Algorithm for a two Pass Assembler : [with error handling]

Pass 1:
Step 1:
1) Prepare and initialize all data structures like M!" P!" S! etc#
$) pen input soured file and output intermediate file in respecti%e mode#
&) 'nitialize all pointers(i#e# M!P!)" P!P!) etc#) to point to the first
entr*#
+) 'nitialize the ,- to .#
/) Set error flag 0 11
Step $: )ead a line of source code#
'f 2end of file3 ) 24563 pseudo opcode
'f error flag 0 off
7o to pass $#
4lse disp8message 9:nsuccessful assembl*; and do the re%erse of 1
st

step and <uit#
4lse
7oto step &
Step &: Anal*ze the statement
-ase 1: Statement contains onl* comment#
Start form S- i#e# start of comment and ignore e%er*thing till 4-
i#e# end of comment
7! S!4P $
-ase $: Statement contains onl* label (e#g# loop:)
-heck whether label is present in the S!# (i#e# a s*mbol with attr# ,abel)
'f not present
'nsert label in S! = also mark attribute as 2,3#
address of label is set in ,-#
insert this address against label in S!#
else error 9duplicate label;# And set error flag 0 5
7! S!4P $
-ase &: Statement contains onl* mnemonic (e#g# S!P)
Search M! for Mnemonic
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase +: Statement contains mnemonic and operand# (e#g# ,A6 A)
Search M! for mnemonic
Search operand in S! if present do nothing#
else insert operand in S!
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase /: Statement contains label and mnemonic (e#g# back : S!P)
-heck whether label is present in S!
if not present
insert label in S! = attribute as 2,3
address of label is set to ,-
insert this address against label in S!
else error ;duplicate label ;# And set error flag 0 5
Search M! for mnemonic
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase ? : Statement contains label" mnemonic and operand (e#g#
,P: @mp loop)
-heck whether label is present in S!
if not present
insert label in S! = attribute as 2,3
address of label is set to ,-
insert this address against label in S!
else error ;duplicate label ;# And set error flag 0 5
Search M! for mnemonic
Search operand in S!
'f present
do nothing
else
insert operand in S!
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase A: Statement contains pseudo opcode
-ase A#1: Statement contains pseudo opcode 2S!A)! 3 or 2)73 (e#g#
)7 1...)
Search P! for pseudo opcode
)ead the neBt operand and initialize ,- with the %alue of the operand
7! S!4P $
-ase A#$: Statement contains pseudo code 2456P3 (e#g# 456P)
Search P! for pseudo code
)eset code segment flag and set data segment flag#
7! S!4P $
-ase A#&: Statement contains pseudo code 2dC3 (e#g# dC S:M /)
Search P! for pseudo code
Search operand in the S!
D put the address against operand in S!#
D put neBt operand (e#g# in this case /) against address i#e# put %alue (if
an*) against the address#
D ,- 0 ,- > 1 as 1 is length of db#
7! S!4P $
-ase A#+: Statement contains pseudo code 2dw3 (e#g# dw S:M E)
Search P! for pseudo code
Search operand in the S!
D put the address against operand in S!#
D read neBt operand
D if E then do ,- 0 ,- > $
D else 1) put neBt operand against the address
$) ,- 0 ,- > $
7! S!4P $
-ase A#/ : Statement contains pseudo code 2-5S!3 (e#g# 54 -5S!
1)
Search P! for pseudo code
Search operand in S!
D put the address against operand in S!
D read the neBt operand
1) put %alue of the neBt operand against the address (e#g# in this case 1)
$) ,- 0 ,- >1
7! S!4P $
-ase A#? : Statement contains pseudo code 24563 or 2456 1 1',43
Search P! for pseudo code
'f error flag 0 5 don3t goto pass $" else 7! pass $
-ase F : ,iteral Gandling
'f the literal is found as a part of instruction
then" put it in S! with appropriate attribute
= %alue if such a kind of literal is not
alread* there#
4lse write the literal name" literal %alue and
present ,- where literal is occurring" in the
S! (S*mbol !able)
-ase H : Procedure Gandling
-ase H#1 : Procedure definition start
'1 1')S! !I45 is P)-
[ if definition flag for procedure is alread*
set" then it is an instance of definition inside
definition" which is not allowed" so displa* 8
error 9nested definition procedure not
allowed 9 else go ahead ]
D )ead the neBt token which is the name of
the procedure
D Jalidate with st
D 'f alread* present as a definition "6ispla*8
error : 6uplicate procedure definition; and
set error flag on
4,S4
D put the name and corresponding attributes
along with present ,- %alue as the starting
address of the procedure in St
D set definition flag
D 7! S!4P $
-ase H#$ : Procedure definition ends
D reset the respecti%e procedure definition flag
to
D write total length taken b* procedure" (if
re<d) in S!
D 7! S!4P $
-ase H#& : Procedure call
D 1irst token must be 2-A,,3 or something like" so %alidate
through M!
D )ead the neBt token which must be name procedure
%alidate that name for the correct attributes" if %alid" do
nothing else 6ispla*8error(9problem in the procedure call;)
and set error flag pn
D 7! S!4P $
-ase 1K : 6efault
An assembler comes to this state onl* if the instruction is in%alid i#e it is
not starting with label" mnemonic or pseudo opcode or comment
D ignore the line
D set error flag 5
D 7! S!4P $

Pass $ of an assembler:
Step 1:
1) Assuming all tables are initialized in pass 1" initialize table pointers#
$) pen input source file and output target file in respecti%e mode#
&) 'nitialize all pointers (i#e# M!P!)" P!P!) etc#) to point to the first
entr*#
+) 'nitialize the ,- to .#
Step $: )ead a line of source code
'f 2end of file3 or 24563 pseudo opcode
Assembl* complete# )eset all tables" %ariables and close all files#
else goto step &#
Step &: Anal*ze the statement
-ase 1: Statement contains onl* comment#
Start form S- i#e# start of comment and ignore e%er*thing till 4-
i#e# end of comment
7! S!4P $
-ase $: Statement contains onl* label (e#g# loop:)
'gnore this as pass 1 has taken care of label definition handling
7! S!4P $
-ase &: Statement contains onl* mnemonic (e#g# S!P)
Search M! for mnemonic
Lrite opcode for that mnemonic in output file
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase +: Statement contains mnemonic and operand (e#g# ,A6 A)
Search M! for mnemonic
Lrite opcode for that mnemonic in output file
Search operand in S!
if present " get address of s*mbol from S! and write in output file
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase /: Statement contains label and mnemonic (e#g# back: S!P)
'gnore label as pass 1 has tackled it#
Search M! for mnemonic
Lrite opcode for that mnemonic in output file
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase ?: Statement contains label" mnemonic and operand (e#g# ,P : @mp
loop)
'gnore label as pass 1 has taken care of it#
Search M! for mnemonic
Lrite opcode for that mnemonic in output file
Search operand in S!
if present " write address of s*mbol in output file
,- 0 ,- > length of instruction
7! S!4P $
-ase A: Statement contains pseudo opcode
-ase A#1: Statement contains pseudo opcode 2S!A)!3 or 2)73 (e#g# )7 1...)
Search P! for pseudo opcode
)ead the neBt operand and initialize ,- with the %alue of the operand
7! S!4P $
-ase A#$ : Statement contains pseudo code 2456P3 (e#g# 456P)
Search P! for pseudo code
)eset code segment flag and set data segment flag#
7! S!4P $
-ase A#&: Statement contains pseudo code 26C3 (e#g# 6C S:M /)
Search P! for pseudo code
Search operand in the S!
D put neBt operand %alue (if an*) against the present ,-
D write this addr# 'n output file
D ,- 0 ,- > 1
7! S!4P $
-ase A#+: Statement contains pseudo code 26L3 (e#g# 6L S:M E)
Search P! for pseudo code
)ead the neBt operand and search it in S!
if E then write some garbage %alue or some predefined %alue against
the present ,- and also in output file
D ,- 0 ,- > $
7! S!4P $
-ase A#/ : Statement contains pseudo code 2-5S!3 (e#g# 54 -5S! 1)
Search P! for pseudo code
Search operand in S!
1) put %alue of the neBt operand against the present ,- (e#g# in this case
1)
$) ,- 0 ,- >1
&) write this constant %alue in output file
7! S!4P $
-ase A#? : Statement contains pseudo code 24563
Search P! for pseudo code
4nd of assembl*