Billions Behind

New York State Continues to Violate Students Constitutional Rights

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Table of Contents
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
Findings & Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
The Public Education Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
The Campaign for Fiscal Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
The 2014-15 Enacted Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Foundation Aid is More Beneficial to High Need Schools than GEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Time for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
About Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Report prepared by Marina Marcou-OMalley, Policy Director, Alliance for Quality Education
Campaign for Fiscal Equity (CFE): The CFE was a law-
suit brought by parents against the State of New York claim-
ing that children were not being provided an opportunity to
an adequate education. In 2006, the NYS Court of Appeals
ruled in CFEs favor and found that New York State is violat-
ing students constitutional right to a "sound and basic educa-
tion" by leaving schools without the funding necessary.
Foundation Aid: In 2007, the Governor and legislature
enacted the Foundation Aid funding formula in order to com-
ply with the Court of Appeals CFE ruling. In order to fulfill
CFE, the state committed $5.5 billion in Foundation Aid, to
be phased in by 2011. Funding was to be distributed based
on student need factors including poverty, English language
learner status, number of students with disabilities as well as
the local level of poverty or wealth, based on income or
property values. The formula and the implementation of
Foundation Aid has been substantially delayed. Today, the
amount of Foundation Aid owed to schools is $4.9 billion
according to the State Education Department data.
Gap Elimination Adjustment (GEA): In 2010 and 2011
Governors Patterson and Cuomo cut $2.7 billion from state aid
to schools with the commitment it would be reinstated at a later
date. These cuts were much larger to poor districts than to
wealthy ones. To this day $1.1 billion is still owed to districts
across the state. Foundation Aid will do more to address rural,
urban and suburban high needs districts, but GEA must be rein-
stated as well.
Key Terms
i Billions Behind | August 2014
Competitive grants: In a public education context, this
means funds that are allocated by the state government
based on a competition between school districts, not based
on the students "right" to the funding.
Expense Based Aids: These are aid categories where the
state reimburses school districts for expenses incurred in the
prior school year. Expense based aids include transporta-
tion, BOCES, and building aids among others.
Need Resource Categories: The State Education
Department categorizes school districts based upon the stu-
dent need and community wealth. There are four categories
of high need districts: New York City, Big 4 Cities (Yonkers,
Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo), High Need Small Cities
and Suburban. There are Average Need districts and there
are low-need districts (in this report referred to as wealthy to
avoid confusion).
Findings
1. New York State owes its public schools $5.9 billion in
Foundation Aid and Gap Elimination Adjustment funding.
Systemic underfunding is leaving a generation of students
in high need schools without access to the sound basic
education which is their constitutional right.
2. The amount of Foundation Aid and Gap Elimination
Adjustment (GEA) funding owed per pupil is 2.3 times
greater in high need districts than in wealthy districts.
For high need small cities and suburbs, the amount
owed is 3.3 times that of wealthy districts. For the Big
Four cities (Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers)
the amount is 2.8 times larger and it is double for New
York City and high need rural districts.
3. At this point, providing Foundation Aid will have a
much greater impact on high need schools than
restoring the GEA. This is true for all categories of
high need districts: large and small cities, suburbs,
and rural communities. High need districts are owed
78% of the total amount of Foundation Aid promised
to schools, but only 36% of the GEA.
4. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of all New York school districts
have less classroom operating aid than they did in 2008.
5. Schools in every geographic region of the state are
owed substantial amounts of Foundation Aid and GEA.
The Funding Gap
High-need small cities and suburbs are owed
3.3 times more Foundation Aid and Gap
Elimination Adjustment (GEA)
funding per pupil than
wealthy districts.*
* Projected 2014-15
New York
City
Average
Need
Wealthy
Districts
High Need
Small City
Big Four
Cities
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
Findings & Recommendations
Billions Behind | August 2014 1
Recommendations
1. New York State should allocate the $5.9 billion owed in
Foundation Aid and GEA over the next four years, in
order to improve the quality of public education and
comply with every students constitutional right to a
sound basic education.
2. State education funding must do more to prioritize high
need school districts in order to ensure all students have
access to a high quality education. The foundation for-
mula remains the best vehicle for achieving this goal,
but should be adjusted in order to further prioritize the
students and school districts with the highest need.
The past few years have been incredibly difficult for our pub-
lic schools. Devastating cuts and inadequate state budgets
have taken vital programs and services away from our stu-
dents. These cuts have come in spite of the 2007 Campaign
for Fiscal Equity decision in the states highest court, which
found that all students have the constitutional right to a sound
and basic education and that New York State is not provid-
ing the funding necessary to fulfill this obligation. The states
failure to meet the needs of every child means students are
in schools that have cut programs, teachers and student serv-
ices that are needed to prepare every child for college,
careers and life.
Prior to the 2014 state budget, there were a variety of school
funding recommendations from multiple education organiza-
tions regarding the amount of school aid necessary to main-
tain current levels of services, prevent a sixth consecutive year
of classroom cuts and improve the quality of education. The
NYS Board of Regents, in its State Aid Proposal, recommend-
ed a $1.3 billion school aid increase.
i
The Educational
Conference Board, comprised of the New York State United
Teachers, the NYS Council of School Superintendents, the
NYS School Boards Association, the NYS Association of
School Business Officials, the Conference of the Big Five
School Districts, and the NYS Parent Teacher Association,
published a report identifying the need for $1.5 billion in
new education funding, just to prevent cuts and maintain
existing programming and services.
ii
The NYS Association of School Business Officials published
their own report identifying $2.6 billion in new school aid
as the amount needed to prevent cuts and get back on the
road to improvement, in keeping with the Campaign for
Fiscal Equity.
iii
The Alliance for Quality Education published
a roadmap for college and career readiness that reported
$1.9 billion was needed to stop cuts and start making
improvements. In early January, 83 members of the NYS
Assembly and Senate sent a letter to the Governor asking
for the same amount: $1.9 billion in new school aid in
order to overcome the cuts of prior years and prepare our
students for the global economy.
iv
The final amount of school aid in the 2014-15 budget, $1.1
billion, fell far short of the amount needed to pay for the
Gap Elimination Adjustment (GEA) and even further from ful-
filling the Court of Appeals ruling in the Campaign for Fiscal
Equity lawsuit (CFE). In CFE the court found that all the chil-
dren of New York are constitutionally entitled to the opportu-
nity of a high school education - up to the 12th grade - that
imparts the skills necessary to sustain competitive employ-
ment within the market of high school graduates, acquire
higher education, and serve capably on a jury and vote.
v
Despite the CFE mandate, since Governor Cuomo took
office in 2011, schools have had to make painful classroom
cuts every single year. These cuts have left schools starved
of the resources necessary to provide a sound basic educa-
tion. Following $1.4 billion in cuts by Governor Patterson
in 2010, Governor Cuomo enacted a $1.3 billion school
cut. These two years of cuts comprise the Gap Elimination
Adjustment (GEA).
Weve cut writing classes, science, athletics,
arts, everywhere. We have a rich history in
the arts and its extremely difficult pitting those
things against other programming. The chal-
lenge is cutting away at these things without
eliminating the heart of (public education).
Laurence Spring, Schenectady Superintendent
The Public Education Context
2 Billions Behind | August 2014
The Public Education Context
The years following 2011 included school aid increases which
were inadequate to prevent further program and staff cuts. In
2012, there was an $805 million increase in school aid and
a $962 million increase in 2013. In both years, school dis-
tricts had to make further cuts because the amount of school
aid they received did not meet rising costs or fully address
past deficits. In 2014, the Governors proposed budget includ-
ed $603 million in new school aid. The legislature added an
additional $500 million to that amount, for a total increase of
$1.1 billion. For some school districts this translated into still
more cuts. For others it meant maintaining the previous years
level of services, and for a few it allowed for minor restora-
tions of programs and staffing.
The NYS Council of School Superintendents annual survey -
looking at the impact of state budgets on districts- illustrates
that the cuts school districts have had to make in recent
years have been detrimental to student learning. From 2011-
2013, two thirds of school districts increased class sizes, one
third reduced access to music and art, more than a third
reduced summer school and a third reduced foreign lan-
guage classes and extra help for at risk students ( Table 1).
vi
Billions Behind | August 2014 3
Table 1: Percentage of School Districts Affected At least once
By the Following Issues Over the Past Three Years in the past
Instruction 2013-14 2012-13 2011-12 three years
Increased class size 42% 45% 39% 61%
Reduced non-mandated art classes 15% 14% 18% 33%
Reduced non-mandated music classes 14% 14% 16% 33%
Reduced advanced or honors classes 12% 14% 12% 22%
Reduced summer school 26% 25% 25% 38%
Reduced extra help for students during the 20% 24% 20% 32%
regular school day or year
Reduced student enrollment in career and 13% 13% 13% 24%
technical education programs
Reduced availability of second language instruction at 19% 15% 14% 31%
the middle or high school level
Reduced/deferred purchase of instructional technology 27% 31% 26% 40%
Reduced/deferred purchase of textbooks 16% 16% 12% 21%
Reduced/deferred purchase of library materials 18% 18% 16% 23%
Eliminated prekindergarden 0% 1% 0% 1%
Reduced prekindergarden 3% 3% 3% 6%
Eliminated kindergarden 0% 0% 0% 0%
Moved from full-day to half-day kindergarden 0% 0% 1% 1%
Other reduction in kindergarden 2% 1% 1% 2%
Combined two grade levels in a single classroom 3% 3% 3% 6%
Other reduction in instruction 21% 19% 20% 30%
From NYS Council of School Superintendents Annual Survey
The Campaign for Fiscal Equity
4 Billions Behind | August 2014
The Campaign for Fiscal Equity (CFE) lawsuit was brought
against the state of New York by New York City parents claim-
ing the state underfunded the citys public schools and there-
fore denied its students their constitutional right to a sound
basic education. The case made it through all levels of the
judicial system. In this landmark case, CFE v. State of New
York, the court made explicit the states constitutional obliga-
tion to provide essential resources to all public school
children.
vii
The Court of Appeals delivered the final ruling
ordering the state to ensure that New York City schools
received the resources needed to fulfill the states constitutional
obligation and leaving the state with the option to create a
statewide solution for all school districts.
In 2007, the governor and the legislature settled the case on a
statewide basis by committing to provide $5.5 billion in new
Foundation Aid, a form of classroom operating aid, over a
four year phase-in, in addition to other expense based aids.
The new classroom operating aid was to be distributed
through a needs based formula called Foundation Aid.
The Foundation Aid formula replaced more than thirty exist-
ing categorical aids, in order to create an equalizing and
transparent funding stream. The Foundation Aid takes into
consideration the level of poverty in a district, the number of
students that are not proficient in English, the number of stu-
dents with disabilities, the regional cost, and the income
and property wealth in a district. The four-year phase-in was
essential to providing enough resources to outpace inflation-
ary costs and fund improvements.
All the programs we had to reduce in the
past are still reduced today.
Kathy Davis, Holland Patent Superintendent
The New York Funding Story
Tracking school aid and the Empire State
funding opportunity gap from 2007-2015
2007-08: $1.767 billion increase
With the Education Budget and Reform Act of 2007, the state provid-
ed $1.1 billion in new classroom operating aid through the
Foundation Aid formula to all state school districts. The Foundation
Aid was tied to the Contract for Excellence a program to guarantee
that schools invested the funding in proven effective programs.
2008-09: $1.716 billion increase
The state provided $1.2 billion in new Foundation Aid. Programs
funded through the Contract for Excellence continued and were
expanded. The opportunity gap began to shrink.
2009-10: $0 increase
Flat funding translated into classroom cuts for school districts across
the state.
2010-11: $1.4 billion cut
The state under Governor Paterson, made massive cuts. School dis-
tricts in every part of the state made cuts to program and staff.
2011-12: $1.3 billion cut
The state, under Governor Cuomo, made enormous cuts, bringing the
two-year cuts in state aid to $2.7 billion. School districts continued to
make program cuts.
2012-13: $805 million increase
A modest state aid increase was provided. This increase included
only $400 million in GEA and $112 million in Foundation Aid (with
the rest being expense-based aids and competitive grants). This
school aid increase did not keep up with rising costs.
2013-14: $944 million increase
Another modest state aid increase was provided, of which $517 was
in GEA and $172 million in Foundation Aid. School districts across
the state were forced to make more programmatic cuts.
2014-15: $1.1 billion increase
The Increase was the largest since Governor Cuomo took office, but
was much smaller than the increases in the 2007-08 and 2008-09
budgets. Many districts were forced to make yet more classroom
cuts, others were able to prevent cuts and a few were able to restore
some programs that had previously been cut. There was $250 mil-
lion in Foundation Aid and $602 million in GEA.
The 2014-15 Enacted Budget
Billions Behind | August 2014 5
Governor Cuomo proposed $603 million in new school aid
in the 2014-15 budget, which included $323 million in
GEA restoration and the rest was other categorical and
expense based aids and grants. The governors budget pro-
posal did not include any new Foundation Aid. Through the
negotiation process, the legislature added $500 million to
the governors proposal to bring the total amount of new
school aid to $1.12 billion in the 2014 enacted budget.
The enacted school aid included $602 million in GEA
Restoration and $250.6 million in new Foundation Aid.
Out of all school districts, 69% have less classroom operat-
ing aid than they did in 2008.
According to the New York State Education Department,
school districts are owed funding in two ways: $1 billion in
GEA and $4.9 billion in foundation aid (which was due to
Its the same old thing. The whole budget cycle
has been extremely regressive. We have to keep
cutting, while the legislature and the governor
puts a positive spin on something thats negative.
We have had to cut programs and supplies.
$850,000 has been reallocated to charter
schools. We have lost afterschool and summer
programs. We are extremely high needs with
extremely high distress and we have to do more
with less. If the governor and the legislature want
to say that is a good thing, I strongly disagree.
Ken Eastwood, Middletown Superintendent
school districts by 2011).
viii
High need districts are owed
$3.8 billion in Foundation Aid which represents 78% of the
total unpaid Foundation Aid. They are also owed $376 mil-
lion in GEA.
When looking at the per pupil amounts (combined
Foundation Aid and GEA):
High need districts are owed 2.3 times as much as
wealthy districts.
High need small cities and suburbs are owed almost
$4,000 per pupil in Foundation Aid and GEA, this is
3.3 times as much as the wealthy school districts are
owed (Figure 1).
The Big 4 (Yonkers, Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester) are
owed 2.8 times as much as the wealthy school districts.
New York City and high need rural school districts are
owed twice as much as the wealthy school districts.
High need districts are owed 2.3 times as
much Foundation Aid and GEA per-pupil as
the wealthiest school districts.
The 2014-15 Enacted Budget
6 Billions Behind | August 2014
Figure 2: Amount of Aid Actually
Received Per Pupil in 2014
Figure 1: Foundation Aid and GEA Owed
Per Pupil 2014-15
GEA per pupil owed
FA per pupil owed
GEA received per pupil
FA received per pupil
$242
$98
$230
$336
$175
$392
$119
$203
$63
$80
$38
New York
City
Big 4 High Need
Small City
High Need
Rural
Average
Need
Wealthy
New York
City
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
Big 4 High Need
Small City
High Need
Rural
Average
Need
Wealthy
$243
$238
$193
$308
$235
$656
$414
$2,178
$3,174
$3,668
$2,010
$1,047
$784
Foundation Aid is More Beneficial to High Need Schools
Billions Behind | August 2014 7
The money added to this years budget made a difference,
but was not adequate. For example, based on the gover-
nors proposed budget, the Schenectady City School District
would have had to make $10 million in cuts, resulting in
increased class sizes, and cuts to music, electives, guidance
counselors and even kindergarten.
ix
After the legislatures
additions to the budget, they were able to save kinder-
garten, but had to make other cuts.
While the overwhelming majority of Foundation Aid is
owed to high need schools, they are owed a much smaller
portion of the GEA. High need school districts -- which
include New York City, the Big 4 (Yonkers, Buffalo,
Rochester and Syracuse), high need small cities and sub-
urbs, and high need rural communities - are owed 78% of
the unpaid Foundation Aid. By contrast they are only owed
36% of the remaining GEA. Both Foundation Aid and GEA
should be fully funded by the state, but Foundation Aid
funding will do much more to prioritize high need schools.
The table below shows the total Foundation Aid and the
GEA that is still owed to each category of school district.
Schools in All Geographic Regions of the State are
Owed Significant Amounts of State Aid
The state owes significant amounts of both Foundation Aid
and GEA to schools in all geographic regions of the state.
The table below provides a regional breakdown on how
much Foundation Aid and GEA funding the state owes to
schools in each region. A more detailed breakdown by
county or school district is available upon request.
Our employees have taken pay freezes in the
past to assist us in keeping quality programs for
children. We moved more services to BOCES,
and consolidated. Were logging our properties
and selling our wood [to help meet expenses].
Kathy Davis, Superintendent Holland Patent
2014-15
Foundation Aid Share of Total Gap Elimination Share of Total
Region Increase Owed Amount Owed Adjustment Amount Owed
New York City $2,279,577,648 47% $249,354,648 24%
Big 4 $383,829,481 8% $23,323,019 2%
High Need Small Cities $812,682,041 17% $68,249,293 7%
and Suburbs
High Need Rural $298,795,288 6% $34,920,713 3%
Average Need $802,737,109 16% $502,982,404 49%
Wealthy $297,904,271 6% $157,307,748 15%
Total $4,875,525,838 100% $1,036,137,825 100%
From New York State Education Department published Preliminary Estimates 2013-14 and 2014-15 State Aids
Distribution of Owed Foundation Aid and Gap Elimination Adjustment
After the 2014 Enacted Budget, schools are still owed $4.9 billion in Foundation Aid
and $1 billion in GEA.
Time for Action
8 Billions Behind | August 2014
The numbers tell the story of cuts and insufficient restorations.
The cuts to school aid that were made in 2010 and 2011
were deep and resulted in major cuts in schools across the
board. The inadequate increases in subsequent budgets com-
bined with rising costs, and the property tax cap (which lim-
its the ability of school districts to raise local revenue) forced
schools to make further cuts to vital programs and staff.
The Campaign for Fiscal Equity has been abandoned by the
state. The Foundation Aid formula has not been adequately
funded since 2008. Massive cuts made in 2010 and 2011
wiped out any progress made on CFE funding. CFE was
designed to secure significant improvements in the quality of
education in order to ensure every student receives the
sound, basic education that is his or her constitutional right.
Instead of investing in improvement, most schools continue to
make cuts and struggle to hold on to what they have.
Currently, the state is $5.9 billion behind the amount that
was supposed to be fully phased in by 2011 - combining
Foundation Aid and GEA. In 2007, the state recognized
that schools had been so severely underfunded, that it need-
ed to increase Foundation Aid by an average of $1.375
billion each year for four years to comply with the state con-
stitution. After two years the state abandoned their promise
to our children and stopped fulfilling their constitutional
mandate to provide a sound, basic education.
Region Foundaation Aid Owed GEA Owed Total
Southern Tier $136,436,152.00 $44,743,375.00 $181,179,527.00
Western NY $344,186,553.00 $93,254,235.00 $437,440,788.00
Central $204,781,297.00 $59,187,204.00 $263,968,501.00
Capital Region $201,378,697.00 $78,793,172.00 $280,171,869.00
North Country $84,616,519.00 $23,010,117.00 $107,626,636.00
Mid-Hudson Valley $246,237,390.00 $70,524,013.00 $316,761,403.00
Lower Hudson Valley $252,110,836.00 $72,378,123.00 $324,488,959.00
Mohawk Valley $103,945,175.00 $29,110,632.00 $133,055,807.00
Finger Lakes $332,485,884.00 $95,755,552.00 $428,241,436.00
Long Island $698,670,545.00 $218,462,269.00 $917,132,814.00
New York $2,279,577,648.00 $249,354,648.00 $2,528,932,296.00
Statewide Total $4,884,426,696.00 $1,034,573,340.00 $5,919,000,036.00
Regional Distribution of CFE Funding Owed to New Yorks Schools
After two years the state abandoned their
promise to our children and stopped fulfilling
their constitutional mandate to provide a
sound, basic education.
Time for Action
Billions Behind | August 2014 9
The Foundation Aid formula, although not perfect, is the most
equitable tool New York State has to administer school finance
laws. It was created in 2007, replacing 30 different funding
formulas that were often manipulated for political reasons. The
Foundation Aid formula was created to prioritize high need
schools and students. It does this by taking into account the
number of students in poverty, the number of students with lim-
ited proficiency in English, the number of students with disabili-
ties, and a school districts ability to raise local revenue based
on income and property wealth of its residents.
Its time that the state renews its commitment to the
Campaign for Fiscal Equity. Another generation of stu-
dents is graduating without having had access to the
resources the state committed to providing in order to
fulfill its constitutional obligation. Now classroom
resources are diminishing with each successive class. The
bar has been raised in New York State with regards to
higher standards and greater demands on our schools and
students, and yet they are not being provided the tools
necessary to meet them. It is the states constitutional obli-
gation to educate every student.
The state is not providing the necessary resources
for schools to prepare every student for college,
careers and life. New Yorks children cant wait!
Another generation of students is graduating
without having had access to the resources
the state committed to provide in order to ful-
fill its constitutional obligation.
Methodology
10 Billions Behind | August 2014
The data used for this report come from the 2014-15 State
Aid Projections published by the NYS Education Department
as well as their State Aid Projections from prior years.
To calculate the Foundation Aid increase amount owed to
school districts: We first calculated the amount of Foundation
Aid increases received by each school district since 2007-08.
To do this, we subtracted the base Foundation Aid amount
(2006-07) from the current amount of Foundation Aid. We
then calculated how much Foundation Aid each district is
due. To do this, first we subtracted the 2006-07 base amount
from the Foundation Aid amount Due Before Phase In (the
total amount of Foundation Aid that each school district was
scheduled to receive). From this amount we subtracted the
Foundation Aid increase that has been received in order to
arrive at the amount that school districts are still due.
For districts who have received more Foundation Aid than is
due to them according to the NYS Education Department we
counted the amount due as $0.
The amount of GEA due is reflected in the 2014-15 State
Aid Projections published by the NYS Education Department.
To calculate the per pupil amount for both Foundation Aid
owed and GEA owed, we divided each number by the
enrollment for each school district.
We used the Need Resource Capacity categories that the
NYS Education Department uses, published in the 2014-15
State Aid Projections (1= NYC, 2= Big 4, 3= High Need
Urban/Suburban, 4=High Need Rural, 5=Average Need,
6= Low Need).
For the regional data we used the US Department of Labor
Market Regions except that the Hudson Valley was divided
into Mid-Hudson (Dutchess, Ulster, Orange and Sullivan
Counties) and Lower Hudson (Westchester, Putnam and
Rockland).
i NYS Board of Regents 2014-15 State Aid Proposal
http://www.p12.nysed.gov/stateaidworkgroup/2014-15RSAP/RSAP1415final.pdf
ii Educational Conference Board, (2014) Financing Public in New York State: Restoring a Function State Aid System:
http://www.nyscoss.org/img/news/advocacy_6fxfk01y6m.pdf
iii New York State Association of School Business Officials, (2014). 2014 NYS School District Factbook
file:///C:/Users/Marina/Downloads/NYS%20School%20District%20Factbook%202014%20-%20Web.pdf
iv http://www.aqeny.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Cuomo-CFE-Funding-Support-Letter-Final-1.pdf
v 2003 CFE decision by the Court of Appeals, Judge Smith Concurring Opinion.
vi New York State Council of School Superintendents, (2014). Not Out of the Woods: A Survey on Fiscal Matters,
http://www.nyscoss.org/img/news/news_yfhhffqj6y.pdf
vii Campaign for Fiscal Equity, A Project of the Education Law Center
http://www.edlawcenter.org/initiatives/campaign-for-fiscal-equity.html
viii New York State Education Department published Preliminary Estimates 2013-14 and 2014-15 State Aids
ix http://www.schenectady.k12.ny.us/2014-2015_Budget/Budget_Hearing_Presentation_050714.pdf
x New York State Education Department published Preliminary Estimates 2013-14 and 2014-15 State Aids
About Us
Alliance for Quality Education
AQE is a coalition mobilizing communities across the state to
keep New York true to its promise of ensuring a high quality pub-
lic education to all students regardless of zip code. Combining its
legislative and policy expertise with grassroots organizing, AQE
advances proven-to-work strategies that lead to student success and echoes a powerful public
demand for a high quality education for all of New Yorks students.
The Public Policy and Education Fund of New York
PPEF was founded in 1986 to address critical social, eco-
nomic, racial and environmental issues facing low and
moderate income New York State residents. Its areas of
work have included health care, education, after-school programs, voter participation, eco-
nomic development and consumer issues. PPEF uses many tools in its work, including grass-
roots organizing, research and policy development, public education on a wide range of policy
issues, and community outreach.
Opportunity Action
OA believes the American dream begins with every child having
an opportunity to learn - from Pre-K to college - regardless of
their zip code. Its mission is to ensure this through an expanding
base of voters, policymakers and advocates who work to enact
and adopt evidence-based solutions.
Report prepared by Marina Marcou-OMalley, Policy Director, Alliance for Quality Education