8051 PROGRAMMING IN C

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded

Systems: Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Mazidi and McKinlay

Chung-Ping Young
楊中平

Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab

Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering
National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN
 ‰ Compilers produce hex files that is
WHY downloaded to ROM of microcontroller
PROGRAM
¾ The size of hex file is the main concern
8051 IN C
ƒ Microcontrollers have limited on-chip ROM
ƒ Code space for 8051 is limited to 64K bytes
‰ C programming is less time consuming,
but has larger hex file size
‰ The reasons for writing programs in C
¾ It is easier and less time consuming to
write in C than Assembly
¾ C is easier to modify and update
¾ You can use code available in function
libraries
¾ C code is portable to other microcontroller
with little of no modification
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 ‰ A good understanding of C data types
DATA TYPES
for 8051 can help programmers to
create smaller hex files
¾ Unsigned char
¾ Signed char
¾ Unsigned int
¾ Signed int
¾ Sbit (single bit)
¾ Bit and sfr

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 ‰ The character data type is the most
DATA TYPES
natural choice
Unsigned char ¾ 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller
‰ Unsigned char is an 8-bit data type in
the range of 0 – 255 (00 – FFH)
¾ One of the most widely used data types
for the 8051
ƒ Counter value
ƒ ASCII characters
‰ C compilers use the signed char as the
default if we do not put the keyword
unsigned

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 Write an 8051 C program to send values 00 – FF to port P1.
Solution:
DATA TYPES 1. Pay careful attention to
#include <reg51.h> the size of the data
void main(void) 2. Try to use unsigned char
Unsigned char { instead of int if possible
(cont’) unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=255;z++)
P1=z;
}

Write an 8051 C program to send hex values for ASCII characters of

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, B, C, and D to port P1.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mynum[]=“012345ABCD”;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=10;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}

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DATA TYPES Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P1 continuously.
Solution:
Unsigned char //Toggle P1 forever
(cont’) #include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
for (;;)
{
p1=0x55;
p1=0xAA;
}
}

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 ‰ The signed char is an 8-bit data type
DATA TYPES ¾ Use the MSB D7 to represent – or +
¾ Give us values from –128 to +127
Signed char ‰ We should stick with the unsigned char
unless the data needs to be
represented as signed numbers
¾ temperature
Write an 8051 C program to send values of –4 to +4 to port P1.
Solution:
//Singed numbers
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
char mynum[]={+1,-1,+2,-2,+3,-3,+4,-4};
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=8;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}
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 ‰ The unsigned int is a 16-bit data type
DATA TYPES
¾ Takes a value in the range of 0 to 65535
Unsigned and (0000 – FFFFH)
Signed int ¾ Define 16-bit variables such as memory
addresses
¾ Set counter values of more than 256
¾ Since registers and memory accesses are
in 8-bit chunks, the misuse of int variables
will result in a larger hex file
‰ Signed int is a 16-bit data type
¾ Use the MSB D15 to represent – or +
¾ We have 15 bits for the magnitude of the
number from –32768 to +32767

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DATA TYPES Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0)
50,000 times.
Single Bit Solution:
sbit keyword allows access to the
(cont’) #include <reg51.h> single bits of the SFR registers
sbit MYBIT=P1^0;

void main(void)
{
unsigned int z;
for (z=0;z<=50000;z++)
{
MYBIT=0;
MYBIT=1;
}
}

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 ‰ The bit data type allows access to
DATA TYPES
single bits of bit-addressable memory
Bit and sfr spaces 20 – 2FH
‰ To access the byte-size SFR registers,
we use the sfr data type
Data Type Size in Bits Data Range/Usage
unsigned char 8-bit 0 to 255
(signed) char 8-bit -128 to +127
unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65535
(signed) int 16-bit -32768 to +32767
sbit 1-bit SFR bit-addressable only
bit 1-bit RAM bit-addressable only
sfr 8-bit RAM addresses 80 – FFH only

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 ‰ There are two way s to create a time
TIME DELAY delay in 8051 C
¾ Using the 8051 timer (Chap. 9)
¾ Using a simple for loop
be mindful of three factors that can affect
the accuracy of the delay
ƒ The 8051 design
– The number of machine cycle
– The number of clock periods per machine
cycle
ƒ The crystal frequency connected to the X1 – X2
input pins
ƒ Compiler choice
– C compiler converts the C statements and
functions to Assembly language instructions
– Different compilers produce different code

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TIME DELAY Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever
(cont’) with some delay.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever with some delay in between
//“on” and “off”
#include <reg51.h> We must use the oscilloscope to
void main(void)
measure the exact duration
{
unsigned int x;
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
p1=0x55;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size
//unknown
p1=0xAA;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++);
}
}

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TIME DELAY Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 ports continuously with
(cont’) a 250 ms.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
while (1) //repeat forever
{
p1=0x55;
MSDelay(250);
p1=0xAA;
MSDelay(250);
}
}
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for (i=0;i<itime;i++)
for (j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
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 I/O LEDs are connected to bits P1 and P2. Write an 8051 C program that
PROGRAMMING shows the count from 0 to FFH (0000 0000 to 1111 1111 in binary)
on the LEDs.

Byte Size I/O Solution:

#include <reg51.h> Ports P0 – P3 are byte-accessable
#defind LED P2; and we use the P0 – P3 labels as
defined in the 8051/52 header file.
void main(void)
{
P1=00; //clear P1
LED=0; //clear P2
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
P1++; //increment P1
LED++; //increment P2
}
}

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 I/O Write an 8051 C program to get a byte of data form P1, wait 1/2
PROGRAMMING second, and then send it to P2.
Solution:
Byte Size I/O #include <reg51.h>
(cont’) void MSDelay(unsigned int);

void main(void)
{
unsigned char mybyte;
P1=0xFF; //make P1 input port
while (1)
{
mybyte=P1; //get a byte from P1
MSDelay(500);
P2=mybyte; //send it to P2
}
}

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 I/O Write an 8051 C program to get a byte of data form P0. If it is less
PROGRAMMING than 100, send it to P1; otherwise, send it to P2.
Solution:
Byte Size I/O #include <reg51.h>
(cont’)
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mybyte;
P0=0xFF; //make P0 input port
while (1)
{
mybyte=P0; //get a byte from P0
if (mybyte<100)
P1=mybyte; //send it to P1
else
P2=mybyte; //send it to P2
}
}

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 I/O Write an 8051 C program to toggle only bit P2.4 continuously without
PROGRAMMING disturbing the rest of the bits of P2.
Ports P0 – P3 are bit-
Solution:
addressable and we use
Bit-addressable //Toggling an individual bit sbit data type to access
I/O #include <reg51.h>
sbit mybit=P2^4;
a single bit of P0 - P3

void main(void) Use the Px^y format, where

{ x is the port 0, 1, 2, or 3 and
while (1) y is the bit 0 – 7 of that port
{
mybit=1; //turn on P2.4
mybit=0; //turn off P2.4
}
}

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 I/O Write an 8051 C program to monitor bit P1.5. If it is high, send 55H
PROGRAMMING to P0; otherwise, send AAH to P2.
Solution:
Bit-addressable #include <reg51.h>
I/O sbit mybit=P1^5;
(cont’) void main(void)
{
mybit=1; //make mybit an input
while (1)
{
if (mybit==1)
P0=0x55;
else
P2=0xAA;
}
}

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 A door sensor is connected to the P1.1 pin, and a buzzer is connected
to P1.7. Write an 8051 C program to monitor the door sensor, and
I/O when it opens, sound the buzzer. You can sound the buzzer by
PROGRAMMING sending a square wave of a few hundred Hz.
Solution:
Bit-addressable #include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
I/O sbit Dsensor=P1^1;
(cont’) sbit Buzzer=P1^7;
void main(void)
{
Dsensor=1; //make P1.1 an input
while (1)
{
while (Dsensor==1)//while it opens
{
Buzzer=0;
MSDelay(200);
Buzzer=1;
MSDelay(200);
}
}
}
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 The data pins of an LCD are connected to P1. The information is
I/O latched into the LCD whenever its Enable pin goes from high to low.
Write an 8051 C program to send “The Earth is but One Country” to
PROGRAMMING this LCD.
Solution:
Bit-addressable #include <reg51.h>
I/O #define LCDData P1 //LCDData declaration
(cont’) sbit En=P2^0; //the enable pin

void main(void)
{
unsigned char message[]
=“The Earth is but One Country”;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<28;z++) //send 28 characters
{
LCDData=message[z];
En=1; //a high-
En=0; //-to-low pulse to latch data
}
}

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 Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P0, P1, and P2
continuously with a 250 ms delay. Use the sfr keyword to declare the
I/O port addresses. Another way to access the SFR RAM
PROGRAMMING Solution: space 80 – FFH is to use the sfr data type
//Accessing Ports as SFRs using sfr data type
Accessing SFR sfr P0=0x80;
sfr P1=0x90;
Addresses sfr P2=0xA0;
80 - FFH
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
while (1)
{
P0=0x55;
P1=0x55;
P2=0x55;
MSDelay(250);
P0=0xAA;
P1=0xAA;
P2=0xAA;
MSDelay(250);
}
}

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 I/O Write an 8051 C program to turn bit P1.5 on and off 50,000 times.
PROGRAMMING Solution: We can access a single bit of any
sbit MYBIT=0x95; SFR if we specify the bit address
Accessing SFR
Addresses void main(void)
{
80 - FFH unsigned int z;
(cont’) for (z=0;z<50000;z++)
{
MYBIT=1;
MYBIT=0;
}
}

Notice that there is no #include <reg51.h>.

This allows us to access any byte of the SFR RAM
space 80 – FFH. This is widely used for the new
generation of 8051 microcontrollers.

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 I/O Write an 8051 C program to get the status of bit P1.0, save it, and
PROGRAMMING send it to P2.7 continuously.
Solution:
Using bit Data #include <reg51.h>
Type for sbit inbit=P1^0;
sbit outbit=P2^7;
Bit-addressable bit membit; //use bit to declare
RAM //bit- addressable memory
We use bit data type to access
void main(void)
{ data in a bit-addressable section
while (1) of the data RAM space 20 – 2FH
{
membit=inbit; //get a bit from P1.0
outbit=membit; //send it to P2.7
}
}

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 ‰ Logical operators
LOGIC
OPERATIONS ¾ AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!)
‰ Bit-wise operators
Bit-wise ¾ AND (&), OR (|), EX-OR (^), Inverter (~),
Operators in C Shift Right (>>), and Shift Left (<<)
ƒ These operators are widely used in software
engineering for embedded systems and control

Bit-wise Logic Operators for C

AND OR EX-OR Inverter
A B A&B A|B A^B ~B
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0

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 LOGIC Run the following program on your simulator and examine the results.
OPERATIONS Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
Bit-wise
Operators in C void main(void)
{
(cont’) P0=0x35 & 0x0F; //ANDing
P1=0x04 | 0x68; //ORing
P2=0x54 ^ 0x78; //XORing
P0=~0x55; //inversing
P1=0x9A >> 3; //shifting right 3
P2=0x77 >> 4; //shifting right 4
P0=0x6 << 4; //shifting left 4
}

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 LOGIC Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P0 and P2
OPERATIONS continuously with a 250 ms delay. Using the inverting and Ex-OR
operators, respectively.

Bit-wise Solution:

Operators in C #include <reg51.h>

void MSDelay(unsigned int);
(cont’)
void main(void)
{
P0=0x55;
P2=0x55;
while (1)
{
P0=~P0;
P2=P2^0xFF;
MSDelay(250);
}
}

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 LOGIC Write an 8051 C program to get bit P1.0 and send it to P2.7 after
OPERATIONS inverting it.
Solution:
Bit-wise #include <reg51.h>
Operators in C sbit inbit=P1^0;
sbit outbit=P2^7;
(cont’) bit membit;

void main(void)
{
while (1)
{
membit=inbit; //get a bit from P1.0
outbit=~membit; //invert it and send
//it to P2.7
}
}

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 LOGIC Write an 8051 C program to read the P1.0 and P1.1 bits and issue an
OPERATIONS ASCII character to P0 according to the following table.
P1.1 P1.0
0 0 send ‘0’ to P0
Bit-wise 0 1 send ‘1’ to P0
Operators in C 1 0 send ‘2’ to P0
(cont’) 1 1 send ‘3’ to P0
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>

void main(void)
{
unsignbed char z;
z=P1;
z=z&0x3;

...

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 ...
LOGIC switch (z)
{
OPERATIONS case(0):
{
P0=‘0’;
Bit-wise }
break;
Operators in C case(1):
(cont’) {
P0=‘1’;
break;
}
case(2):
{
P0=‘2’;
break;
}
case(3):
{
P0=‘3’;
break;
}
}
}

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 DATA Write an 8051 C program to convert packed BCD 0x29 to ASCII and
CONVERSION display the bytes on P1 and P2.
Solution:
Packed BCD to #include <reg51.h>
ASCII void main(void)
Conversion {
unsigned char x,y,z;
unsigned char mybyte=0x29;
x=mybyte&0x0F;
P1=x|0x30;
y=mybyte&0xF0;
y=y>>4;
P2=y|0x30;
}

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 DATA Write an 8051 C program to convert ASCII digits of ‘4’ and ‘7’ to
CONVERSION packed BCD and display them on P1.
Solution:
ASCII to #include <reg51.h>
Packed BCD void main(void)
Conversion {
unsigned char bcdbyte;
unsigned char w=‘4’;
unsigned char z=‘7’;
w=w&0x0F;
w=w<<4;
z=z&0x0F;
bcdbyte=w|z;
P1=bcdbyte;
}

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 DATA Write an 8051 C program to calculate the checksum byte for the data
25H, 62H, 3FH, and 52H.
CONVERSION
Solution:

Checksum Byte #include <reg51.h>

in ROM void main(void)

{
unsigned char mydata[]={0x25,0x62,0x3F,0x52};
unsigned char sum=0;
unsigned char x;
unsigned char chksumbyte;
for (x=0;x<4;x++)
{
P2=mydata[x];
sum=sum+mydata[x];
P1=sum;
}
chksumbyte=~sum+1;
P1=chksumbyte;
}

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 DATA Write an 8051 C program to perform the checksum operation to
CONVERSION ensure data integrity. If data is good, send ASCII character ‘G’ to P0.
Otherwise send ‘B’ to P0.

Checksum Byte Solution:

in ROM #include <reg51.h>

(cont’) void main(void)
{
unsigned char mydata[]
={0x25,0x62,0x3F,0x52,0xE8};
unsigned char shksum=0;
unsigned char x;
for (x=0;x<5;x++)
chksum=chksum+mydata[x];
if (chksum==0)
P0=‘G’;
else
P0=‘B’;
}

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 DATA Write an 8051 C program to convert 11111101 (FD hex) to decimal
CONVERSION and display the digits on P0, P1 and P2.
Solution:
Binary (hex) to #include <reg51.h>
Decimal and void main(void)
ASCII {
Conversion unsigned char x,binbyte,d1,d2,d3;
binbyte=0xFD;
x=binbyte/10;
d1=binbyte%10;
d2=x%10;
d3=x/10;
P0=d1;
P1=d2;
P2=d3;
}

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 ‰ The 8051 C compiler allocates RAM
ACCESSING
CODE ROM
locations
¾ Bank 0 – addresses 0 – 7
RAM Data ¾ Individual variables – addresses 08 and
Space Usage beyond
by 8051 C ¾ Array elements – addresses right after
Compiler variables
ƒ Array elements need contiguous RAM locations
and that limits the size of the array due to the
fact that we have only 128 bytes of RAM for
everything
¾ Stack – addresses right after array
elements

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ACCESSING Compile and single-step the following program on your 8051
CODE ROM simulator. Examine the contents of the 128-byte RAM space to locate
the ASCII values.

RAM Data Solution:

Space Usage #include <reg51.h>

by 8051 C void main(void)
Compiler {
unsigned char mynum[]=“ABCDEF”; //RAM space
(cont’) unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=6;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}

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ACCESSING Write, compile and single-step the following program on your 8051
CODE ROM simulator. Examine the contents of the code space to locate the values.
Solution:
RAM Data #include <reg51.h>
Space Usage void main(void)
by 8051 C {
Compiler unsigned char mydata[100]; //RAM space
unsigned char x,z=0;
(cont’) for (x=0;x<100;x++)
{
z--;
mydata[x]=z;
P1=z;
}
}

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 ‰ One of the new features of the 8052
ACCESSING
CODE ROM
was an extra 128 bytes of RAM space
¾ The extra 128 bytes of RAM helps the
8052 RAM Data 8051/52 C compiler to manage its
Space registers and resources much more
effectively
‰ We compile the C programs for the
8052 microcontroller
¾ Use the reg52.h header file
¾ Choose the8052 option when compiling
the program

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ACCESSING Compile and single-step the following program on your 8051
CODE ROM simulator. Examine the contents of the code space to locate the ASCII
values.
(cont’) To make the C compiler use the
Solution: code space instead of the RAM
#include <reg51.h> space, we need to put the
keyword code in front of the
void main(void) variable declaration
{
code unsigned char mynum[]=“ABCDEF”;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=6;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}

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ACCESSING Compare and contrast the following programs and discuss the
CODE ROM advantages and disadvantages of each one.
(cont’) (a)
#include <reg51.h> Short and simple, but the
void main(void) individual characters are
{ embedded into the program and it
P1=‘H’; mixes the code and data together
P1=‘E’;
P1=‘L’;
P1=‘L’;
P1=‘O’;
}

...

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 ...
ACCESSING Use the RAM data space to store
CODE ROM (b)
#include <reg51.h>
array elements, therefore the size
(cont’) void main(void) of the array is limited
{
unsigned char mydata[]=“HELLO”;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=5;z++)
P1=mydata[z]; Use a separate area of the
} code space for data. This
(c) allows the size of the array to
be as long as you want if you
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void) have the on-chip ROM.
{
code unsigned char mydata[]=“HELLO”;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=5;z++)
P1=mydata[z];
}
However, the more code space you use for data,
the less space is left for your program code

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 ‰ Serializing data is a way of sending a
DATA
SERIALIZATION
byte of data one bit at a time through
a single pin of microcontroller
¾ Using the serial port (Chap. 10)
¾ Transfer data one bit a time and control
the sequence of data and spaces in
between them
ƒ In many new generations of devices such as
LCD, ADC, and ROM the serial versions are
becoming popular since they take less space on
a PCB

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 DATA Write a C program to send out the value 44H serially one bit at a time
SERIALIZATION via P1.0. The LSB should go out first.
(cont’) Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit regALSB=ACC^0;

void main(void)
{
unsigned char conbyte=0x44;
unsigned char x;
ACC=conbyte;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
P1b0=regALSB;
ACC=ACC>>1;
}
}

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 DATA Write a C program to send out the value 44H serially one bit at a time
SERIALIZATION via P1.0. The MSB should go out first.
(cont’) Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit regAMSB=ACC^7;

void main(void)
{
unsigned char conbyte=0x44;
unsigned char x;
ACC=conbyte;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
P1b0=regAMSB;
ACC=ACC<<1;
}
}

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 DATA Write a C program to bring in a byte of data serially one bit at a time
SERIALIZATION via P1.0. The LSB should come in first.
(cont’) Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit ACCMSB=ACC^7;
bit membit;

void main(void)
{
unsigned char x;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
membit=P1b0;
ACC=ACC>>1;
ACCMSB=membit;
}
P2=ACC;
}

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

HANEL National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 45
 DATA Write a C program to bring in a byte of data serially one bit at a time
SERIALIZATION via P1.0. The MSB should come in first.
(cont’) Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit regALSB=ACC^0;
bit membit;

void main(void)
{
unsigned char x;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
membit=P1b0;
ACC=ACC<<1;
regALSB=membit;
}
P2=ACC;
}

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

HANEL National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 46