Object-Oriented Programming using C++ - Day3

Recap of Day 2
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
• Inline Functions
• Static Members
• Const Members
• Polymorphism
• ‘this’ pointer
• Aggregation
• Cin & Cout

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Session plan – Day 3
• Inheritance
• Method Overriding
• Base class pointers pointing to Derived class
• Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding
• Abstract classes
• Different types of Inheritance

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Inheritance
• The process of deriving a new class from an existing class is called as
Inheritance

• The existing class is referred to as the base class or super class and
the new class is called the derived class or subclass.

• Through Inheritance, C++ strongly supports the idea of Reusability.

That is making use of the existing features to create the new feature.

• All the objects in this world come under some kind of classification.
Inheritance allows the creation of hierarchical classification.

• For example, the bike “Yamaha” is a kind of ‘Two Wheeler’ which is

again a kind of ‘Vehicle’.

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Inheritance – Generalization & Specialization Base
Class
• Generalization and Specialization are
associated with the concept of Inheritance

• The Trainee class derives the Employee

class
Derived
• Employee class is a generalization of Class
Trainee class

• Trainee class is a specialization of the

Employee class

• The relationship between Derived class and

Base class is ‘Is-A’

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 Inheritance – Creating derived classes
• The general format of deriving the properties from one class to another class is :

class <derived-class-name> : [visibility-mode] <base-classname>

// members of derived class

};

• Here, the visibility mode is optional and , if present, may be either private or
public or protected.

• The default visibility mode is private.

• Visibility mode specifies whether the features of the base class are privately
derived or publicly derived.

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Inheritance - Example
class Employee { Class Trainee : public Employee {
private: private:
int m_iEmpId; float m_fTPI;
float m_fBasic; public:
float m_fSal; void CalculateTPI(char cGrade) {
public: if(cGrade==‘A’) {
void CalculateSal() { m_fTPI=1200;
m_fSal=m_fBasic+.4*m_fBasic; }else {
} m_fTPI=900;
}; }
}
}
Employee oE1; oE1.CalculateSal(); //Valid
Trainee oT1; oT1.CalculateSal(); //Valid
oT1.CalculateTPI(); //Valid
oE1.CalculateTPI();//Invalid

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Inheritance – Memory allocation for objects
class Employee { Employee oE1;
private:
int m_iEmpId; m_iEmpId
m_fBasic
float m_fBasic;
M_fSal
float m_fSal;
public:
void CalculateSal() {
m_fSal=m_fBasic+.4*m_fBasic;
}
};
Class Trainee : public Employee { Trainee oT1;
private: m_iEmpId
float m_fTPI; m_fBasic
public: m_fSal
void CalculateTPI(char cGrade) { m_fTPI
//Code to calculate TPI
}
};
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 Inheritance – Protected Members

• The ‘private’ members cannot be accessed outside the scope of the class.

• The derived class also cannot access the private members.

• Sometimes, we want the derived class to access the private members of the
base class but at the same time, we don’t want other classes or functions to
access those members thru the objects.

• Those members come under protected access specifier.

• In other words, protected members are private to all, but public to its derived
classes.

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 Valid
Inheritance – Protected Members – Example
class Employee { Class Trainee : public Employee {
private: private:
Invalid
float m_fTPI;
int m_iEmpId;
public:
protected: void CalculateTPI(char cGrade) {
float m_fBasic; if(cGrade==‘A’) {
float m_fSal; m_fTPI=1200;
public: }else {
m_fTPI=900;
void CalculateSal() { }
m_fSal=m_fBasic+.4*m_fBasic; m_fSal=m_fBasic+m_fTPI;
} printf(“%d%f”,m_iEmpID,m_fSal);
}; }
}

Trainee oT1;
Employee oE1;
oE1.m_fBaisic // Invalid

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Inheritance – Protected Members (Continued)

Advantages:
• Derived classes can modify values of members of base directly
• Slight increase in performance; Avoids set/get function call overhead

Disadvantages:
• No validity checking
- Derived class can assign illegal values

• Implementation dependent
- Derived class member functions more likely dependent on base class
implementation
- Base class implementation changes may result in derived class modifications
resulting in Fragile (brittle) software

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 Inheritance – Types of Inheritance
• In C++, Inheritance can be classified based on two aspects namely,

1. Based on access Specifiers while deriving the classes

a) public Inheritance
b) protected Inheritance
c) private Inheritance

2. Based on structure of classes in Inheritance

a) Single Inheritance or Simple Inheritance

b) Multiple Inheritance ( very rarely used)
c) Multilevel Inheritance
d) Hierarchical Inheritance
e) Hybrid Inheritance ( very rarely used)

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Inheritance – Public Inheritance

class MyDerived : public MyBase {

//Class MyDerived will inherit protected and public members of MyBase
//with no change in access specifier
}

MyBase MyDerived
Public Members Public Members

Protected Members Protected Members

Private members Inherited – not accessible

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Inheritance – Protected Inheritance

class MyDerived : protected MyBase {

//Class MyDerived will inherit protected and public members of MyBase
//with public members getting promoted to protected members
}

MyBase MyDerived
Public Members Protected Members

Protected Members Protected Members

Private members Inherited – not accessible

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Inheritance – Private Inheritance

class MyDerived : private MyBase {

//Class MyDerived will inherit protected and public members of MyBase
//with protected and public members getting promoted to private
}

MyBase MyDerived
Public Members Private Members

Protected Members Private Members

Private members Inherited – not accessible

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Inheritance - Summary

Accessible inside Accessible outside

Type of Derived Class? Derived Class?
Inheritance i.e. In any of the methods of derived class i.e. through derived class objects

Private
member Protected Private Protected
of Base member Public member member member Public member
class of Base Class of Base class of Base class of Base class of Base class

Private NO YES YES NO NO NO

Protected NO YES YES NO NO NO

Public NO YES YES NO NO YES

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Inheritance Types – Based on structure

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Inheritance – Constructors & Destructors
• Constructors & Destructors are not inherited whatever may be the access
specifier used.

• When you create object of Derived, Base class default constructor is executed
first and then derived class constructor is executed

• If you want to execute a specific Base class constructor during derived class
object creation, you can specify that in derived class constructor header.

• In case of multiple inheritance base class constructor is executed in the order

they appear in derived class declaration.

• In case of multilevel inheritance, constructors are executed in the order of

inheritance.

• When the object of derived is destroyed, destructor of derived is executed first

and then the base class destructor is executed.

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Inheritance – Constructors & Destructor
• General syntax for calling base class constructor from derived class

<Derived class Constructor >:<Base Class Constructor>(parameters) { ……}

class Employee {
private: int m_iEmpId; float m_fBasic, m_fSal;
public:
Employee(int iEmp,float fBasic) {
// Base Constructor
}
};
Class Trainee : public Employee {
private:
float m_fTPI;
public:
Trainee(int iEmp,float fBasic,float fTPI) : Employee(iEmp,fBasic) {
// Derived Constructor
}
};

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Method Overriding
• Redefining the methods in the derived class which is already defined in the
base class is called method overriding.
• When this method is invoked by derived class object, the method defined in the
derived class gets executed.
class Employee { class Trainee :public Employee {
protected: private:
int m_iEmpId; float m_fTPI;
float m_fSal, public:
float m_fHRA; void CalcSal() {
public: m_fSal=m_fHRA+m_fTPI;
void CalcSal() { }
m_fSal=m_fHRA+120; };
}
};
Employee oE1;
Trainee oT1;

oE1.CalcSal()
oT1.CalcSal();

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Base class pointer & Derived class objects
class Employee { class Trainee :public Employee {
protected: private:
int m_iEmpId; float m_fTPI;
float m_fSal,m_fHRA; public:
public: void CalcSal() {
void CalcSal() { m_fSal=m_fHRA+m_fTPI;
m_fSal=m_fHRA+120; }
} }
}

Employee* poE1; Employee* poE1;

poE1= new Trainee();
poE1= new Employee(); poE1->CalcSal();

poE1->CalcSal(); /*base class pointer type casted*/

(Trainee*)poE1->CalcSal();

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 Virtual Functions – Dynamic Polymorphism
• It is also possible to make a base class pointer to invoke a method in the
derived class without type casting
• This is done using the concept of virtual functions.
• The following declares a virtual function:

virtual void CalcSal();

Employee * poE1 = new Trainee();

poE1->CalcSal();

• This invokes the Trainee::CalcSal() using base class pointer.

• Here binding function call with the function definition happens during program
execution. This is called as Dynamic Binding.

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Virtual Functions – Dynamic Polymorphism – Example
class Employee { class Trainee :public Employee {
protected: private:
int m_iEmpId; float m_fTPI;
float m_fSal; public:
float m_fHRA; void CalcSal() {
public: m_fSal=m_fHRA+m_fTPI;
virtual void CalcSal() { }
m_fSal=m_fHRA+120; };
}
};

Employee* poE1; Employee* poE1;

poE1= new Employee(); poE1= new Trainee();

poE1->CalcSal(); poE1->CalcSal();

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 Inheritance – Abstract Class
Pure Virtual Functions
• A pure virtual function is a virtual function that has no definition within the base
class.
• If a class contains at least one pure virtual function, that class is called as
abstract class.
• The derived class should implement the pure virtual function. If not, derived
class also will be an abstract class.
• Abstract class CANNOT BE instantiated. i.e. object of abstract class cannot be
created.
• The only purpose of abstract class is Generalization. i.e. It declares the prototype
of collection of similar classes in the hierarchy of classes (Standard interface).
• A general form of declaring pure virtual function is :
virtual <return-type> <func-name> ( [parameter-list ] ) = 0;
• Pointer to an abstract class can be declared

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Abstract Class – Example
class Employee { class Trainee :public Employee {
protected: private:
int m_iEmpId; float m_fTPI;
float m_fSal; public:
float m_fHRA; void CalcSal() {
public: m_fSal=m_fHRA+m_fTPI;
virtual void CalcSal() =0; }
}; };

Employee oE1; // Invalid Employee* poE1;

Employee* poE1; //Valid
poE1= new Trainee(); //Valid
poE1= new Employee();// Invalid
poE1->CalcSal(); //Valid

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Summary
• Method Overriding
• Pointer to objects
• Base class pointers pointing to Derived class
• Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding
• Abstract classes
• Different types of Inheritance

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 Thank You!

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