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1 ...................................................... SQL
............................................................ SQL
SELECT 4 ............................................ SQL
6 .................................................... SELECT DISTINC
WHERE 7 .............................................. SQL
AND 9 ................................................. OR
ORDER BY 11 .......................................... SQL
INSERT INTO 13 ............................................. SQL
14 ................................................. UPDATE
16 ................................................ DELETE

TOP 18 ................................................................................................................... SQL
LIKE 20 .................................................................................................................... SQL
22 ...................................................................................................... SQL
IN 24 ....................................................................................................................... SQL
BETWEEN 25 ........................................................................................................... SQL
Alias 27 ........................................................................................................................... SQL
JOIN 28 ........................................................................................................................ SQL
INNER JOIN 29 ................................................................................................. SQL
LEFT JOIN 31 .................................................................................................... SQL
RIGHT JOIN 32 ................................................................................................. SQL
FULL JOIN 33 ................................................................................................... SQL

35 ............................................................................................................... SQL UNION

37 ...................................................................................................... SQL SELECT INTO
39 .......................................................................................... SQL CREATE DATABASE
39 ................................................................................................... SQL CREATE TABLE
40 ..............................................................................................................................
40 ................................................................................................................ NOT NULL
41 ................................................................................................................... UNIQUE
43 ................................................................................................. SQL PRIMARY KEY
45 ........................................................................................................... FOREIGN KEY
47 ...................................................................................................................... CHECK
49 ....................................................................................................... SQL DEFAULT
50 .............................................................................................. SQL CREATE INDEX
51 ............................................................... SQL DROP DATABASE DROP TABLE DROP INEX
52 ................................................................................................................ ALTER TABLE
54 ............................................................................................... SQL AUTO INCREMENT
58 ....................................................................................................................... SQL View
60 ...................................................................................................................... SQL
63 ............................................................................................................................. NULL
65 .................................................................................................................... SQL NULL
66 ...................................................................................................................... SQL

74 ...................................................................................................................................... SQL
74 .................................................................................................................................... AVG()
76 ..................................................................................................................... SQL COUNT()

 )(78 ................................................................................................................................... FIRST

)(79 .................................................................................................................................... LAST
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Group By 83 ................................................................................................................. SQL
85 ................................................................................................................................ Having
)(86 ................................................................................................................................. UCASE
)(87 .................................................................................................................................. LCASE
)(88 ..................................................................................................................................... MID
)(89 ...................................................................................................................................... LEN
)(90 ................................................................................................................................ ROUDN
)(90 .................................................................................................................................. NOW
)(91 ............................................................................................................................ FORMAT

93 .................................................................................................................. SQL
96 ............................................................................................................................. SQL
SQL 97 ....................................................................................


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 SQL

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11

91

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12

91

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13

91

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91

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15

91

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16

91

SQL

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17

 SQL

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18

91

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19

 SQL

91

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20

91

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21

 SQL

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22

 SQL

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 SQL

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24

91

SQL

SELECT column_name(s)
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 SQL

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27

 SQL

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28

 SQL

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29

91

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30

91

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SQL LEFT JOIN

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91

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SQL RIGHT JOIN
( table_name2) RIGHT JOIN
.( table_name1)
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
RIGHT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

. RIGHT OUTER JOIN RIGHT JOIN :

SQL RIGHT JOIN
:"Persons"
32

91

SQL

P_Id

LastName

FirstName

Address

City

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

Sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgvn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

: "Orders"
O_Id

OrderNo

P_Id

77895

44678

22456

24562

34764

15

. ) (
: SELECT
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName

:
LastName

FirstName

OrderNo

Hansen

Ola

22456

Hansen

Ola

24562

Pettersen

Kari

77895

Pettersen

Kari

44678
34764

( Orders) RIGHT JOIN

.( Persons)

SQL FULL JOIN

SQL FULL JOIN
. FULL JOIN
33

91

SQL
SQL FULL JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

SQL FULL JOIN

:"Persons"
P_Id

LastName

FirstName

Address

City

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

Sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgvn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

:"Orders"
O_Id

OrderNo

P_Id

77895

44678

22456

24562

34764

15

.
: SELECT
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
FULL JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName

:
LastName

FirstName

OrderNo

Hansen

Ola

22456

Hansen

Ola

24562

Pettersen

Kari

77895

34

 SQL
44678

91

Kari

Pettersen

Tove

Svendson

34764

FULL JOIN ) (persons ) (orders .

" "Persons " "Orders " "Orders
" "Persons .

UNION SQL
UNION SQL SELECT .
UNION SQL
UNION SELECT .
SELECT UNION .
. .
UNION SQL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2

: UNION . UNION ALL

.
UNION ALL SQL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2

: UNION SELECT UNION.

UNION SQL
:
"Employees_Norway":
35

91

SQL
E_ID

E_Name

01

Hansen, Ola

02

Svendson, Tove

03

Svendson, Stephen

04

Pettersen, Kari

"Employees_USA":
E_ID

E_Name

01

Turner, Sally

02

Kent, Clark

03

Svendson, Stephen

04

Scott, Stephen

. USA Norway
: SELECT
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway
UNION
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA

:
E_Name
Hansen, Ola
Svendson, Tove
Svendson, Stephen
Pettersen, Kari
Turner, Sally
Kent, Clark
Scott, Stephen

. USA Norway :
. UNION .
SQL UNION ALL
. USA Norway
36

91

SQL

SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway

UNION ALL
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA

:
E_Name
Hansen, Ola
Svendson, Tove
Svendson, Stephen
Pettersen, Kari
Turner, Sally
Kent, Clark
Svendson, Stephen
Scott, Stephen

SQL SELECT INTO

. SQL SELECT INTO

SQL SELECT INTO

. SELECT INTO
. SELECT INTO
SQL SELECT INTO
:
SELECT *
INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_tablename

:
SELECT column_name(s)
INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_tablename

37

91

SQL
SQL SELECT INTO
." persons" -
: SQL

SELECT *
INTO Persons_Backup
FROM Persons

. IN
SELECT *
INTO Persons_Backup IN 'Backup.mdb'
FROM Persons

:
SELECT LastName,FirstName
INTO Persons_Backup
FROM Persons

WHERE SQL SELECT INTO

. WHERE
" sandnes" " persons-backup" SQL
.
SELECT LastName,Firstname
INTO Persons_Backup
FROM Persons
WHERE City='Sandnes'

JOIN SQL SELECT INTO

.
." orders" " persons" " Persons_Order_Backup"
SELECT Persons.LastName,Orders.OrderNo
INTO Persons_Order_Backup
FROM Persons
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id

38

 SQL

91

CREATE DATABASE SQL

CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE .
CREATE DATABASE SQL
CREATE DATABASE database_name

CREATE DATABASE
" "MY-db .
CREAT DATABASE :
CREATE DATABASE my_db

CREATE TABLE .

CREATE TABLE SQL

CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE .
SQL CREATE TABLE
table_name
data_type,
data_type,
data_type,

CREATE TABLE
(
column_name1
column_name2
column_name3
....
)

.
SQL Server MS Access MySQL .
CREATE TABLE
" "persons P_Id : LastName FirstName
Address City.
39

 SQL

91

CREATE TABLE :
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
)City varchar(255
)

P_I d int .
Address FirstName lastName City varchar 255 .
" "Persons :
Address

City

FirstName

LastName

P_Id

Constraint .
) (ALTER TABLE ) ALTER
.(TABLE
:

NOT NULL
UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
CHECK
DEFAULT

:NOT NULL
.
40

 SQL

91

:NOT NULL
NOT NULL .
.
SQL " "P_Id " "LastName :
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
)City varchar(255
)

:UNIQUE
UNIQUE .
UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY
.
PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE .
UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY .
UNIQUE :SQL
SQL UNIQUE " "Persons " "P_Id :
MySQL:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
)UNIQUE (P_Id
)

41

91

SQL

SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

UNIQUE UNIQUE
:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName)
)

: UNIQUE
: "P_Id"
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD UNIQUE (P_Id)

UNIQUE
: SQL
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName)

UNIQUE
: SQL UNIQUE
42

91

SQL

MySQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP INDEX uc_PersonID
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID

:SQL PRIMARY KEY

:SQL PRIMARY KEY
.
.
. NULL
.
:SQL CREATE TABLE PRIMARY KEY
:" Persons" " P_Id" PRIMARY KEY
MySQL:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
)
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

43

 SQL

91

:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
)CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName
)

: ) (pk_PersonID . pk_PersonID
) P_Id (LastName .

PRIMARY KEY ALTER TABLE

" "P_Id SQL
:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

)ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_Id

:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

)ADD CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName

:
NOT NULL ) (.
PRIMARY KEY
:
44

 SQL

91
MySQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP PRIMARY KEY
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID

:FOREIGN KEY
.
. :
":" Persons
City
Sandnes
Sandnes
Stavanger

Address
Timoteivn 10
Borgvn 23
Storgt 20

LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen

FirstName
Ola
Tove
Kari

P_Id
1
2
3

" :" Orders

P_Id
3
3
2
1

OrderNo
77895
44678
22456
24562

O_Id
1
2
3
4

" "P_Id "" " "P_Id "" .

" "P_Id "" "" . " "P_Id ""
"" .
) (FOREIGN KEY
.
: CREATE TABLE
" "P_Id "" :
45

91

SQL

MySQL:

CREATE TABLE Orders

(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Orders

(
O_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)

:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Orders

(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)

:ALTER TABLE FOREIGN KEY

: SQL " P_Id"
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Orders

ADD FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)

:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

46

 SQL

91

ALTER TABLE Orders

ADD CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders
)FOREIGN KEY (P_Id
)REFERENCES Persons(P_Id

FOREIGN KEY
:
MySQL:

ALTER TABLE Orders

DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_PerOrders
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Orders

DROP CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders

CHECK
CHECK
CHECK .
CHECK .
CHECK
.
CHECK CREATE TABLE
CHECK " "P_Id " "Persons .
" "P_Id .
MySQL:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
)CHECK (P_Id>0
)

47

91

SQL

SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL CHECK (P_Id>0),
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes')
)

ALTER TABLE CHECK

: " P_Id" CHECK
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CHECK (P_Id>0)

:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes')

CHECK
:
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CONSTRAINT chk_Person

48

91

SQL

MySQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CHECK chk_Person

SQL DEFAULT
SQL DEFAULT
. DEFAULT
. DEFAULT

CREATE TABLE DEFAULT

:" Persons" " City" DEFAULT
My SQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes'
)

GETDATE() DEFAULT
:
CREATE TABLE Orders
(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE()
)

49

 SQL

91

DEFAULT ALTER TABLE

DEFAULT " "City :
MySQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons

'ALTER City SET DEFAULT 'SANDNES
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

'ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT 'SANDNES

DEFAULT
:
MySQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER City DROP DEFAULT
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER COLUMN City DROP DEFAULT

CREATE INDEX SQL

CREATE INDEX .

.
INDEX
.
.

50

 SQL

91

: )
( . ) ( .
CREATE INDEX SQL
. :
CREATE INDEX index_name
)ON table_name (column_name

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX SQL

. :
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
)ON table_name (column_name

: .
.
CREATE INDEX
" "PIndex " "LastName " "Persons :
CREATE INDEX PIndex
)ON Persons (LastName

:
CREATE INDEX PIndex
)ON Persons (LastName, FirstName

DROP TABLE DROP INEX DROP DATABASE SQL

DROP .
DROP INEX
51

91

SQL
. DROP INDEX

MS Access:

DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name

MS SQL Server:

DROP INDEX table_name.index_name

DB2/Oracle:

DROP INDEX index_name

MySQL:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name

DROP TABLE
. DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE table_name

DROP DATABASE
. DROP DATABASE
DROP DATABASE database_name

TRUNCATE TABLE

: TRUNCATE TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name

ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE
52

 SQL

91

ALTER TABLE .
ALTER TABLE SQL
:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype

)
(:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name

:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype

ALTER TABLE SQL

" "Persons :
City
Sandnes
Sandnes
Stavanger

Address
Timoteivn 10
Borgvn 23
Storgt 20

LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen

FirstName
Ola
Tove
Kari

P_Id
1
2
3

" "DateOfBirth " "Persons .

SQL :
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD DateOfBirth date

" "DateOfBirth
. .
53

91

SQL
:" Persons"

P_Id
1
2
3

LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen

FirstName
Ola
Tove
Kari

Address
Timoteivn 10
Borgvn 23
Storgt 20

City
Sandnes
Sandnes
Stavanger

DateOfBirth

. " Persons " " DateOfBirth"
: SQL
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN DateOfBirth year

." DateOfBirth"
DROP COLUMN
. " Persons" " DateOfBirth"
: SQL
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP COLUMN DateOfBirth

:" Persons"
P_Id
1
2
3

LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen

FirstName
Ola
Tove
Kari

Address
Timoteivn 10
Borgvn 23
Storgt 20

City
Sandnes
Sandnes
Stavanger

SQL AUTO INCREMENT

Auto-increment
.
SQL AUTO INCREMENT
54

 SQL

91

primary key
.
Auto-increment .
MySQL
" "P_Id " "Persons Auto-increment
:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
)PRIMARY KEY (P_Id
)

MySQL AUTO_INCREMENT auto-increment .

AUTO_INCREMENT
.
AUTO_INCREMENT :
ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100

" "Persons " "P_Id )

( :
)INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName
)'VALUES ('Lars','Monsen

SQL " "Persons . " "P_Id

. " "FirstName " "Lars " "LastName""Monsen
.
SQL Server
55

 SQL

91

SQL " "P_Id " "Persons AUTO_INCREMENT

:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
)City varchar(255
)

MS SQL Server IDENTITY auto-increment .

IDENTITY
.
" "P_Id 10 5 identity ) IDENTITY(10,5
.
" "Persons " "P_Id )
(:
)INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName
)'VALUES ('Lars','Monsen

SQL " "Persons . " "P_Id

. " "FirstName " "Lars " "LastName""Monsen
.
Access
SQL " "P_Id " "Persons AUTO_INCREMENT
:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
)City varchar(255
)

56

 SQL

91

Access AUTOINCREMENT auto-increment .

AUTO_INCREMENT
.
" "P_Id 10 5 AUTOINCREMENT
) AUTOINCREMENT(10,5 .
" "Persons " "P_Id )
(:
)INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName
)'VALUES ('Lars','Monsen

SQL " "Persons . " "P_Id

. " "FirstName " "Lars " "LastName""Monsen
.
Oracle
.
auto-increment ) ( .
CREATE SEQUENCE :
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_person
MINVALUE 1
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
CACHE 10

seq_person 1 1 .
10 ) (Cache . Cache
.
" "Persons nextval )
seq_person (:
)INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id,FirstName,LastName

57

 SQL

91

)'VALUES (seq_person.nextval,'Lars','Monsen

SQL " "Persons . " "P_Id

. " "FirstName " "Lars " "LastName""Monsen
.

View SQL
View .
View .
CREATE VIEW SQL
SQL view SQL .
view . view
.
WHERE SQL JOIN view
.
CREATE VIEW SQL
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
)SELECT column_name(s
FROM table_name
WHERE condition

: view !
view's SQL view.
CREATE VIEW SQL
Northwind view .
) (view " "Current Product List ) (
" "Products . view SQL :
58

91

SQL

CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS

SELECT ProductID,ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued='No'

: view
SELECT * FROM [Current Product List]

" Products" Northwind view

:
CREATE VIEW [Products Above Average Price] AS
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice
FROM Products
WHERE UnitPrice>(SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products)

: view
SELECT * FROM [Products Above Average Price]

. 1997 Northwind view

:" Product Sales for 1997" view view
CREATE VIEW [Category Sales For 1997] AS
SELECT DISTINCT CategoryName,Sum(ProductSales) AS CategorySales
FROM [Product Sales for 1997]
GROUP BY CategoryName

: view
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997]

:" Beverages" .
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997]
WHERE CategoryName='Beverages'

VIEW
: view
59

 SQL

91

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW SQL

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
)SELECT column_name(s
FROM table_name
WHERE condition

" "Category " "Current Product List .

SQL :
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS
SELECT ProductID,ProductName,Category
FROM Products
'WHERE Discontinued='No

View SQL
DROP VIEW .
DROP VIEW SQL
DROP VIEW view_name

SQL
SQL

.
.
.

.
MySQL
MySQL:
60

 SQL

)(NOW

)(CURDATE

)(CURTIME

)(DATE
)(EXTRACT

/ .
/ .

)(DATE_ADD

)(DATE_SUB

)(DATEDIFF

)(DATE_FORMAT

/ .

SQL Server
SQL Server:

)(GETDATE

)(DATEPART

/ .

)(DATEADD

)(DATEDIFF

)(CONVERT

/ .

SQL
MySQL / :

YYYY-MM-DD :DATE

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS :DATETIME

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS :TIMESTAMP

YYYY :YEAR YY
SQL Server / :
61

91

 SQL

YYYY-MM-DD :DATE

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS :DATETIME

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS :SMALLDATETIME

:TIMESTAMP

91

: !
.
SQL
!
" "Orders :
OrderDate

ProductName

OrderId

2008-11-11

Geitost

2008-11-09

Camembert Pierrot

2008-11-11

Mozzarella di Giovanni

2008-10-29

Mascarpone Fabioli

OrderDate " "2008-11-11 .

SELECT :
'SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11

:
OrderDate

ProductName

OrderId

2008-11-11

Geitost

2008-11-11

Mozzarella di Giovanni

" "Orders ) " "OrderDate (:

OrderDate

ProductName

OrderId

2008-11-11 13:23:44

Geitost

2008-11-09 15:45:21

Camembert Pierrot

2008-11-11 11:12:01

Mozzarella di Giovanni

2008-10-29 14:56:59

Mascarpone Fabioli

62

 SQL

91

SELECT :
'SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11

.
: !

NULL
NULL .
NULL .
IS NULL NOT NULL .
NULL SQL

. NULL .
NULL .
NULL .
: NULL 0 . .

NULL
":"Persons
City

Address

Sandnes
Sandnes

Borgvn 23

Stavanger

63

FirstName

LastName

P_Id

Ola

Hansen

Tove

Svendson

Kari

Pettersen

 SQL

91

" "Address " "Persons .

NULL .
NULL
= > > < .
IS NULL IS NOT NULL .

IS NULL
NULL " "Address
NULL :
SELECT LastName,FirstName,Address FROM Persons
WHERE Address IS NULL

:
Address

FirstName

LastName

Ola

Hansen

Kari

Pettersen

: IS NULL NULL .

IS NOT NULL
NOT NULL " "Address
IS NOT NULL :
SELECT LastName,FirstName,Address FROM Persons
WHERE Address IS NOT NULL

:
64

91

SQL

LastName

FirstName

Address

Svendson

Tove

Borgvn 23

. COALESCE() IFNULL() NVL() ISNULL()

SQL NULL
COALESCE() ISNULL(), NVL(), IFNULL()
:" Products"
P_Id

ProductName

UnitPrice

UnitsInStock

UnitsOnOrder

Jarlsberg

10.45

16

15

Mascarpone

32.56

23

Gorgonzola

15.67

20

. NULL " UnitsOnOrder"

: SELECT
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+UnitsOnOrder)
FROM Products

. NULL NULL " UnitsOnOrder"

NULL Access ISNULL()
.
. COALESCE() NVL() ,IFNULL()
. NULL
NULL " UnitsOnOrder"
: ISNULL()
SQL Server / MS Access

SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+ISNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0))
FROM Products

65

 SQL

91
Oracle

)( ISNULL . )( NVL :
))SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+NVL(UnitsOnOrder,0
FROM Products

MySQL

MySQL )( ISNULL . )( ISNULL .

MySQL )( IFNULL :
))SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0
FROM Products

)( COALESCE :
))SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+COALESCE(UnitsOnOrder,0
FROM Products

SQL
Microsoft Access ,MySQL SQL Server
Microsoft Access

Text
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.
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1 byte
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8 bytes

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66

 SQL

. .

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4 bytes

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91

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67

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 SQL

- SQL
SQL
SQL .
SQL
SQL .
:

)( - AVG
)( - COUNT
)( - FIRST
)( - LAST
)( - MAX
)( - MIN
)( - SUM

SQL
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)( - UCASE
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)( - MID
)( - LEN
)( - ROUND
)( - NOW
)( - FORMAT

)(AVG
74

91

91

SQL
. AVG()
SQL AVG()

SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL AVG()
: Orders
O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

. OrderPrice
: SQL
SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) AS OrderAverage FROM Orders

:
OrderAverage
950

. OrderPrice OrderPrice )(

: SQL
SELECT Customer FROM Orders
WHERE OrderPrice>(SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) FROM Orders)

:
75

91

SQL
Customer
Hansen
Nilsen
Jensen

SQL COUNT()
. SQL COUNT()
SQL COUNT(column_name)
: ( NULL )COUNT(column_name)
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL COUNT(*)
: SQL COUNT(*)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name

SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name)

: COUNT(DISTINCT column_name)
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) FROM table_name

Microsoft Access Microsoft SQL Server ORACLE COUNT(DISTINCT) :

.
SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name)
: Orders
76

91

SQL

O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

: Nilsen
: SQL
SELECT COUNT(Customer) AS CustomerNilsen FROM Orders
WHERE Customer='Nilsen'

: 2 Nilsen 2 SQL
CustomerNilsen
2

SQL COUNT(*)
: WHERE
SELECT COUNT(*) AS NumberOfOrders FROM Orders

:
NumberOfOrders
6

SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name)

77

 SQL

91

Orders .
SQL :
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Customer) AS NumberOfCustomers FROM Orders

:
NumberOfCustomers
3

) Hansen, Nilsen (Jansen .

)(FIRST
)( FIRST .

)( FIRST SQL
SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name

)( FIRST SQL
Orders :
Customer

OrderPrice

OrderDate

O_Id

Hansen

1000

2008/11/12

Nilsen

1600

2008/10/23

Hansen

700

2008/09/02

Hansen

300

2008/09/03

Jensen

2000

2008/08/30

Nilsen

100

2008/10/04

OrderPrice .
78

91

SQL
: SQL

SELECT FIRST(OrderPrice) AS FirstOrderPrice FROM Orders

. FIRST() :
SELECT OrderPrice FROM Orders ORDER BY O_Id LIMIT 1

:
FirstOrderPrice
1000

LAST()
. LAST()

SQL LAST()
SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL LAST()
: Orders
O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

79

91

SQL
. OrderPrice
: SQL

SELECT LAST(OrderPrice) AS LastOrderPrice FROM Orders

. LAST() :
SELECT OrderPrice FROM Orders ORDER BY O_Id DESC LIMIT 1

:
LastOrderPrice
100

MAX()
. MAX()
SQL MAX()
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL MAX()
: Orders
O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

80

91

SQL
. OrderPrice
: SQL

SELECT MAX(OrderPrice) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM Orders

:
LargestOrderPrice
2000

MIN()
. MIN()
SQL MIN()
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL MIN()
: Orders
O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

. OrderPrice
: SQL
SELECT MIN(OrderPrice) AS SmallestOrderPrice FROM Orders

81

91

SQL
:
SmallestOrderPrice
100

SUM()
. SUM()

SQL SUM()
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL SUM()
: Orders
O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

. OrderPrice
: SQL
SELECT SUM(OrderPrice) AS OrderTotal FROM Orders

:
82

 SQL

91

OrderTotal
5700

Group By SQL
Group By .
Group By
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Group By SQL
)SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name

Group By SQL
" "Orders :
Customer

OrderPrice

OrderDate

O_Id

Hansen

1000

2008/11/12

Nilsen

1600

2008/10/23

Hansen

700

2008/09/02

Hansen

300

2008/09/03

Jensen

2000

2008/08/30

Nilsen

100

2008/10/04

.
Group By .
83

 SQL

91

SQL :
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
GROUP BY Customer

:
)SUM(OrderPrice

Customer

2000

Hansen

1700

Nilsen

2000

Jensen

J
Group By :
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders

:
)SUM(OrderPrice

Customer

5700

Hansen

5700

Nilsen

5700

Hansen

5700

Hansen

5700

Jensen

5700

Nilsen

.
SELECT : SELECT
) Customer ) .(SUM(OrderPrice " 6 "Customer )
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. Group By .
Group By
Group By :
84

91

SQL

SELECT Customer,OrderDate,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders

GROUP BY Customer,OrderDate

Having
. WHERE SQL Having
Having
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value

SQL Having
:" Orders"
O_Id

OrderDate

OrderPrice

Customer

2008/11/12

1000

Hansen

2008/10/23

1600

Nilsen

2008/09/02

700

Hansen

2008/09/03

300

Hansen

2008/08/30

2000

Jensen

2008/10/04

100

Nilsen

. 2000
: SQL
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
GROUP BY Customer
HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)<2000

:
Customer

SUM(OrderPrice)

Nilsen

1700

85

91

SQL
. 1500 " Jensen" " Hansen"
: SQL WHERE

SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders

WHERE Customer='Hansen' OR Customer='Jensen'
GROUP BY Customer
HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)>1500

:
Customer

SUM(OrderPrice)

Hansen

2000

Jensen

2000

UCASE()
. UCASE()
UCASE()
SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL Server
SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL UCASE()
: Persons
P_Id

LastName

FirstName

Address

City

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

Sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgvn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

LastName FirstName LastName

.
86

91

SQL
: SQL

SELECT UCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

:
LastName

FirstName

HANSEN

Ola

SVENDSON

Tove

PETTERSEN

Kari

LCASE()
. LCASE()
LCASE()
SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL Server
SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL LCASE()
:" Persons"
P_Id

LastName

FirstName

Address

City

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

Sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgvn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

" LastName" " FirstName" " LastName"

. .
: SQL
SELECT LCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

87

 SQL

91

:
FirstName

LastName

Ola

hansen

Tove

svendson

Kari

pettersen

)(MID
)( MID .
)(MID
SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name

column_name

start

. ) (1

length

. . )( MID .

)( MID SQL
" "Persons :
City

Address

FirstName

LastName

P_Id

Sandnes

Timoteivn 10

Ola

Hansen

Sandnes

Borgvn 23

Tove

Svendson

Stavanger

Storgt 20

Kari

Pettersen

" "City .
SQL :
88

91

SQL

SELECT MID(City,1,4) as SmallCity FROM Persons

:
SmallCity
Sand
Sand
Stav

LEN()
. LEN()
LEN()
SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL LEN()
:" Persons"
P_Id

LastName

FirstName

Address

City

Hansen

Ola

Timoteivn 10

Sandnes

Svendson

Tove

Borgvn 23

Sandnes

Pettersen

Kari

Storgt 20

Stavanger

." Address"
: SQL
SELECT LEN(Address) as LengthOfAddress FROM Persons

:
LengthOfAddress
12
9
9

89

 SQL

91

)(ROUDN
)( ROUDN .
)( ROUDN SQL
SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM table_name

column_name . .
. .

decimals

)( ROUDN SQL
" "Products :
UnitPrice

Unit

ProductName

Prod_Id

10.45

1000 g

Jarlsberg

32.56

1000 g

Mascarpone

15.67

1000 g

Gorgonzola

.
SQL :
SELECT ProductName, ROUND(UnitPrice,0) as UnitPrice FROM Products

:
UnitPrice

ProductName

10

Jarlsberg

33

Mascarpone

16

Gorgonzola

)(NOW
90

91

SQL
. NOW()

SQL NOW()
SELECT NOW() FROM table_name

NOW()
:" Products"
Prod_Id

ProductName

Unit

UnitPrice

Jarlsberg

1000 g

10.45

Mascarpone

1000 g

32.56

Gorgonzola

1000 g

15.67

.
: SQL
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, Now() as PerDate FROM Products

:
ProductName

UnitPrice

PerDate

Jarlsberg

10.45

10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM

Mascarpone

32.56

10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM

Gorgonzola

15.67

10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM

FORMAT()
. FORMAT()
SQL FORMAT()
91

91

SQL

SELECT FORMAT(column_name,format) FROM table_name

. .

column_name

. .

format

SQL FORMAT()
:" Products"
Prod_Id

ProductName

Unit

UnitPrice

Jarlsberg

1000 g

10.45

Mascarpone

1000 g

32.56

Gorgonzola

1000 g

15.67

."( YYYY-MM-DD" )
: SQL
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, FORMAT(Now(),'YYYY-MM-DD') as PerDate FROM
Products

:
ProductName

UnitPrice

PerDate

Jarlsberg

10.45

2008-10-07

Mascarpone

32.56

2008-10-07

Gorgonzola

15.67

2008-10-07

92

91

SQL

SQL
SQL
AND / OR

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
AND|OR condition
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name
SELECT column_name AS column_alias
FROM table_name

AS (alias)

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name AS table_alias

BETWEEN
CREATE DATABASE

CREATE TABLE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2
CREATE DATABASE database_name
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
...
)
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)

CREATE INDEX

91

SQL
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)

CREATE VIEW

CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value

DELETE

DELETE FROM table_name

(! :)
DELETE * FROM table_name
(! :)

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE database_name

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Server)

DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access)
DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Oracle)
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL)

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE table_name

GROUP BY

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name

HAVING

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value

IN

INSERT INTO

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
IN (value1,value2,..)
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)

91

SQL

INSERT INTO table_name

(column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)
INNER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

LEFT JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

RIGHT JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
RIGHT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

FULL JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

LIKE

ORDER BY
SELECT
SELECT *
SELECT DISTINCT

SELECT INTO

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC]
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
SELECT *
FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
SELECT *
INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_table_name

91

SQL
SELECT column_name(s)
INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_table_name
SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name

SELECT TOP
TRUNCATE TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name

UNION

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1

UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2

UNION ALL

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1

UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2

UPDATE

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

WHERE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value

SQL

. SQL
SQL ( ISP)
.
. MS Access MS SQL Server MySQL
. / SQL
:

My SQL Server
.

 SQL

91

MySQL
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MS Access
.
.

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