RH133

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

System Administration
Welcome!
2
Objectives Day 7

Network Configuration

IP Address Configuration

Using Network Clients

Filesystem Management

Disk Partitioning

Managing Partitions [ Mounting and Unmounting ]

Virtual Memory using !AP file and Partition

"ernel er#i$es and Configuration

%&ro$ folder

kud'u
3
Network on!i"uration
#
IP Addressing

Is a ()*it +ogi$al Address w,i$, make $om&uter to $ommuni$ate to

ea$, ot,ers using -CP%IP &roto$ol.

Defined in different $lasses From A to /

Class A = 1 to 126

Class B = 128 to 191

Class C = 192 to 223

We can assign IP Address to computer by using two
methods
1. Static [ Manually ]
2. ynamic [ !sing "#P Ser$er ]
$
Network Configuration Commands

ifconfig

Used to #iew t,e &ro&erties of a$ti#e and ina$ti#e network interfa$es

ifconfig

Ifconfig a 0 to dis&lay information a*out ina$ti#e network interfa$e

ifu! " ifdown

Used to a$ti#ating and dea$ti#ating a network interfa$e

ifdown et#$

ifu! et#$

mii%tool

-ool allows a system administrator to #iew1 monitor1 log and $,ange t,e
negotiated s&eed of /t,ernet network $ards

mii%tool & 0 to #iew t,e $urrent status of network interfa$e $ard

mii%tool & %%force 1$$'ase()%*+ et#$

-o $,ange t,e negotiated s&eed of /t,ernet network $ard

%
Network Configuration ,tilities

neat " neat%tui

-e2t3*ased network $onfiguration tool

4nly writes $onfig files. Does not a$ti#ate de#i$e or $,anges.

Use ifu&%ifdown to a$ti#e $,anges or restart t,e network ser#i$e

Used *y kud'u w,en new network $ard found at *oot time

s-stem%config%network

5N4M/3*ased network $onfiguration tool

Can *e laun$,ed *y a non3&ri#ileged user1 *ut re6uires aut,enti$ation

as root.
&
'ilesystem (ana"ement
)

te&37 8 C,e$k t,e dri#e

fdisk %l

te&3) 8 Create new &artition

fdisk "de&"#da

te&3( 8 !rite t,e new ta*le to running kernel $onfiguration

!art!ro'e

te&39 8 Format t,e new &artition

mkfs.e)t3 "de&"#daN

te&3: 8 Mount t,e new &artition

a; -em&orary < 5i#e t,e following $ommand

mount %t e)t3 "de&"#daN "mnt"newdata

*; Permanent < &i "etc"fsta'

"de&"#daN "mnt"newdata e)t3 defaults $ $

te&3= 8 A$ti#ate t,e mounting of new &artition

mount %a
C>/A-IN5 +INU? PA>-I-I4N<
*
+/*ININ0 1AB/12 *34 PA4(I(I3N

e2la'el "de&"#daN newla'el

Mount -em&orary 33

mount 1AB/1=newla'el "mnt"newdata

Mount Permanent 33

&i "etc"fsta'

1AB/1=newla'el "mnt"newdata e)t3 defaults $ $

1+
5#at is 25AP 2!ace6

Swap space in Linux is used when the amount of physical

memory (RAM) is full. If the system needs more memory
resources and the RAM is full, inactive pages in memory are
moved to the swap space. hile swap space can help machines
with a small amount of RAM, it should not !e considered a
replacement for more RAM. "wap space is located on hard drives,
which have a slower access time than physical memory.

"wap should e#ual $x physical RAM for up to $ %& of physical

RAM, and then an additional 'x physical RAM for any amount
a!ove $ %&, !ut never less than ($ M&.
11
C>/A-IN5 !AP PA>-I-I4N

te&37 8 Create a &artition ty&e of @swa&A using FDI"

fdisk "de&"#da

te&3) 8 C,ange t,e ystem ID of &artition and Format t,e &artition as

!AP

Press t for $,ange t,e system ID of New Partition to linu2 !AP

a#e and e2it from fdisk $ommand and run !art!ro'e $ommand

mkswa! "de&"#daN

te&3( 8 /na*le t,e !AP s&a$e

swa!on %a

te&39 8 Permanent a#aila*ility to t,e system

&i "etc"fsta'

"de&"#daN swa! swa! defaults $ $

12
C>/A-IN5 !AP FI+/

te&37 8 Creating a !AP file

dd if="de&"7ero of="swa!file 's=18 count=3$$

te&3) 8 Configuring t,is file as !AP

mkswa! "swa!file

te&3( 8 /na*ling t,e !AP file -em&orary

swa!on "swa!file

te&39 8 &i "etc"rc.d"rc.local Permanent

swa!on "swa!file

te&3: 8 A$ti#ating and $onfirming

swa!on %a

swa!on %s
13
Accessing e)t2 " e)t3 !artitions in 5indows

www.$,ryso$ome.net%#irtual#olumes
A #ery *eautiful tool 9e)!lore2fs: $an *e used to a$$ess your linu2
e2t)fs and e2t(fs &artitions in !indows.
1#
Accessing N(*2 !artitions in 1inu)

Bou need a tool like 9ntfs%3g:

Download it and mount t,e N-F &artition as instru$tions<

Installation
."configure
make
make install ; or <sudo make install< if -ou aren<t root

,sage

[-em&orary]
mount %t ntfs%3g "de&"sda1 "mnt"windows

[Permanent] #i %et$%fsta* file<

"de&"sda1 "mnt"windows ntfs%3g defaults $ $
1$
5#at is =ernel6

-,e kernel is t,e ,eart of t,e w,ole o&erating system. It manages

$ommuni$ation wit, ,ardware1 de$ides w,i$, &ro$esses to run1 and
&ro#ides ea$, &ro$ess wit, an isolated1 #irtual address s&a$e in w,i$,
to run. -,e kernel is w,at your *oot loader1 5>UC 1 loads into memory.
-,e kernel loads de#i$e dri#er modules.
1%
5#en -ou recom!ile -our kernel> -ou can

5reatly im&ro#e t,e s&eed at w,i$, kernel ser#i$es o&erate.

Cuild in dire$t su&&ort for $ommonly used dri#ers.

Configure t,e dynami$ loading of a&&ro&riate dri#ers as modules.

+ower t,e memory $onsum&tion of your kernel *y remo#ing unneeded

$om&onents.

Configure su&&ort for ,ig,3end ,ardware1 su$, as memory a*o#e 95C1

,ardware array $ontrollers1 symmetri$ multi&ro$essing Dmulti&le CPU;
su&&ort1 and more.
1&
(-!es of kernel

8onolit#ic

8odular
1)
8onolit#ic &ersus 8odular

A monolithic kernel is a kernel w,ere all t,e de#i$e modules are *uilt
dire$tly into t,e kernel. Modular kernels ,a#e many of t,eir de#i$es *uilt
as se&arate loada*le modules. Monolit,i$ kernels $an $ommuni$ate
wit, de#i$es faster1 sin$e modular kernels $an talk to t,e ,ardware only
indire$tly t,roug, a module ta*le. Unfortunately1 monolit,i$ +inu2
kernels are ,uge. Cigger kernels redu$e a#aila*le >AM. In addition1
some systems Eust $anFt *oot a kernel t,atFs too large.

-,ere used to *e ad#antages to a monolit,i$ kernel. +inu2 on$e ,ad

&ro*lems loading modular kernels for some ,ardware. !it, a
monolit,i$ kernel1 t,e dri#ers would already *e t,ere. Cut now modular
kernels load new dri#ers a lot more relia*ly.

A modular kernel ,as greater fle2i*ility. Bou $an $om&ile almost all your
dri#ers as modules1 and t,en ea$, module $an *e inserted into t,e
kernel w,ene#er you need it. Modules kee& t,e initial kernel si'e low1
w,i$, de$reases t,e *oot time and im&ro#es o#erall &erforman$e. If
+inu2 ,as trou*le loading a kernel module1 you $an use t,e mod!ro'e
or insmod $ommands to load modules as needed.
1*
(#e "!roc files-stem

%&ro$ is a #irtual filesystem $ontaining information a*out t,e running

kernel

Contents of @filesA under %&ro$ may *e #iewed using $at

Pro#ides information on system ,ardware1 networking settings and

a$ti#ity1 memory usage and more

"!roc"c!uinfo

"!roc"meminfo

"!roc"&ersion

"!roc"!artitions et$GG..
2+
kud7u

-,e kud'u utility maintains a data*ase of dete$ted and $onfigured

,ardware1 found at %et$%sys$onfig%,w$onf

As a &art of t,e *oot &ro$ess1 kud'u $om&ares t,e $urrently dete$ted

,ardware to t,e stored data*ase

If new ,ardware is dete$ted 1 or &re#iously e2isting ,ardware is

remo#ed1 kud'u will attem&t to automati$ally re$onfigure t,e system or
steer t,e administrator to t,e a&&ro&riate intera$ti#e $onfiguration utility

)
,uestions
*han+ ,ou ---