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Vaccination

The document discusses several principles of vaccination including inducing memory responses through non-toxic antigen preparations to provide protective antibody and/or cellular immunity. It describes passive immunization using preformed antibodies and active immunization using antigen preparations. Various types of vaccines are outlined including attenuated, killed, subunit/fragment vaccines as well as DNA vaccines and vaccines targeting specific bacterial, viral, parasitic and tumor antigens.

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442 views6 pages

Vaccination

The document discusses several principles of vaccination including inducing memory responses through non-toxic antigen preparations to provide protective antibody and/or cellular immunity. It describes passive immunization using preformed antibodies and active immunization using antigen preparations. Various types of vaccines are outlined including attenuated, killed, subunit/fragment vaccines as well as DNA vaccines and vaccines targeting specific bacterial, viral, parasitic and tumor antigens.

Uploaded by

api-19916399
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Vaccination I.

Principles

Principle of vaccination: The primary goal in vaccination is


to provide protective immunity by inducing a memory re
sponse to an infectious microbe using a non-toxic antig
en preparation. It is important to produce immunity of t
he appropriate kind: antibody and/or cellular immunity.
Antibody mediated protection: primarily against extracellul
ar organisms and their products, e.g. Toxins, and distur
bing virus attaching and entering sensitive target cells.
Cell mediated protection: preventing host from the intrac
ellular microbes ( certain bacteria and viruses) infection
and fungi infection..
Vaccination ii. Immunization

Passive immunization: using performed antibodies


Active immunization: using antigen preparations

Systemic (injection) immunization


Vaccination iii. Vaccine

 Antigen preparations: Most vaccines consist of either atten


uated organisms, killed organisms, inactivated exotoxins, or su
bcellular fragments, and more recently genes for antigens in vir
al vectors, and DNA itself.
 Adjuvants
 DNA vaccine

Recombinant vaccine
 Cytokines
Vaccination
iv. Vaccines to pathogens and tumors

 Bacterial vaccines:
BCG (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
DPT (Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus )
Dysentery vaccine, Typhoid, Cholera
T-independent vaccines to carbohydrates such as capsule of Pn
eumococcus Meningococcusor haemmophilus.
 Viral vaccines : Polio, Measles, Rubella, Yellow fever,Mumps,
Rabies, influenza, HBV vaccine (HBsAg),
 Vaccines to other infectious agents: Malaria and other parasites
 Tumor vaccines : Prostate cancer &
Immuno-therapy
1. Antibodies: TAT (tetanus antitoxin)
2. Cytokines and their receptors
1) Cytokines ： IL-2 ， IFN ， IL-3 ， Erythropoietin （ EP
O ）， GSF ，
3. Immune cell preparations and immune modifiers
１ ) Adoptive immunotherapy ： LAK ， TIL ， NK
2) Anti-metabolic drugs
3) Antibiotics ： Cyclosporin A
Immunotechnology
I. Antibodies as research and diagnostic tools
 . Serological reactions:
Precipitation: Soluble antigen + Ab
Agglutination: antigenic particles + Ab in serum
Complements fixation
 Artificial passive ag or ab particles :
Passive agglutination & reverse passive agglutination
Gel agglutination
Staphylococcus associated agglutination
 Immuno-diffusion : radial immunodiffusion & conunter
 Immuno-electrophoresis: Rocket & counter

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