60 50 30 916
o o
N.
\ = = =
&
. . W V R
B x
15 15 13 72 916 188 500 W
b)
50 30
50 30
2500 86 6
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
sin sin
cos cos
.
o
o
=
- =

\ = - +
V
V V
V V V
r
B r
r B B

\ = V
B
14 94 . m / s.
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
30sin70 sin
900 20.52 .
30cos70 cos
r
r B B
r B
V
V V V
V V

=

\ = + +

- =

o
o

1
41 4 = .
o
,
2
48 2 = .
o
2
2 1
( ) 1000 .01 50( 30cos70 50cos30 ). 841 N.
x x x x
R m V V R - = - = - - \ =
o o
&
\ = = =
&
. . W V R
B x
15 15 14 94 841 188 500 W
c)
50 30
50 30
2500 86 6
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
sin sin
cos cos
.
o
o
=
- =

\ = - +
V
V V
V V V
r
B r
r B B

\ = V
B
16 49 . m / s
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
30sin80 sin
900 10.42 .
30cos80 cos
r
r B B
r B
V
V V V
V V

=

\ = + +

- =

o
o

1
43 =
o
,
2
53 7 = .
o
- = - = - - \ = R m V V R
x x x x
& ( ) . ( cos cos ).
2 1
2
1000 01 50 30 80 50 30 762
o o
N.
\ = = =
&
. . W V R
B x
15 15 16 49 762 188 500 W
4.137 To find F, sum forces normal to the plate:
( )
n out
n
F m V S = &
1
.
n
V

-

a)
[ ]
\ = - - = F 1000 02 4 40 40 60 11 . . ( sin ) .
o
080 N (We have neglected friction)
2 2 3 3 1
0 ( ) 40sin30 .
t
F m V m V m S = = + - -
o
& & & Bernoulli: V V V
1 2 3
= = .
\ = - -
= +

\ = = =
= Continuity:
kg / s.
kg / s.
0
75 75 320 240
80
2 3 1
1 2 3
2 1
3
& & .5 &
& & &
& . & .
&
m m m
m m m
m m
m
b)
1 20
1.94 120( 120sin60 ) 3360 lb.
12 12
F \ = - - =
o
(We have neglected friction)
SF m V m V m
t
= = + - - 0 120 30
2 2 3 3 1
& & ( ) & sin .
o
Bernoulli: V V V
1 2 3
= = .
82
2 1 2 3 1
1 2 3
3
20
.75 .75 1.94 120 0 0.5
144
Continuity:
22.6 slug/sec. and 9.7 slug/sec.
m m m m m
m m m
m
\ = = \ = - -

= +

= =
& & & & &
& & &
&
4.138 F m V
r r n
= = + = & ( ) . . ( ) sin
1
2
1000 02 4 40 20 60 24
o
940 N.
F W
x
= = \ = = 24 30 21 21 20 432 940 600 N. 600 000 W cos
&
.
o
4.139 F m V V F V
r r n B x B
= = - = - & ( ) . . ( ) sin . ( ) sin .
1
2 2 2
1000 02 4 40 60 8 40 60
o o
&
( ) . ( ). W V F V V V V V
B x B B B B B
= = - = - + 8 40 75 6 1600 80
2 2 3
dW
dV
V V V
B
B B B
&
( ) . . = - + = \ = 6 1600 160 3 0 13 33
2
m / s.
4.140 (A) Let the vehicle move to the right. The scoop then diverts the water to the
right. Then
2 1
( ) 1000 0.05 2 60 [60 ( 60)] 720000 N.
x x
F m V V = - = - - = &
4.141
1
(
r
F m V = &
2
)(cos 1) 1000 .1 .6 ( )( 2) 120 .
B B B B
V V V V - - = - - =
At
2
120 1000
0 : 120 133 300 N.
3600
t F

= = =


2
133 300
1.33 m/s
100 000
o
a = =
-
= =
-
\ - =

F
m
dV
dt
V dV
V
dt
B B B
B
t
120
100
0012
2
2
0 3333
16 67
000
. . .
.
.
\ -

= \ =
1
16 67
1
33 33
0012 26 6
. .
. . . t. sec t
4.142
1
( )(cos 1) 90 .8 2.5 13.89 ( 13.89)( 1) 34700 N.
r B
F m V V = - - = - - = &
50 1000
13.89 m/s 34700 13.89 482 000 W or 647 Hp.
3600
B
V W

= = \ = =


&
4.143 See the figure in Problem 4.141.
F m V V V V
r B B B
= - - = - - = & ( )(cos ) . . ( )( )
1
1 1000 06 2 2 24 V .
B
2
- = \- = F mV
dV
dx
V V
dV
dx
B
B
B B
B
. . 24 5000
2
- = - = - \ =

24
5000
24
5000
27 78 250 458
250
27 78
0
m
dx dV
V
x n n x
B
B
x
. . . .
.
l l
V
2
V
1
= 0
F
83
4.144 - = - - =

- - F m V V V V
r B B
& ( )(cos ) .
.
) ( ).
1 1
2
1 194
125
12
2
2
(
\ = - = F V V
dV
dt
B
B
0 1323 20
1
2
. ( ) .
At t V
dV
dt
V
B
B
= = = 0 0 0 1323
1
2
, . . . Then 20
With
dV
dt
V
B
= = 6 30 1
1
, . . fps
For t
dV
V
dt
V
V
B
B B
B
V
B
>
-
= =
-
- \ =

0
30 1
0 006615 0 01323
1
30 1
1
30 1
8 57
2
0
2
0
,
( . )
. . .
. .
. . . fps
4.145 For this steady-state flow, we fix the boat and move the upstream air. This
provides us with the steady-state flow of Fig. 4.17. This is the same as
observing the flow while standing on the boat.
&
. . . ( . W FV F F V =

\ = =
1 1
50 1000
3600
1440 13 89 20 000 = N m/s)
F m V V
V
V V = - =
+
- \ = & ( ). .
.
( . ). .
2 1
2 2
2 2
1440 123 1
13 89
2
13 89 30 6 m / s.
\ = =
+
= Q A V
3 3
2
1
30 6 13 89
2
69 9
. .
. m / s.
3

p
V
V
= = =
1
3
13 89
22 24
0 625
.
.
. . or 62.5%
4.146 Fix the reference frame to the aircraft so that V
1
200 1000
3600
55 =

= .56 m / s.
V m
2
2
320 1000
3600
88 89 1 2 11
55 88 89
2
329 =

= \ =
+
= . & . .
.56 .
.5 m / s. kg / s.
F = - = 329 88 89 55 10 .5( . .56) 980 N.
= \ = D D p p 11 2890
2
. . . Pa
&
. W F V = =
1
10 980 55.56 = 610 000 W or 818 Hp
4.147 Fix the reference frame to the boat so that V
1
20
88
60
29 33 = = . fps.
V F m V V
2 2 1
2
40
88
60
58 67 1 94
10
12
29 33 58 67
2
58 67 29 33 = = \ = - =

+
- . & ( ) .
. .
( . . ) fps.
= 5460 lb.
&
. , . W F V = = =
1
5460 29 33 160 000
ft - lb
sec
or 291 Hp
V
2
F
V
B
84
& .
. .
. . m =

+
= 194
10
12
29 33 58 67
2
186 2
2
slug/ sec
4.148 Fix the reference frame to the boat: V V
1 2
10 20 = = m / s, m / s.
\Thrust = &( ) . ( ) . m V V
2 1
1000 0 2 20 10 2000 - = - = N
&
. W F V = = =
1
2000 10 20 000 W or 26.8 Hp
4.149 0 2 2 10 1 2 20 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
. . . . ( ) ( . ). = = \ = \ = \ = - V A V V V V y y m / s. m / s.
max
flux in = 2 2 1000 20 1 800
1
3
267
2 2 2
3
0
1
0
1
V dy y dy = - = =

(. )
.
. .
000 N.
The slope at section 1 is -20. \ = - + V y y A
2
20 ( ) .
Continuity: A V A V V V
1 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 = \ = = . m / s.
V A
V A
V A
2
2
2
0
05 1
1 2
( )
(. )
/ .
=
= -

\ = -
2 1 2 2 2 20
2
= - \ = \ = - A A V y y / . .5. ( ) .5 .
flux out = 2 1000 2 20 800
125
3
800
0 00153
2
3
0
05
0
05
( .5 )
( . )
[ . ]
.
.
- =
-

y dy
y
000
000
3
= 408 3 . N. \change = 408 - 267 = 141 N.
4.150 a) = =
-

= =

V dA
V A
y dy
2
2
2 2
0
1
2
3
2 20 1
1 2 1 0
4000
1
3
4
3
(. )
. .
.
.
.
b) See Problem 4.149: V y y y V
2 2
20 0125 05 0 2 ( ) ( . ), . . = - = m / s.
= =
-

=
-
=

V dA
V A
y dy
y
2
2
2 2
0
05
2
3
0
05
2 20 125
2 1 10
2000
125
3
1021
( . )
. .
( . )
. .
.
.
4.151 From the c.v. shown: ( ) . p p r r L
w o 1 2 0
2
2 - =
\ = = \ =


-

w
o
w w
p r
L
du
dr
du
dr
D
2
0 03 144 75 12
2 30 2 36 10
5
.
. . /
.
= 191
ft / sec
ft
.
4.152 Write the equation of the parabola: V r V
r
r
( ) .
max
= -

1
2
0
2
p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
t
w
2pr
o
L
85
Continuity: = -

\ =

.
.
.
max max
.
006 8 1
006
2 16
2
2
2
0
006
V
r
rdr V m / s.
Momentum: p A p A F V dA mV
1 1 2 2
2
1
- - = -

Drag
& .
40 006 1000 16 1
006
2 1000 006 8 8
2 2
2
2
2
2
0
006
000
Drag
- = -

.
.
.
.
F
r
rdr
4 9 651 7 238 .524 . . . - = - F
Drag
\ = F
Drag
N 2 11 . .
4.153 &
( ) . ( ) . m A V V y dA y dy
top
= - = - +

=


1 1 2
2
0
2
123 2 10 32 28 10 65 6 kg / s.
- = + - = + + -

F
V dA m V m V y dy
top
2
1 23 28 10 65 6 32 1 23 20 32
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
2

& &
. ( ) . . .
\ = F 3780 N.
4.154 a) & & &
( ) . . ( )
.
m m m A V u y dA y y dy
top
= - = - = - -

1 2 1 1
2
0
1
123 1 2 8 20 100 8 2
= = = 0 656 0 1 8 . . ( ) ). kg / s. (Note: for y u y
Momentum: - = - + -

F y y dy
Drag
64 20 100 2 656 8 1 2 8
2 2 2
0
1
( ) . .
.
= + - \ = 1 23 6 83 5 25 123 12 8 2 1 . . . . . . . N
Drag
F
b) To find h: 8 8 20 100
2
0
1
h y y dy = -

( ) .
.
\ =

-

= h
20 1
2
100 001
3
0 0667
2
. .
. m.
Momentum: - = - -

F y y dy
Drag
1 23 64 20 100 2 123 0667 2 8
2 2 2
0
1
. ( ) . . .
.
= - 1 23 6 83 10 . . .50. \ = F
Drag
N 2 1 . .
4.155 a) Energy:
V
g
z
V
g
z h
L
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
+ = + + . See Problem 4.118(a).
8
2 9 81
0 6
1912
2 9 81
2
2 2

+ =

+ +
.
.
.
.
.51 . h
L
\ = h
L
1166 . m.
\ = = losses = 900 W/ m of width. A V h
L 1 1
9810 6 1 8 1166 54 (. ) .
b) See Problem 4.120:
V
g
z
V
g
z h
L
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
+ = + + .
86
7 19
2 9 81
417
1
2 9 81
1 9
2 2
.
.
.
.58
.
. .

+ =

+ + h
L
\ = h
L
1025 . m.
\ = = losses = 300 W A V h
L 1 1
9810 417 3 7 19 1025 90 . . .
c) See Problem 4.121:
5 17
2 9 81
116
3
2 9 81
2
2 2
.
.
.
.
.

+ =

+ + h
L
\ = h
L
0 0636 . m.
\ = = losses = / m of width. A V h
L 1 1
9810 116 5 17 0 0636 3740 W . . .
4.156 See Problem 4.122: V V p p
1 2 1 2
20 5 60 135 = = = = m / s, m / s, kPa, kPa.
Then,
V
g
p V
g
p
h h
L L
1
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
20
2 9 81
60 5
2 9 81
135
+ = + +

+ =

+ +

.
. .
.
000
9810
000
9810
\ = =

\ = h K
g
K K
L
11 47
2
20
2 9 81
0 562
2
.
.
. . . m=
V
1
2
4.157 Continuity: V D Vd V
d
D
V
1
2 2
1
2
2
= \ = . .
Energy:
V
g
H t
V
g
V gH t
1
2 2
2 2
2 + = \ = ( ) . ( ).
Momentum: SF F
d
dt
V d V m V V
d s
dt
a
x I x x
c v
x x
x
x
- = - + -

( ) & ( ). .
. .

2 1
2
2
v
\- = = -

a m t
d
V V m t m
d
V t dt
x o
t
( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) .

2 2
0
4 4
But, V
dH
dt
dH
dt
d
D
gH
dH
H
d
D
gdt H
gd
D
t H
o 1
2
2 1 2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
= - \- = \- = \ = + . . . .
/
/
\ = +

a
d
g
gd
D
t H
d
g
gd
D
t H dt m
x o
t
o o

2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
4
2
2
2 4
2
2
2
4.158 This is a very difficult design problem. There is an optimum initial mass of water
for a maximum height attained by the rocket. It will take a team of students
many hours to work this problem. It involves continuity, energy, and
momentum.
4.159 V
m
A
V
e
e
= =

=
&
.
. .

4
1000 4 004
19 89
2
m / s. Velocity in arm =
v
v
v
M r V d V ri k Vi Adr
I
c v
= - = -

( )
$
(
$ $
)
. .
.
2 4 2
0
3
W W
87
= - = -

8 0 36
0
3
AV k rdr AV k W W
$
.
$
.
.
S
v
v
v
v
v v
M
d
dt
r V d V r V V n dA i V j V k V A
c v
e e e e
c s
= - = = +

0 0 3 707 707 and ( ) . (
$
) .
$
(.
$
.
$
) .
. . . .

The z-component of
v
v v
r V V n dA V A
e e
c s
=

(
$
) . . .
. .
3 707
2
Finally, - = = = ( ) . . . , M AV V A AV A V
I z e e e e
0 36 4 3 707
2
W . Using
0 36 4 3 707 19 89 . . . . . W = \ = W 46 9 . . rad / s
4.160 A moment
v
M resists the motion thereby
producing power. One of the arms is shown.
v
M ri k Vi Adr AV k rdr AV k
I
= - = - = -

4 2 8 2 778
0
10 12
0
25
$
(
$ $
)
$
.
$
.
/ .
W W W
S
v
v
v
v
v v
M Mk
d
dt
r V d V r V V n dA V A k
c v
e e
c s
= - = =

$
, ( ) , (
$
)
$
.
. . . .
and 0
10
12
4
2

Thus, M +

2 778 194
75
12
200
9
30 200
10
12
194
1 4
12
4
2
2
2
. .
.
.
/
.
\ = M 309 ft - lb.
&
. W M = = = W 309 30 9270 ft - lb /sec
4.161 & . . . m AV V V = = = \ = 10 1000 01 31 8
2
0 0
m / s.
Continuity: V V V r
e 0
2 2
01 01 006 05 = + - . . . ( . ).
0
2
.01 .006 .15. 11.1 m/s.
e e
V V V = \ =
\ = - - = - V V r V r
e 0
191 05 42 4 212 . ( . ) . .
v
M ri k V i Adr ri k r i Adr
I
= + + + -

2 2 2 2 42 4 212
0
05
2
0
05
$
(
$ $
)
$
[
$
( . )
$
]
.
. .
W W
= + -

4 4 42 4 212
0
2
05
2
0
05
W W V Ak rdr Ak r r dr
$ $
( . )
.
. .
= + 4 31 8 1000 01
05
2
4 1000 01
2
2
2
W W . .
.
$
. k
42 4
2
2 05
212
3
2 05
2 2 3 3
.
(. . ) (. . )
$
- - -

k
x
y
r
V
e
V
W
88
= + = ( . . )
$
.
$
. 0 05 0 3 0 35 W W W k k
ri V j V dr rdr k k
e e
$
(
$
) . . .
$
.
$
.
.
.
.
.
- = - = -

006 111 1000 006 13 86
2
05
2
05
2
\- = - 0 35 13 86 . . . W \ = W 39 6 . . rad /s
4.162 1000
1000
500
2 = \ = = M M W. N m.
v
M ri k V r i r dr
I r r
= -

$
(
$
( )
$
) . 2 2 02 W
=

0 08
2
0
. ( )
$
. W r V r drk
R
Continuity: V r r V R V r RV r
r r
( ) . cos . . ( ) . / . 2 02 30 2 02 0 866 = \ =
o
v
v v
o o
r V V n dA R R V V R k V V k
r r r r
c s
= - + = - +

(
$
) ( sin ) cos .
$
. ( . )
$
.
. .
W 30 30 2 02 00301 35 5
\- - = - + \ - - =

2 16 32 00301 35 52 1 1333 0
0
15
2
. . ( .5 ). . .
.
V r dr V V V V
r r r r r
\ = + = V
r
1
2
52 1 52 1 4 1333 70 9
2
( . . ) . m / s.
The flow rate is Q A V
e r
= = = cos . . . . . . 30 2 15 02 70 9 866 116
o
m / s
3
4.163 See Problem 4.159. V V
e
= = = 19 89
008
02
19 89 318
2
2
.
.
.
. . m / s. m / s.
v
M ri k Vi
d
dt
k ri Adr A A
I e
= - + -

= =

4 2 01 004
0
3
2 2
$
(
$ $
)
$ $
. . , . .
.
W
W

= - - = - -

8 4 360 36
0
3
2
0
3
AV k rdr A
d
dt
k r dr AV k A
d
dt
k W
W
W
W
$ $ $ $
.
. .
( ) (
$
)
$
.
. .
v
v v
r V V n dA V A k
z e e
c s
=

212
2
Thus, 360 36 212 31 8 373
2
AV A
d
dt
V A
d
dt
e e
W
W W
W + = + = or . .
The solution is W = +
-
Ce
t 31 8
11 73
.
. .
The initial condition is W( ) . 0 0 = \ = - C 1173 . .
Finally, W = -
-
11 73 1
31 8
. ( ) .
.
e
t
rad/s
4.164 This design problem would be good for a team of students to do as a project. How large a
horsepower blower could be handled by an average person?