Multimedia, telecommunications, Computer Network, and

the Internet
All Images & Concepts are designed By Triquetra Productions
Multimedia - in computer science, the presentation of
information using the combination of text, sound, pictures,
animation, and video.

Common multimedia computer applications include
games, learning software, and reference materials, such
as this encyclopedia. Most multimedia applications include
predefined associations, known as hyperlinks, that enable
users to switch between media elements and topics.
Multimedia applications are computer programs;
typically stored on compact discs (CD-ROMs).
They may also reside on the World Wide Web,
which is the media-rich component of the
international communication network known as
the Internet.
Multimedia documents found on the World Wide
Web are called Web pages.
Linking information together with hyperlinks is
accomplished by special computer programs or
computer languages.
The computer language used to create Web
pages is called HyperText Markup Language
(HTML).

MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION
Require more computer memory and processing power
Must have a fast central processing unit (CPU)
- requires extra electronic memory
- needs a high capacity hard disk
- must have a keyboard and a pointing device,.
Multimedia can be broadly divided into 2 categories Linear and
NON-Linear Multimedia.
Linear multimedia start and continue till the end without any
navigation control for the user.
Non-Linear Multimedia offer interactivity to the end user.
In education, multimedia is used to produce computer-
based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and
reference books like encyclopaedia and almanacs.
Multimedia finds its application in various areas
including, but not limited to, art, education,
entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics,
business, and scientific research.
The Multimedia Messaging System, or MMS, is an
application that allows one to send and receive messages
containing Multimedia messages.
MMS is a common feature of most cell phones..
It can also present maps pertinent to World.
Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry,
especially to develop special effects in movies and
animation for cartoon characters.
Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are
software programs available either as CD-ROMs or
online.
Streaming media
Media that is consumed (read, heard, viewed) while it is
being delivered.
Streaming (radio, television) or inherently
Non-streaming (books, video cassettes, audio CDs).
The word "stream" is also used as a verb, meaning to
deliver streaming media.
Is the field of visual computing, where one utilizes
computers both to generate visual images.

This field can be divided into several areas:
1. real-time 3D rendering (often used in video games),
computer animation,
2. video capture and video creation rendering, special
effects editing (often used for movies and television),
3. image editing, and modeling (often used for engineering
and medical purposes).
Development in computer graphics was first fueled by
academic interests and government sponsorship.
Computer graphics (CG)
However, as real-world applications of computer graphics
in broadcast television and movies proved a viable
alternative to more traditional special effects and animation
techniques, commercial parties have increasingly funded
advances in the field.

Telecommunications & Computer Networking
Telecommunications -
communications over a distance
using technology to overcome that
distance.
It usually means the
transmission of words, sounds,
pictures, or data in the form of
electronic signals or impulses, sent
either as an individual message
between two parties or as a
broadcast to be received at many
locations.
Computer Networking
Networks are connections between groups of
computers and associated devices that allow users to
transfer information electronically.
Individual computers are called work stations (WS),
and communicate to each other via cable or telephone
lines linking to servers.
Servers are computers exactly like the WS, except
that they have administrative functions and are devoted
entirely to monitoring and controlling WS access to part
or all of the network and to any shared resources (such
as printers).
Network Topology
Topology refers to the shape of a network, or the network's layout. How
different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they
communicate are determined by the network's topology. Topologies are
either physical or logical.
Below are diagrams of the five most common network topologies.
Ring Topology
All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop,
so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on
either side of it. Workstations connect to the ring, faulty workstations can
be bypassed, more cabling required than bus
the connectors used tend to cause a lot of problems
commonly used to implement token ring at 4 and 16mbps
four wire, generally STP or UTP

Mesh Topology
Devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between
network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to
every other node in the network.

Tree Topology
A hybrid topology. Groups of star-configured networks are connected to
a linear bus backbone.
Star Topology
All devices are connected to a central hub. Nodes
communicate across the network by passing data through
the hub.
All wiring is done from a central point (the server or hub)

Bus Topology
All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus
or backbone.
all workstations connect to the same cable segment
commonly used for implementing Ethernet at 10mbps

Network Advantages
productivity and efficiency may be increased because of large scale,
low cost production runs
Sharing of resources
smaller firms can compete
technology transfer and the dissemination of information is facilitated
international trade can expand
simplification
resources are conserved as only one item of equipment is needed
where before many might have been required
the worldwide exchange of information is increased
Administering software licenses
Allows access to remote computers
Allows connection to different computers
Allows electronic mail
LAN & WAN
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small local
area, like a home, office, or campus. Occasionally the term Campus Area
Network is used for those which link several buildings.
Technical aspects
Although switched Ethernet is now most common at the physical layer, and
TCP/IP as a protocol, historically many different options have been used
(see below) and some continue to be popular in niche areas. Larger LANs
will have redundant links, and routers or switches capable of using
spanning tree protocol and similar techniques to recover from failed links.
LANs will have connections to other LANs via routers and leased lines to
create a WAN. Most will also have connections to the large public network
known as the Internet, and links to other LANs can be 'tunnelled' across
this using VPN technologies.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network or WAN is a computer network covering a wide
geographical area, involving a vast array of computers.
The most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
WANs are used to connect local area networks (LANs) together,
Users can communicate with users and computers in other locations.
WANs are most often built using leased lines.
Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing
functions.
Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame
relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are
used in WANs
INTERNET
A network that links computer networks all over
the world by satellite and telephone,
connecting users with service networks such
as e-mail and the World Wide Web.

Contrary to some common usage, the Internet
and the World Wide Web are not synonymous:
the Internet is a collection of interconnected
computer networks, linked by copper wires,
fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc.
Internet connection is usually accomplished using
international standards collectively called TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),
combined with a network registration process, and
with the aid of public providers of Internet access
services, known as Internet Service Providers or ISPs.

TCP/IP - set of international standards that enables different types of
computers and networks on the Internet to communicate with one another.

TCP - defines how data are transferred across the Internet to their
destination.

IP - defines how data are divided into chunks, called packets, for
transmission; it also determines the path each packet takes between
computers.
Browser - in computer science, a program that enables a computer to
locate, download, and display documents containing text, sound, video,
graphics, animation, and photographs located on computer networks.
The act of viewing and moving about between documents on computer
networks is called browsing. Users browse through documents on
open, public-access networks called internets, or on closed networks
called intranets.
Services
Internets support thousands of different kinds of
operational and experimental services. A few of
the most popular include the following:

E-mail (electronic mail) allows a message to be
sent from one person to another, or to many
others, via computer.

Internet has its own e-mail standards that have
also become the means of interconnecting most
of the world's e-mail systems.



The World Wide Web, library of
resources available to computer
users through the global Internet. It
enables users to view a wide variety
of information, including magazine
archives, public and college library
resources, and current world and
business news.


Timothy Berners-Lee, a British
computer scientist, developed the
World Wide Web during the late
1980s and 1990s.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - in computer communications,
method of transferring files from one computer to another
via the Internet and other networks.

The protocol is a set of rules that ensures a file is
transmitted properly to the receiving computer. A computer
that stores files that can be retrieved using FTP is called an
FTP site or FTP server.
Newsgroup - in computer communications, a topic-specific
forum where people can post questions, news, and
comments, or read and respond to such postings left by
other users on the Internet and other networks.
Telnet - protocol, or set of procedures, that enables a user of one
computer on the Internet to log on remotely to any other computer on
the Internet, provided the user has a password for the distant computer
or the distant computer provides publicly available files.

Routers transmit data through
networks and determine the
best path of transmission.
There are four ways to connect to the public Internet.

Host access is usually carried out via dial-up telephone lines and modems,
combined with internet software on a personal computer, and allows the
computer that is accessed to function fully as an internet host.

Network access is similar to host access, but is done via a leased line or an
always-on link such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or Etherloop. In this case,
all the attached computers are made into internet hosts.

Terminal access is usually carried out via dial-up telephone lines and modems
combined with terminal emulation software on a personal computer; it allows
interaction with another computer that is an internet host.

Gateway access is similar to terminal access, but is provided via on-line or similar
proprietary services that give the user the ability to exchange e-mail with the
Internet.
INTERNET HISTORY & FUTURE
The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in
early 1973 as part of a project headed by Robert Kahn
and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency, part of the United States Department of
Defense. Thereafter, Cerf led many efforts to build,
scale, and standardize the Internet.

Internet Caf

Internet cafs, or cyber cafs,
have created a popular and
affordable way to access the
Internet and to send and receive
e-mails..
WAP Mobile Phone

Internet services became available
to mobile phone users in the United
Kingdom in 2000 with the
introduction of WAP (Wireless
Access Protocol) enabled handsets.
E-Commerce Web Site

A page from the
Amazon.com Web site
illustrates the ease and
immediacy of electronic
commerce. Shoppers are
able to search a wide variety
of products, make their
selection, order online, and
receive updates about the
status of their shipment.