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    MOLLIER Diagrams: P-H Chart Pressure Enthalpy Chart

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    Ryan Holmes
    This document discusses Mollier diagrams and refrigeration systems. It provides: 1) An overview of why Mollier diagrams are used in refrigeration including to determine system conditions, visualize refrigerant behavior, calculate capacities, and troubleshoot issues. 2) An example of plotting a pressure-enthalpy chart with data from a refrigeration unit including pressures, temperatures, and refrigerant states. 3) Common refrigeration system issues that can be identified on a chart such as overcharge, low charge, liquid line restriction, and compressor problems.

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    MOLLIER Diagrams: P-H Chart Pressure Enthalpy Chart

    Uploaded by

    Ryan Holmes
    4K views97 pages
    This document discusses Mollier diagrams and refrigeration systems. It provides: 1) An overview of why Mollier diagrams are used in refrigeration including to determine system conditions, visualize refrigerant behavior, calculate capacities, and troubleshoot issues. 2) An example of plotting a pressure-enthalpy chart with data from a refrigeration unit including pressures, temperatures, and refrigerant states. 3) Common refrigeration system issues that can be identified on a chart such as overcharge, low charge, liquid line restriction, and compressor problems.

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    Mollier Diagrams

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    This document discusses Mollier diagrams and refrigeration systems. It provides: 1) An overview of why Mollier diagrams are used in refrigeration including to determine system conditions, visualize refrigerant behavior, calculate capacities, and troubleshoot issues. 2) An example of plotting a pressure-enthalpy chart with data from a refrigeration unit including pressures, temperatures, and refrigerant states. 3) Common refrigeration system issues that can be identified on a chart such as overcharge, low charge, liquid line restriction, and compressor problems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    4K views97 pages

    MOLLIER Diagrams: P-H Chart Pressure Enthalpy Chart

    Uploaded by

    Ryan Holmes
    This document discusses Mollier diagrams and refrigeration systems. It provides: 1) An overview of why Mollier diagrams are used in refrigeration including to determine system conditions, visualize refrigerant behavior, calculate capacities, and troubleshoot issues. 2) An example of plotting a pressure-enthalpy chart with data from a refrigeration unit including pressures, temperatures, and refrigerant states. 3) Common refrigeration system issues that can be identified on a chart such as overcharge, low charge, liquid line restriction, and compressor problems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 97
    At a glance
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    Mollier diagrams, also known as pressure-enthalpy charts, are used in refrigeration to visualize refrigerant behavior, calculate system capacities, and troubleshoot issues.

    Mollier diagrams are used to determine what is happening inside a refrigeration system, visualize refrigerant behavior, calculate capacities of the refrigeration system, represent the condition of equipment at any thermodynamic state, and for troubleshooting.

    The different types of refrigerant regions shown on Mollier diagrams include constant pressure lines, constant temperature lines, enthalpy lines, constant specific volume lines, and entropy lines.

    MOLLIER Diagrams

    P-h CHART
    PRESSURE ENTHALPY CHART
    WHY IN REFRIGERATION?
    • To determine accurately what is going
    on inside a refrigeration system
    • Visualize the refrigerant behavior
    • Calculating capacities of refrigeration
    system
    • Representing the condition of
    equipment at any thermodynamic state.
    • TROUBLESHOOTING…
    Classic Refrigeration system
    Refrigerant regions
    Constant pressure line
    Constant temperature line
    Enthalpy line
    Constant specific volume line
    Entropy line
    How to plot a P-h chart?
    Data From the Unit
    • Low pressure P1=3 bar
    • High pressure P2=14 bar
    • Suction temperature T1=0°C
    • Discharge temperature T2=70 °C
    • Condensing temperature T3=40 °C
    • Temperature at TXV T4=10 °C
    • Evaporating temperature T5=-6 °C
    P1
    P2
    T1
    T2
    T3
    T4
    T4
    Enthalpy
    Superheat
    Sub cooled
    High head

    • Recycle cooling
    medium
    • High cooling
    medium
    • Poor cooling
    medium flow
    • Fouled condenser
    • Non-condensable
    Over charge
    Low charge
    • System leak
    • System incorrectly
    charged
    Liquid line restriction
    • Filter dryer chocked
    • Blocked particle
    inside the system
    Poor Compressor
    • Under sized
    compressor
    • Unloaded compressor
    • Wrong compressor
    pulley sizes
    • Bad compressor
    valves, ring or pistons
    MOLLIER Calculation
    • Compression ratio=High pressure/Low pressure
    • Flash gas=(h4-h4’)/(h1-h4’)
    • Refrigerating effect=h1-h4
    • Circulation rate of refrigerant=Refrigerating
    capacity/refrigerating effect
    • Power at compressor=circulation rate x (h2-h1)
    • COP=Refrigerating capacity/power at compressor
    MOTOR
    SINGLE PHASE
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    testing
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    testing
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    testing
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    testing
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    testing
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    • Run (operating) - large dimension, low
    capacitance  30F
    • Starting - small dimension, large
    capacitance (can
    exceed 100 F)
    - 5 seconds, 20 start-
    ups/hour
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor

    • 240V, 2A
    • Xc =240/2, = 120
    • C =1/(2**Hz*Xc) = 1/(6.28*50*120)
    = 0.00002652 F
    = 26.52 F
    SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-
    capacitor
    • Normally 14 times of Amperage
    • 2*14 = 28 F, if 10% 30.8 F or 25.2 F
    • If out of range; change capacitor
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
    point
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
    point
    • P =3*V*I*
    =1.732*220*1.7*0.8 = 520W

    =1.732*380*1*0.8 = 520W
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
    point
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
    point
    • 145W loss as heat
    • 375W/520W= 0.72

    • 72% useful
    • 28% loss
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
    point
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- general
    point
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- delta

    THREE PHASE MOTOR- delta

    THREE PHASE MOTOR- star
    Y
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- star
    Y
    THREE PHASE MOTOR- ?
    THREE PHASE MOTOR-
    connections
    Protection
    ProtectionDevices
    Devices

    FUSE FOR FUSE FOR


    DISTRIBUTION MOTORS

    THERMAL
    OVERLOAD RELAYS
    Thermal
    Thermal Relay
    Relay

    Combination of a thermal overload


    relay with a contactor
    Electromagnetic
    ElectromagneticOvercurrent
    Overcurrent
    Relay
    Relay
    Contactor
    Contactor -- Breaker
    Breaker
    Isolator
    Isolator -- Breaker
    Breaker
    COMBINATIONS
    COMBINATIONSOF
    OFPROTECTION
    PROTECTION
    DEVICES
    DEVICES
    COMBINATIONS
    COMBINATIONSOF
    OFPROTECTION
    PROTECTION
    DEVICES
    DEVICES
    COMBINATIONS
    COMBINATIONSOF
    OFPROTECTION
    PROTECTION
    DEVICES
    DEVICES
    SWITCHES
    SWITCHES
    • Manual switch-on pushbutton S1

    • Manual switch-off pushbutton S2

    • Manual on-off pushbutton S3


    SWITCHES
    SWITCHES
    • Emergency stop pushbutton
    • Color: Red – large mushroom head
    pushbutton
    Limit
    Limit switches
    switches
    • Normally open contact
    • Operated by mechanical sensor (cam roller) S1 S1
    1 1

    • Normally open contact


    • Operated by level
    S1
    1

    • Normally open contact


    • Operated by temperature
    S1 
    1
    • Normally closed contact
    • Operated by pressure

    S1 P

    • 1
    Other
    Other switches
    switches

    • Normally open contact


    • Operated by electromagnetic
    • Operating equipment designation: KM (contactor); KA
    (relay)

    A1
    11

    KM1
    KM1

    14
    A2
    ELECTRICAL
    ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS
    DIAGRAMS &
    &
    WIRING
    WIRING
    DIRECT
    DIRECT ON
    ON LINE
    LINE (D.O.L.)
    (D.O.L.)

    • -The stator connected directly to the main


    supply
    • -The motor starts with a high peak
    • -Current peak 4 to 8 times of rated current
    • -1 to 5 hp
    D.O.L.
    D.O.L.
    • Main circuit
    D.O.L.
    D.O.L.
    • Control circuit
    D.O.L…
    D.O.L… forward
    forward reverse
    reverse
    X1
    • Main circuit wiring diagram L1
    1

    2
    L2
    3
    L3

    F1

    A1 A1
    KM1 KM2
    A2 A2

    F2

    U1 V1 W1
    X2

    M
    D.O.L…
    D.O.L… forward
    forward reverse
    reverse

    • Control circuit wiring diagram


    F1
    L1
    S1

    S2 KM1 S3 KM2
    1 1 1

    KM2 KM1

    KM1 KM2
    N
    D.O.L..
    D.O.L..block
    block diagram
    diagram
    STAR
    STAR DELTA
    DELTA (YΔ)
    (YΔ)
    • -Motor having both ends of the three
    stator brought out-6 terminal
    • -First step with Star- (main voltage/√3)
    • -Second step with delta-normal voltage
    STAR
    STAR DELTA
    DELTA (YΔ)..power
    (YΔ)..power circuit
    circuit
    STAR
    STAR DELTA
    DELTA (YΔ)..
    (YΔ).. Reverse
    Reverse rotation
    rotation
    STAR DELTA (YΔ)..control circuit
    STAR
    STAR DELTA
    DELTA (YΔ)..TNB
    (YΔ)..TNB control
    control circuit
    circuit
    STAR DELTA (YΔ)..TNB power
    circuit
    AUTO
    AUTO TRANSFORMER..control
    TRANSFORMER..control
    circuit
    circuit
    AUTO
    AUTO TRANSFORMER..Power
    TRANSFORMER..Power circuit
    circuit
    SPECIFICATION
    POWER SUPPLY
    POWER SUPPLY
    Connection - fan
    Connection - condensing
    Connection - condensing
    Connection - condensing
    That had been…

    AC Technology
    ZULKARNAINI ABDULLAH
    [email protected]
    [email protected]
    012 913 8059

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