1

SESSION 3
FRAMING (SHEAR)
CONECTIONS
2
MOMENT ROTATION CURVES
Rotation,
M
o
m
e
n
t
,

M

M = 0.9M
Typical Beam Line
Type I, FR Moment Connection
Type III, PR Moment Connection
Type II, Simple Shear
Connection
F
M = 0.5M
F
M = 0.2M
F
Framing Connections
3
CONNECTION TYPES
Shear End-Plate
Double Angles
Single Angle
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Tee
Seated Unstiffened and Stiffened
4
SHEAR END-PLATE
Advantages:
Simple Few Parts
No Holes in Beam
Disadvantages:
Requires Beam to be Cut to Exact Length
End Plate
1 1/4" Minimum
Edge Distance
Note: End Plate Thickness Range is 1/4" to 3/8"
5
6
Horizontal short slots
may be used in angles
2 Angles 2 Angles
DOUBLE ANGLES
Advantages:
Beam Length
can Vary
Weld or Bolt to Beam
Disadvantages:
Double Sided Connections into Column
or Girder Webs are an Erection Problem
7
8
9
DOUBLE ANGLES
2 Angles
10
11
DOUBLE ANGLES
2 Angles
12
DOUBLE ANGLES
Double Angle Knife Connection
2 Angles
@ Top
Return
13
Advantages:
Eliminates Erection
Problem
Fewer Parts
Disadvantages:
Larger Angle Required
Larger Bolts or Weld
Comment:
Not recommended for laterally unbraced
beams.
SINGLE ANGLE
Bolted and Welded Alternatives
@ Top
Return
14
15
SHEAR TAB or SINGLE PLATE
Advantages:
Simple Few Parts
No Welding on Beam
Disadvantages:
Stiffer than Other Types
Requires Careful Design
Comments:
Two design models available, with very
different results.
Single Plate
16
17
TEE CONNECTION
Advantages:
One Sided
Disadvantages:
Tee can be Heavy
Stiffer than Other Types except Shear Tab
Comment:
Primarily used to connect to concrete wall
or existing construction
Min. Clearance
"k" Distance + 1/4"
Tee
@ Top
Return
Concrete Wall
18
UNSTIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION
Advantages:
Few Parts
Few Bolts
Disadvantages:
Requires Stability
Angle
Limited strength
Comment:
Commonly used to connect to the web of
a column.
Alternate
Clip Position
@ Top
Return
Seat Angle
2"
Stabilizer
Clip
4"
19
STIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION
Advantages:
Few Parts
Few Bolts
Disadvantages:
Requires Stability
Angle
Introduces a Column Web Limit State
Comment:
Commonly used to connect to the web of
a column.
2"
4"
Alternate
Clip Position
Stabilizer
Clip
Seat Plate
Stiffener
Optional
Trim Lines
20
21
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Ductility Considerations
Angle thickness < 5/8 in.
Wide gage
Wide vertical weld spacing with
minimum horizontal returns
22
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Beam Length Tolerance +/- 1/4 in.
To accommodate:
Setbacks in calculations are usually 1/2 in.
End edge distances are taken 1/4 in. less
than detailed.
23
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Beam Length Tolerance
1/2" setback
24
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Beam Length Tolerance
minus 1/4"
25
NEW LIMIT STATES
Block Shear Fracture in Coped Beams
- Bolted at Web
- Welded at Web
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
26
Block Shear in Coped Beams
27
Block Shear in Coped Beams
Section J4.3
Block Shear Fracture Strength
When F
u
A
nt
> 0.6F
u
A
nv
:
R
n
= [0.6F
y
A
gv
+F
u
A
nt
] < [0.6F
u
A
nv
+F
u
A
nt
]
When F
u
A
nt
< 0.6F
u
A
nv
:
R
n
= [0.6F
u
A
nv
+F
y
A
gt
] < [0.6F
u
A
nv
+F
u
A
nt
]
= 0.75
28
Block Shear in Coped Beams
R
n
= Ten. Fracture Opp. Yield
max Shear Fracture min Opp. Fracture
+
29
Single Coped Beam
30
Double Coped Beam
31
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
M
u
= R
u
e <
b
M
n
Flexural Yielding

b
M
n
= 0.90 F
y
S
net
S
net
= net section modulus
Local Web Buckling
M
n
= F
bc
S
net
32
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
For Single Cope
Limitations: c < 2 d
d
c
< d / 2
F
bc
= 23,590 (t
w
/ h
o
)
2
f k < 0.9 F
y
f = 2 (c / d) for c / d < 1.0
f = 1 + (c / d) for c / d > 1.0
k = 2.2 (h
o
/ c)
1.65
for c / h
o
< 1.0
k = 2.2 (h
o
/ c) for c / h
o
> 1.0
33
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
For Double Cope
Limitations: c < 2 d
d
ct
< 0.2 d
d
cb
< 0.2 d
F
bc
= 50,840 [t
w
2
/ (c h
o
)] f
d
< 0.9 F
y
f
d
= 3.5 7.5 (d
c
/ d)
d
c
= max (d
ct
, d
cb
)
34
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Example: Determine if Adequate.
Vu = 40 k
W14x30
3"
1
2
"
8"
A992 Steel
35
Coped Beam Flexural Strength Example
W14x30
d = 13.8 in.
t
w
= 0.270 in.
h
o
= 13.8 3.0 = 10.8 in.
S
net
= 8.37 in.
3
from Table 9-2
36
Table 9-2
37
Coped Beam Flexural Strength Example
F
bc
= 23,590 (t
w
/ h
o
)
2
f k < 0.9 F
y
c / d = 8.0 / 13.8 = 0.580 < 1.0
f = 2 (c / d) = 2 x 0.580 = 1.16
c / h
o
= 8.0 / 10.8 = 0.740 < 1.0
k = 2.2 (h
o
/ c)
1.65
= 2.2 (10.8 / 8.0)
1.65
= 3.61
F
bc
= 23,590 (0.270 / 10.8)
2
(1.16) (3.61)
= 61.7 ksi > 0.9 F
y
= 0.9 (50) = 45 ksi
38
Coped Beam Flexural Strength Example
M
n
= F
y
S
net
= 0.9 x 50 x 8.37
= 376.6 in.-kips
M
u
= V
u
e = 40.0 (8.5)
= 340 in.-kips < 376.6 in.-kips
Adequate
V
u
= 40 k
W14x30
3"
1
2
"
8"
39
SHEAR END-PLATES
End Plate
1 1/4" Minimum
Edge Distance
Note: End Plate Thickness Range is 1/4" to 3/8"
40
Shear End-Plate Limit States
Beam:
Beam Gross Shear
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Web Strength at Weld
Weld:
Weld Fracture
41
Shear End-Plate and Bolt Limit States
Plate:
1. Gross Shear Yielding
2. Net Shear Fracture
3. Block Shear Fracture
Bolts:
4. Bolt Shear Fracture
5. Bearing on End Plate
and on girder or column
1
1
1 2
3
2 1 3
2
4, 5
3
2
3
42
Shear End-Plate Example
Determine V
n
.
3/4 A325-N Bolts, E70XX

Vn
W14x30
A992
8"
3/16
3"
1
1
4
"
2@3"
1
1
4
"
3
1
2
"
PL 1/4 x 6 x 0'-8 1/2"
A36
43
Shear End-Plate Example
W14x30 F
y
= 50 ksi F
u
= 65 ksi
d = 13.8 in. t
w
= 0.27 in.
Beam Limit States
Beam Shear Yielding
V
n
= 0.9 (0.6 F
y
) h
o
t
w
= 0.9 (0.6 x 50) (13.8 -3) (0.27)
= 79 k
44
Shear End-Plate Example
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
From previous example
M
n
= 376.6 in.-kips
with e = cope length + plate thickness
= 8.0 + 0.25 = 8.25 in.
V
n
= 376.6 / 8.25 = 45.6 k
45
Beam Web Strength at Weld
Plate L = 8.5 in.
t
weld
= 3/16 in.
V
n
= 0. 75(0.6 F
u
) (L - 2 t
weld
) t
w
= 0.75 (0.6 x 65) [8.5 (2 x 3/16)] (0.27)
= 64.2 k
(Note: take effective weld length = L - 2t
w
)
Shear End-Plate Example
46
Weld Fracture Limit State
- 3/16 in. Fillet Weld
Minimum Weld Size 3/16 in. OK
V
n
= (D x 1.392) (L - 2 t
weld
)
= (2 x 3 x 1.392) [8.5 (2 x 3/16)]
= 67.9 k
(Note: take effective weld length = L - 2t
w
)
Shear End-Plate Example
47
Plate Limit States:
t
p
= 1/4 in.
A36 Steel
F
y
= 36 ksi
F
u
= 58 ksi
Plate Gross Shear Yield
V
n
= 0.9 (0.6 F
y
) (2 L t
p
)
= 0.9 (0.6 x 36) (2 x 8.5 x 1/4)
= 82.6 k
3
2
"
1
1
4
"
1
1
4
"
2@3"
6"
Shear End-Plate Example
48
6"
3
1
2
"
2@3"
1
1
4
"
1
1
4
"
Plate Net Shear Fracture
d
h
= 3/4 + 1/16 + 1/16 = 7/8 in.
A
n
= (8.5 - 3 x 7/8) (1/4)(2)
= 2.94 in.
2
V
n
= 0.75 (0.6 F
u
) (A
n
)
= 0.75 (0.6 x 58) (2.94)
= 76.7 k
Shear End-Plate Example
49
R
n
= Ten. Fracture Opp. Yield
max Shear Fracture min Opp. Fracture
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
Plate Block Shear
Fracture
PL 1/4 x 6 x 0-8 1/2
+
Shear End-Plate Example
50
Plate Block Shear
- Tension Fracture
F
u
A
nt
= 58(1.25 - 0.5 x 7/8)(2 x 1/4)
= 23.6 k
- Shear Fracture
0.6F
u
A
nv
= (0.6 x 58) (7.25 2.5 x 7/8) (2 x 1/4)
= 88.1 k
Shear Frcature Controls
Shear End-Plate Example
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
51
- Opposite Fracture
F
u
A
nt
= 23.6 k
- Opposite Yield
F
y
A
gt
= 36 (1.25) (2 x 1/4)
= 22.5 kips
Opposite Yield Controls
Shear End-Plate Example
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
52
Plate Block Shear Fracture
V
n
= 0.75 (Shear Fracture
+ Tension Yield)
= 0.75 (88.1 + 22.5)
= 83.0 k
Shear End-Plate Example
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
53
Bolt Limit States
Bolt Fracture
A325-N F
v
= 48 ksi single-shear
r
n
= 0.75 n F
v
A
b
= 0.75 (1) (48) (0.442)
= 15.9 k/bolt
Shear End-Plate Example
1
1
4
"
2@3"
1
1
4
"
3
1
2
"
54
Plate Bearing on Shear End Plate
Hole Elongation:
2.4 F
u
d
b
t = (.75) (2.4 x 58) (3/4 x 1/4) = 19.6 k
Hole Tear Out:
Edge: 1.2 F
u
L
c
t = (.75)(1.2 x 58) (1.25 13/32) (1/4)
= 10.2 k < 19.6 k
Other: 1.2 F
u
L
c
t = (.75)(1.2 x 58) (3 13/16) (1/4)
= 28.6 k > 19.6 k
(Also check bearing on column or girder)
Shear End-Plate Example
55
Bolt Limit States
(bolt shear fracture
& plate bearing failure)
V
n
= (2 x 10.2) + (4 x 15.9)
= 84 k
(edge bolts controlled by bearing; other bolts controlled
by bolt shear fracture)
Shear End-Plate Example
1
1
4
"
2@3"
1
1
4
"
3
1
2
"
56
Coped Beam Flexural Strength Controls
V
n
= 45.6 k

Vn
W14x30
A992
8"
3/16
3"
1
1
4
"
2@3"
1
1
4
"
3
1
2
"
PL 1/4 x 6 x 0'-8 1/2"
A36
Shear End-Plate Example
57
DOUBLE ANGLE
CONNECTIONS
Welded / Bolted
2 Angles
Horizontal short slots
may be used in angles
58
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Assumption:
Pin is at face of supporting element
Beam web weld is
subjected to
eccentric shear
2 Angles
59
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Limit States
Beam:
Shear Yielding
Coped Beam Flexural Strength
Block Shear Fracture
Web Strength at Weld
Weld:
Weld Fracture Due to Eccentric Shear
60
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Angles:
Gross Shear Yield
Net Shear Fracture
Block Shear Fracture
Bolt:
Bolt Shear Fracture
Bearing on Angles
Bearing on Column or Girder
61
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example: Determine V
n
for the limit
states of:
1. Beam Web Block Shear Fracture
2. Weld Fracture due to Eccentric
Shear
3. Beam Web Strength at Weld
62
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
1
2
"
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
4
"
2"
1
1
4
"
2L 3 x 3 x 5/16 x 0'-8 1/2 A36
W14x30 A992
t
w
= 0.27 in.
63
1. Beam Web Block Shear
0.6 F
u
A
nv
= 0.6 (65) (8.75 x 0.27)
= 92.1 k
F
u
A
nt
= (65) (3 - 1/2 - 1/4) (0.27)
= 39.5 k < 92.1 k (Shear Fracture Controls)
F
y
A
gt
= (50) (3 - 1/2 - 1/4) (0.27)
= 30.4 k < 39.5 k (Tension Yield Controls)
Tension area
Shear Area
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
64
Beam Web Block Shear Strength
V
n
= 0.75 (max fracture + min opp.)
= 0.75 (Shear Fracture + Tension Yield)
= 0.75 (92.1 + 30.4) = 122.5 k
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
65
2. Weld Fracture Due to Eccentric Shear
V
n
= C C
1
D L
Dimensions
from Table 8-9
k, xL, a, etc.
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example

V
n
kL
xL
e
x
= aL
L
c.g.
66
2. Weld Fracture Due to Eccentric Shear
V
n
= C C
1
D L
Where: C = effective weld coefficient
C
1
= F
u
of weld metal / 70
D = number of 1/16 ths
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
67
k = 2.5 / 8.5 = 0.29 ! !! ! x = 0.053
xL = 0.053 x 8.5 = 0.45 in.
a = (3.0 0.45) / 8.5 = 0.3
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example

V
n
kL
xL
e
x
= aL
L
c.g.
68
69
Table 8-9
70
Using Table 8-9
!C = 2.06
C
1
= 1.0
D = 3
V
n
= C C
1
D L
= (2.06) (1.0) (2 x 3) (8.5)
= 105.6 k
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example

V
n
kL
xL
e
x
= aL
L
c.g.
71
3. Beam Web Strength at Weld
k 99.8
105.6
(1.0) (6) (1.392)
(1.0) (0.27) 65) (0.6 .75 0

105.6
(1.0) (6) (1.392)
(1.0) t F 0.6
V
w u
n
= == =


= == =


= == =
Welded / Bolted Double Angles
Example
72
END OF SESSION 3