Ajax on Struts:

Coding an Ajax Application with Struts 2

Struts University Series

For the latest version of this presentation,
visit www.StrutsUniversity.org
 Abstract

Ajax is the web's hottest user interface.

Struts is Java's most popular web
framework. What happens when we put
Ajax on Struts?
During the session, we will cover
 Integrating an Ajax UI with Struts 2
 Using Yahoo User Interface (YUI) Library

 Using Struts to provide services to Ajax UI

 Ajax on Struts
What are Ajax widgets?
What are we coding?
Is there an Ajax architecture?
How can we switch to server-side data?
What about error-handling?
 Ajax on Struts
What are Ajax widgets?
What are we coding?
Is there an Ajax architecture?
How can we switch to server-side data?
What about error-handling?
 What are Ajax widgets?
Ajax lets scripts make requests and
update content without a page refresh
Widgets are “black-box” user interfrace
(UI) components
Typically, widgets are configured without
touching the component's internals
DataGrids, Calendars, Carousels, even
TextBoxes
 What are Ajax widgets?
Widgets can be used with any server platform
 PHP, Java, .NET, Ruby, Python

Client-side widget provides UI

Server-side technology provides data access
and business logic
 What is Apache Struts?
Free open-source framework for creating
Java web applications
Provides three major components
 Request handler
 Response handler

 Tag libraries for JSP, as well as

Freemarker, and Velocity
Can we use Ajax with a Struts
application?
XHR is just another request/response
Struts can stream data as a response
Use JSP scriptlets
Use Ajax JSP tag libraries
Use plain-vanilla Ajax libraries
 Why use Apache Struts?
Mature, well-supported, well-understood
Provides input validation and data conversion
Interacts well with Spring, Hibernate, et al
Defacto standard for Java web applications
 Where do we start?
Case study
 Pure Ajax prototype

 Test data encapsulated as JSON

 Later, replace test data with JSON via XHR

Use “spikes” to separates concerns

How do we select an Ajax library?
Submit before you commit
Code your own sample application
Pick the one that works for you and
yours
We tried Dojo and YUI
http://dojotoolkit.org/
http://developer.yahoo.com/yui/
 Why Yahoo User Interface
(YUI) Library?
Well documented and supported
Lots of working examples
New BSD license
Easy to read code
Easy to hack code
 Ajax on Struts
What are Ajax widgets?
What are we coding?
Is there an Ajax architecture?
How can we switch to server-side daa?
What about error-handling?
 What did we code?
1 Provide a list of employees
2 Record employee's first name, last name,
extension, username, hire date, and hours
worked per week.
3 Record to be updated by authorized users
4 Allow list to be filtered by first name, last
name, or username.
5 Allow full or filtered list to be sorted by any
field
 What did we code?
Use YUI DataTable to display list
Share DataTable record with data-entry
form
Use TabView to separate list and edit
What are we going to code?
Prototype with static data
Request data from Struts 2 Action
 Use Struts 2 Plugin to return JSON
 How does the Struts 2
JSON plugin work?
Exposes action properties as fields in a
JSON record.
{
stringValue : "A string value",
intArray: [10, 20],
map: {
Zaphod : "Just this guy, you know",
Arthur : "Monkey-boy"
},
record: "start a named record"
}
public class ExampleOutputAction {

private String stringValue = "A string value";

public String getStringValue() {
return stringValue;
}
public void setStringValue(String value) {
stringValue = value;
}

private int[] intArray = {10, 20};

public int[] getIntArray() {
return intArray;
}
public void setIntArray(int[] value) {
intArray = value;
}

private Map map = new HashMap();

public Map getMap() {
return map;
}
public void setMap(Map value) {
map = value;
}
 private String nextRecord = "start a named record";
@JSON(name="record")
public String getNextRecord() {
return nextRecord;
}

//'transient' fields are not serialized

@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private transient String stayHome;

//fields without getter method are not serialized

@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private String noGetterForMe;

public String execute() {

map.put("Zaphod", "Just this guy, you know");
map.put("Arthur", "Monkey-Boy");
return "success";
}
}
{
"intArray":[10,20],
"map": { "Arthur": "Monkey-Boy",
"Zaphod":"Just this guy, you know"},
"record":"start a named record",
"stringValue":"A string value"
}

{
stringValue : "A string value",
intArray: [10, 20],
map: {
Zaphod : "Just this guy, you know",
Arthur : "Monkey-boy"
},
record: "start a named record"
}
package actions;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;
import com.googlecode.jsonplugin.annotations.JSON;
import org.texturemedia.smarturls.ParentPackage;
import org.texturemedia.smarturls.Result;

@ParentPackage("json-default")
@Result(name="success", type="json", location="")
public class ExampleOutputAction {

private String stringValue = "A string value";

// ...
How did we code a UI using
static data?
Entry list
Entry form
List shares data with form
 Ajax on Struts
What are Ajax widgets?
What are we coding?
Is there an Ajax architecture?
How can we switch to server-side data?
What about error-handling?
 Is there an Ajax architecture?
<script src="my.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>

if (typeof parent.MY != "undefined") {

var MY = parent.MY; // Prototype namespace
var my = parent.my; // Variable namespace
} else var
var MY = {};
var my = {};
var MY.Event = {
// ...
}
var my.oEvent = {
// ... instantiate rest of my and MY
 Is there an Ajax architecture?
<script src="contacts.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>

MY.Contacts = function(){
MY.Contacts.superclass.constructor.call(this);
};
YAHOO.lang.extend(MY.Contacts,YAHOO.yazaar.flev-base);
 What's a FLEV widget?
Common business workflow is
 Find / List / Edit / View
 Or "FLEV"

The FLEV widget defines one columnset

and datasource to use with all four
presentations
MY.Contact.prototype.oColumnHeaders = [
{key:"first_name", text:"First Name",
sortable:true, resizeable:true,
editor:"textbox", formClassName: "required",
formTitle: "Enter employee's first name"},

// more entries

];
key and text are shared attributes
sortable, resizable are List attribute
formClassName, formtitle are Edit
attributes (validation)
MY.Contact.prototype.oResponseSchema = {
fields:["id", "last_name", "first_name",
"extension", "username", "hired", "hours",
"editor"]
};

MY.Contact.prototype.LOCAL_DATA = {
result : [{id: 'c5b6bbb1-66d6-49cb-9db6-
743af6627828', last_name: 'Beeblebrox ',
first_name: 'Zaphod ', extension: '555-123-
4565', username: 'zaphie ', hired:
'04/01/1978', hours: -1, editor: '1'},
// ...
];
my.oEvent.createEvent("contactLoad")

my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn = function(oData)
{
my.info("Firing contactLoad Event");
my.oEvent.fireEvent("contactLoad", oData);
};
 <script type="text/javascript">
var onContentReady = function() {
_Contact = new MY.Contact();
my.oEvent.subscribe("contactLoad",_Contact.load,
_Contact);
my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn(_Contact.LOCAL_DATA);
};
YAHOO.util.Event.onContentReady("elBody",
onContentReady);
</script>
 Ajax on Struts
What are Ajax widgets?
What are we coding?
Is there an Ajax architecture?
How can we switch to server-side data?
What about error-handling?
 How can we switch over to
server-side data?
Create an example Action that returns
example data
Create a database Action that returns
persistent data
public class ContactLoadAction {
private List contactLoad = new ArrayList();
@JSON(name="result")
public List getContactLoad() {
contactLoad.add(new Contact(
"c5b6bbb1-66d6-49cb-9db6-743af6627828",
"Beeblebrox",
"Zaphod",
"555-123-4565",
"zaphie",
"04/01/1978",
"-1",
"1"
));
// ...
return contacts;
}
public class Contact {

public Contact() {};

public Contact(String id, String last_name, String first_name,

String extension, String username, String hired, String hours,
String editor) {
setId(id);
setLast_name(last_name);
setFirst_name(first_name);
setExtension(extension);
setUsername(username);
setHired(new Date(hired));
setHours(new Double(hours));
setEditor(editor);
}

private String id;

public void setId(String value) {
id = value;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}

// more properties ...

 How can we switch over to
server-side data?
Action data:
{"result":[{"editor":"1","extension":"555-123-
4565","first_name":"Zaphod ", ...
]}

JavaScript data:
MY.Contact.prototype.LOCAL_DATA =
{result:[{id: 'c5b6bbb1-66d6-49cb-9db6-
743af6627828', last_name: 'Beeblebrox ', first_name:
'Zaphod ' ...
http://developer.yahoo.com/yui/connection/
<script>
var transaction = YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest(
'POST', sUrl, callback, null);
</script>

var callback =
{
success: function(o) {/*success handler code*/},
failure: function(o) {/*failure handler code*/},
argument: [argument1, argument2, argument3]
}

var responseSuccess = function(o){

/* Please see the Success Case section for more
* details on the response object's properties.
* o.tId
* o.status
* o.statusText
* o.getResponseHeader[ ]
* o.getAllResponseHeaders
* o.responseText
* o.responseXML
* o.argument
*/
};
// my.oEvents.onContactLoadReturn(_Self.LOCAL_DATA);
YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest('POST', "contact-
load.do", callback, null);

var callback = {
success : function(o) {
my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn(o.responseText);
}
};
{"result":[
{"editor":"1","extension":"555-123-
4565","first_name":"Zaphod ", ...
]}

MY.Contact.prototype.LOCAL_DATA =
{result:[
// my.oEvents.onContactLoadReturn(_Self.LOCAL_DATA);
YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest('GET', "contact-load.do",
callback, null);

var callback = {
success : function(o) {
var payload = eval("(" + o.responseText + ")");
my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn(payload);
}
};

- var payload = eval("(" + o.responseText + ")") ;

+ var payload = jcontext.parseJSON(o.responseText);

http://json.org/json.js
What about JavaScript Hijacking?
/* {"result":[{"editor":"1","extension":"555-123-4565",
...
}]} */

var data = o.responseText;

var payload =
eval("("+data.substring(data.indexOf("\/\*")+2,
data.lastIndexOf("\*\/"))+")");
my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn(payload);
What about JavaScript Hijacking?
<package name="my-default" extends="json-default">
<result-types>
<result-type name="json"
class="com.googlecode.jsonplugin.JSONResult"
default="true">
<param name="wrapWithComments">true</param>
</result-type>
</result-types>

<action name="contact-load"
class="actions.ContactLoadAction">
<result />
</action>
</package>
 Ajax on Struts
What are Ajax widgets?
What are we coding?
Is there an Ajax architecture?
How can we switch to server-side data?
What about error-handling?
 What about error handling?
var callback = {
success : function(o) {
var payload = eval("(" + o.responseText + ")");
my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn(payload);
}
};

YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest('POST', "contact-
load.do", callback, null);
 What about error handling?
var callback =
{
success: function(o) {/*success handler code*/},
failure: function(o) {/*failure handler code*/},
argument: [argument1, argument2, argument3]
}
 How does JSON-RPC handle errors?
{
"version" : "1.1",
"error" : {
"name" : "JSONRPCError",
"code" : 123,
"message" : "An error occurred parsing the request object.",
"error" : {
"name" : "JSONError",
"message" : "Bad array",
"at" : 42,
"text" : "{\"id\":1,\"method\":\"sum\",\"params\":[1,2,3,4,5}"}
}
}
 How does Struts handle exceptions?
<global-results>
<result name="error"/>
</global-results>

<global-exception-mappings>
<exception-mapping
exception="java.lang.Exception" result="error"/>
</global-exception-mappings>
 How does Struts handle exceptions?
<h2>An unexpected error has occurred</h2>
<p>Please report this error to your system
administrator or appropriate technical support
personnel. Thank you for your cooperation.</p>
<hr/>
<h3>Error Message</h3>
<p>
<s:property value="%{exception.message}"/>
</p>
<hr/>
<h3>Technical Details</h3>
<p>
<s:property value="%{exceptionStack}"/>
</p>
 How does Struts handle exceptions?
public String getExceptionMessage() {
ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext();
Object value = context.getValueStack().
findValue("exception.message");
if (value==null) return null;
return value.toString();
}

public String getExceptionStack() {

ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext();
Object value = context.getValueStack().
findValue("exceptionStack");
if (value==null) return null;
return value.toString();
}
 How does Struts handle exceptions?
public String execute() throws Exception {
throw new Exception("Whoops!");
// return "success";
}

getExceptionMessage :” “Whoops!”
getExceptionStack: “java.lang.exception
Whoops! at actions.ContactLoadAction
...
 How do widgets handle errors?
<!-- ... -->

</div>
<div id="elError" class="error"></div>
<div

<!-- ... -->

 How do widgets handle errors?
my.asyncRequestException = function (o) {
alert("Error Communicating with Server! See
message area for details.");
var sTemplate = "<table>
<tr><th>Message:&nbsp;</th>
<td>{exceptionMessage}</td></tr>
<tr><th>Location:</th>
<td>{exceptionStack}</td></tr>
</table>";
var oPayload = eval("(" + o + ")") ;
document.getElementById("elError").innerHTML =
sTemplate.supplant(oPayload);
How do widgets handle errors?
 What about error handling?
var onContentReady = function() {
_Contact = new MY.Contact();
my.oEvent.subscribe("contactLoad",_Contact.load,
_Contact);
// YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest('POST', "contact-
load.do", callback, null);
my.asyncRequest("contact-load.do",
my.oEvent.onContactLoadReturn);
};
my.asyncRequest = function (sAction, fnCallback) {
return YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest("POST", sAction,
{
success : function(o) {
var oPayload = eval("(" + o.responseText + ")") ;
fnCallback(oPayload);
}
});
};
my.asyncRequest = function (sAction, fnCallback) {
return YAHOO.util.Connect.asyncRequest("POST", sAction,
{
success : function(o) {
var oPayload = eval("(" + o.responseText + ")") ;
if (oPayload.exceptionMessage) {
my.asyncRequestException(oPayload);
}
fnCallback(oPayload);
}
});
};
my.asyncRequestException = function (oPayload) {
my.errorMessage(oPayload.exceptionMessage,
oPayload.exceptionStack);
};
my.errorMessage = function (sMessage, sStackTrace) {
alert("Error Communicating with Server! // ...
var sTemplate = "<table><tr> // ...
var oContext = {message: sMessage,
stackTrace: sStackTrace};
document.getElementById("elError").innerHTML =
sTemplate.supplant(oContext);
my.isMessage(true);
my.error(oContext);
};
 Is that all there is?
During this session, we covered
 Integrating an Ajax UI with Struts 2
 Using Yahoo User Interface (YUI) Library

 Using Struts to provide services to Ajax U

Struts University Series
Whats up with Planet Yazaar?
Development team Yahoo! Employees
 Something like Spring, Hibernate
 Unlike Apache projects

No formal mechanism for contributions

Whats up with Planet Yazaar?
Development team Yahoo! Employees
 Something like Spring, Hibernate
 Unlike Apache projects

No formal mechanism for contributions

A cathderal, rather than a bazaar
What's up with Planet Yazaar?
Yazaar - (Yahoo + Bazaar = Yazaar)
Accepts and maintains contributor
extensions and documentation
Working toward "soup to nuts" project
documentation
Public repository with version-to-version
change logs
What's up with Planet Yazaar?
Just as an aside ...
 Yahoo GeoCities for public web site
 Uses GoogleCode for repository

 Google Group for mailing list and change

logs
 Yahoo 360 for Blog
Struts University Series