:


      

11
ij = 21
31

12
22
32

11 21 31
+
+
= Px1
x1 x 2
x3
21 22 23
+
+
= Px 2
x1
x2
x3

13
2
33
 

31 32 33
+
+
= Px 3
x1
x2
x3

    

Px 3 , Px 2 , Px 1



#  $
% 
&"   

    !"


1% 2 3!
(
  /&) )* +
 ,- 
 '(
.4
 ,
 #  5 '(
 

T1 11 12 13 n1

n
=
T

2 21
22
23 2
T
n

32
33 3
3 31

T1 = 11 n1 + 12 n2 + 13 n3
T2 = 21 n1 + 22 n2 + 23 n3
T3 = 31 n1 + 32 n2 + 33 n3

7 - 4 8

 
( 9 
:/  ;

=
:

!9 >   ) < #   
(
Sx , Sx , Sx     ) < #    )
1

?  @?
,
? - 4? =

  9 >  
 3 

 3  < #  5 '( =

  -   # 

n1 , n 2 , n 3
A
11 n 1 + 12 n 2 + 13 n 3 = Sx 1
9
21 n 1 + 22 n 2 + 23 n 3 = Sx 2
31 n 1 + 32 n 2 + 33 n 3 = Sx 3

ij , j + Pxi = 0
ij .n j Sxi = 0

8

 


B% 7


:
 

%&'" #$ !  
J 1 = 11 + 22 + 33
2
2
J 2 = [11 22 + 22 33 + 11 33 ] + 12
+ 13
+ 223
2
2
J 3 = 11 22 33 + 2 12 23 31 11 223 22 13
33 12

<%

 9 =  C

 /& 

$ 
1 0 0
: D!A 
ij = 0 2 0
0 0 3

??? ???A

1, 2 , 3
.C 
J 1 = 1 + 2 + 3
J 2 = [1 2 + 1 3 + 1 3 ]
J 3 = 1 2 3

4
 
1%

& "
: D!A  ;E- 7 -

 "   C 
 #  $

% 
: ( FE


11

12

13

21

22

23

31

32

33

=0

.
 
1%

&  4  -  &&    
A

J1 J 2 J 3 = 0
:&/&
! #  $%  $

1 = 1 , 2 = 2 , 3 = 3

:


:
1% =  
 !"   C 
 
3

[ ] = 1
ij

1 0
3
0

0
1

:4  C 
 4
3

=0

:&&    

7 + 14 8 = 0
2
(1 )[(3 ) 1] = 0
1 = 1

2 = 2

3 = 4

:
! 


., %&') (

 1 23 ./ ! -'

 ! , %&' -


1 = 1 2 = 2

n1 , n 2 , n 3

3 = 4
 # 6! 23

: $
G ,
 #  5 '(


 
0 n1
3 1
1 3
n = 0
0

2
0
0
1 n 3

=1

: $- 

 2 1 0 n 1
1 2 0 n = 0

2
0
0 0 n 3

2 n1 n 2 = 0
n1 + 2 n 2 = 0
2
1

2
2

2
3

n + n + n =1
n 3 = 1

n1 = n 2 = 0

:- ; 

=2

n1,n 2,n 3

$- 
- H 1

.7  5 '(


 
1 1 0 n1
1 1
n = 0
0

2
0
0 1 n 3

n1 + n 2 = 0
n1 + n 2 = 0
n3 = 0

n1 = n 2 =

n3 = 0

2
::/ )  ;
   

2
1

2
2

2
3

n + n + n =1
   I  /&
 
 E" 

$-   )

=4
0 n1

1 1 0 n 2 = 0
0
0 3 n 3
1 1

2
1

2
2

2
3

n + n + n =1

n1 n 2 = 0
n1 n 2 = 0

3n3 = 0
n3 = 0

n 1 = n 2 = m

1
2

:
 

ij


 
x i
&   

 ?? ?? 
xi  

8
.x3
 $

:
  
x i
d x i =
dxj
xj

x1 = x1 cos + x 2 sin
x 2 = x 1 sin + x 2 cos

x 3 = x 3

d x 1 cos sin 0 d x 1

d x

d
x
=

sin

cos

0
2
2
d x 0
d x

0
1
3
3

{d x i } = [T ]{d x i }
[ ] = [T] [ ][T]
T

ij

ij

12
13
cos sin 0 11 12 13 cos sin 0
11
= sin cos 0 sin cos 0
21 22 23
21 22 23

0
1 31 32 33 0
0 1
31 32 33 0

11 = 11 cos2 12 sin 2 + 22 sin2 ,

12 = ( 11 22 )sin 2 / 2,
= 13 sin 23 cos
23

= 11 sin 2 + 12 sin 2 + 22 cos 2

22

13 = 13 cos 23 sin
= 33
33

Example
The state of stress at a point with respect to an 0x1 x2 x3 coordinate
system is given by

(a) What are the stress components with respect to axes 0x1x2 x3
which are obtained from the first by a 45o rotation (positive
counterclockwise) about the x2 axis, Fig. 7.2.8?
(b) Use

Cauchys law to evaluate the normal and shear stress on a

plane with normal
and relate your result with
that from (a)

Figure 7.2.8: two different

coordinate systems at a point

Shear Stresses
Next, it will be shown that the maximum shearing stresses at a
point act on planes oriented at 45o to the principal planes and
that they have magnitude equal to half the difference between
the principal stresses.

Figure 7.2.14: maximum shear stress at a

point

Problems
Problems

:   


#?  5
" E


  - .
  =  /&



12 , 13 , 23
S11
ij = S 21
S 31

[ ]

11 , 22 , 33

/&

 E  %:
"

:$(  
1% #"

 7 1  
S12 S13 m 0
0
S 22 S 23 + 0 m 0
S32 S33 0
0 m

S11 = 11 m

S12 = 12

S 22 = 22 m

S13 = 13

S33 = 33 m

S 23 = 13

1
m = (11 + 22 + 23 )
3

8
" 
1% #
#
G


 
1% #
&

DEVIATORIC STRESSES
8.2.1 Deviatoric Stress
Any state of stress can be decomposed into a hydrostatic (or
mean) stress m and a
deviatoric stress s, according to

DEVIATORIC STRESSES

In index notation,

DEVIATORIC STRESSES
and the deviatoric invariants are

characteristic equation

DEVIATORIC STRESSES
Since the hydrostatic stress remains unchanged with a change of
coordinate system, the principal directions of stress coincide with the
principal directions of the deviatoric stress,
and the decomposition can be expressed with respect to the principal
directions as

DEVIATORIC STRESSES
The second invariant can also be
expressed in the useful forms

and, in terms of the principal stresses,

!"

:%& ' !"
$
#

 -   )
 &J E    % G D
(
.(=  ? ?  
 B ) C8
- (BE
- +
:) 
.K (  B
   B #"
A
(  D!A ,J

:$  '(
D
?(  $: FE
   $  #"  )
 &J ,J
$?(
#?"
P P  $  >D
(   FE
#"
(ONM)

u = PP

'( L 

? =  ui $  '(
  " >P   $  '(
:4 
xi 
& F

x I = x i + u

(P)
i

(x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )

:   $  '( E 

. %  4 N

. %  
 N
.
A
(  N
.
8
A
(  N

4?
 (
A
( 
 

4)  %    $8
PQ = dxi ei  Q, P 
     $
  B   
$( #  Q   $  '( 4 

u i( Q ) (x 1 + dx 1 , x 2 + dx 2 , x 3 + dx 3 ) = u i( P ) (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) + du i

7 1 ) 

(dx )

(dx )

> E   

 $% D
(  @ ; 1 ui u j uk uk
ij =
+
+
2 x j xi xi x j

P 
$ 
 ) = B%
A
(  E    $ 

   
 $A"  (
 F   ; = B% $ 


&

1 u i u j
ij =
+
2 x j x i

2. Strain-displacement relationships:

u
x
v
y =
y
w
z =
z
u v
+
xy =
y x
v w
yz = +
z y
u w
zx =
+
z x

1 u i u j
ij =
+
2 x j x i

x =

:/
; %1 4 

(10-3)

u1

x1

1 u 2 u1

ij =
+
2 x1 x 2
1 u 3 u1

+

2 x 1 x 3

[ ]

1 u1 u 2

+
2 x 2 x1
u2
x2
1 u3 u2

+
2 x2 x3

1 u1 u 3

+
2 x 3 x1
1 u 2 u 3

+
2 x 3 x 2

u3

x3

11 12 13

[ ij ] = 21 22 23
31 32 33
:!"
(& 
) !
#

?  ?& ?  ?
 Q
) F
A
( 
 
:
C 
A 
C 
3 , 2 ,
A
( 
1
III , II , I C 

& 3!

>

 $-  ; = 

:/   &
:/ 
: C   

&  

I = 1 + 2 + 3
$
G
& - 5/

II = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1
  D
(  $&
V
= + + :
=
III

:C8 #"
A

( 
 7 1

   
8
A
(

(  B ) ,

A
( 

:4 
($(  B )
12
13
e 0 0 11 e
(15-3)
[ ij ] = 0 e 0 + 21 22 e 23
32
33 e
0 0 e 31
: D
(  3e 
1

e=

+ 22 + 33 )
11
3
:
-

ij = e ij + e ij

(Compatilbility equations) :
+(  
*

(quations de compatibilit)
7

  F   < 
A
( 
   "
:B%
A
( 
 - 3!

1 ui u j
ij =
+
2 x j xi

F  ui
  /&   

 4  

 R$&
- ,- $A   &-
  9  
>
 

:/ E F 
   I
A
( 

 
 %1 
 7
 A  7
 
( A E"
:4  -  $& $ # 
C8
u1
u2
u1 u 2
11 =
, 22 =
, 2 12 =
+
x1
x2
x 2 x1

 u1
u2
u1 u 2
11 =
, 22 =
, 2 12 =
+
x1
x2
x 2 x1

: 

2 11
3 u1
=
,
2
2
x2
x1 x2
2 22
3 u2
=
,
2
2
x1
x2 x1
2 12
3 u1
3 u2
2
=
+ 2
2
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2

::/ 7 - 4

11 22
12
+
=2
2
2
x1
x1
x1 x2

::/ # (
 

   
(16-3)
2 11 2 22
2 12
+
=2
2
2
x2
x1
x1 x2
2 22 2 33
2 23
+
=2
2
2
x3
x2
x2 x3
2 33 2 11
2 13
+
=2
2
2
x1
x3
x1 x3

x1

23 31 12
2 11
x + x + x = x x
1
2
3
2
3

23 31 12
2 22

+
=

x2 x1 x2 x3 x3 x1

x3

23 31 12
2 33
x + x x = x x
2
3
1
2
1

1.2 Tensor Expression of Hookes Law

When working with a three-dimensional stress state, a 4th order tensor
(cijkl) must be defined. Containing 81 elastic coefficients to link the stress
tensor (ij) and the strain tensor (or Green tensor) (kl).

Due to the symmetry of the stress tensor, strain tensor, and stiffness
tensor, only 21 elastic coefficients are independent.
As stress is measured in units of pressure and strain is dimensionless, the
entries of cijkl are also in units of pressure.

1.4 Isotropic Material

Isotropic materials are characterized by properties which are independent
of direction in space
In isotropic media The constitutive equation may now be written as:

3. Stress-Strain relationship:
Linear elastic material (Hookes Law)

=D

(3)

Linear elastic isotropic material

1

1

E
0
0
0
D=
(1 + )(1 2 )
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
1 2
2

0
0
0
0

1 2
2

1 2
2
0
0
0

PLANE STRESS
Nonzero stresses:
Nonzero strains:

x , y , xy
x , y , z , xy

Isotropic linear elastic stress-strain law

x
E

y =
2
1

xy

=D

x
1
0 y

1
0 0
xy
2

Hence, the D matrix for the plane stress case is

1
0

E
1
0
D=
2
1
1
0 0

z =

+y)

PLANE STRAIN

x , y , z , xy
Nonzero strain components:
x , y , xy

Nonzero stress:

=D

Isotropic linear elastic stress-strain law

x
1

E


1
y =
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
0

xy

0 x

0 y
1 2
xy
2

Hence, the D matrix for the plane strain case is

E

1
D=
(1 + )(1 2 )
0
0

0
1 2

2
0

z = ( x + y )

 33

:    

 $C
= 0H 1 3!
>

-1

?:  %  
 < S   :  %  7

!?A #  ,
 D  

 
 
&T ;


 $
.
 <

33

,
? #?  ?


? 

 #  : 
/ $C 
./
./
33 = 0 H 1 3!
>

A
(  2

#  ,
 D  $
?  
 
 %  7

!?A 
A
(  <   ;? ;C
& ,

.D 

#  
 $  4  (9-4)
 - #" = ( 

:$(
(26-4)
1+

=

E
E

, ,

33

. 1, 2  !)U

= 0   

  

: (26-4)    
1% 4 

(27-4)

1
0 11
11

0 22 33 = ( 11 + 22 )
1
22 =
2
E
1 0 0 1 2
12
12

:4  (27-4) ?  & :/ 9 


A
(    (28-4)

1

0
11
11

1
0
22
22 =
1 2

(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
2

0
12

12

33 = ( 11 + 22 )

1 < < 0 .5

$-  




: (28-4) 
1% 4   :/ #  $%

11 (1 + )(1 2 )
=
2
2

22 E (1 )

2
11 1 1
=

E
22

2 (1 + 1 )
G=
E1

11
1
1
1
22 =

E
1

0
12

1 11
1

22

1
1
0

- H ???????1

(29-4)

1 =
1

E1 =

E
1 2

11

0
22

2 (1 + 1 ) 12
0

: 7

A
(  
 
1%
  #
: $( 

& F  


x 3 x

ij = 24 2 x1 x2

2
1

2
2

2 x1 x2
2
2
x1 + x2
0

2
2
2 (x1 x2 )
0
0

 72 9"    7" #$ ) 

2
2

1
0
x

3
x

11

1
1
2
24
2
2

1
x1 + x 2
1
0
22 =

E
1

2 x x
(
)
+
0
0
2
1

1
1 2
12

24
11 = [(1 1 ) x12 (3 + 1 ) x22 ]
E1
24
2
2
(
)
(
)
22 =
1 1 x1 + 3 + 1 x2
E1
24
[4 (1 + 1 ) x1 x2 ]
2 12 =
E1

:
A
(  7
 
2

11 22
2 12
+
=
2
2
x1 x 2
x2
x1
2 11
48
= (3 + 1 )
2
x2
E1

2 22 48
2
(1 1 ) 2 12 = 96 (1 + )
=
2
x1
E1
1

x1 x2

48
48
96
(3 + 1 ) + (1 1 ) = (1 + 1 )

E1
E1
E1

96 96 1 = 96 (1 + 1 )

++

E1