Communication Laboratory Report

A11MJ0041, A11MJ0051, A11MJ0057

Section 2



Abstract
Line coding consists of representing the digital signal to
be transported by an amplitude- and time-discrete signal
that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the
physical channel. There are two types of line
coding which are Return-to-zero (RZ) & Non-return-to-
zero (NRZ). RZ describes signal drops (returns) to zero
between each pulse. NRZ represents is a binary code in
which 1s are represented by one significant condition &
0s are represented by some other significant condition
TDM is a method of transmitting and receiving
independent signals or waveform via a common signal
path that needed synchronized switches at each end of the
transmission line for signal or waveform appears on the
line in a fraction of time in an alternating pattern. In this
case, The TDM multiplexer and TDM demultiplexer select
certain waveform based on desired needed via a
particular path in a fraction of time.
FDM transmits the signals along the same high speed link
simultaneously with each signal set at a different
frequency.there are two types of FDM which are FDM
Multiplexer and FDM Demultiplexer.






Key Words- Unipolar NRZ Signal Decode, Unipolar
RZ Signal Decode, PCM Demodulator, Discipline, Field,
Subject, Subtopic,FDM Multiplexer, FDM Demultiplexer,
FDM Signal Generator

1. Introduction

A line code decoder is used to retrieve the original line
code which chosen for the used within a communications
system for baseband transmission purposes. The line
coding is normally in digital data transport. A Return-to-
Zero (RZ) System describes a line code which the signal
drops (returns) to zero between each pulse and the signal
is self-clocking. A Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) System is
a binary code in which 1s are represented by one positive
voltage and 0s are represented by one negative voltage,
with no other neutral or rest condition. Pulse-code
modulation Demodulator is an electronic circuit system
used to extracting the original information analog signal
from a modulated carried wave which has been digitally
represents. In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog
signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each
sample is quantized to the nearest value within a range of
digital steps. A waveform generator is a piece
of electronic test equipment used to generate
electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either
repetitive or single-shot which case some kind of
triggering source is required which is either internal or
external. The resulting waveforms can be injected into a
device under test and analyzed as they progress through it,
confirming the proper operation of the device.
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link. Whenever the transmission capacity of a
medium linking two devices is greater than the
transmission needs of the devices, the link can be shared
in order to maximize the utilization of the link, such as
one cable can carry a hundred channels of TV.
Meanwhile, the time-division multiplexing is multiple
transmissions that can occupy a single link by subdividing
them and interleaving the portions. Demultiplexing is any
of several signals was put onto a single carrier, then at the
other end the signals must be separated and each sent to
the appropriate destination. This mean one input the
shared channel is routed to one of several outputs. FDM
will generate signals by each sending device modulates
with different carrier frequencies. These modulated
signals are combined into a single composite signal that
can be transported by the link. The carrier frequencies
have to be different enough to accommodate the
modulation and demodulation signals. In demultiplexing
process, we use filters to decompose the multiplexed
signal into its constituent component signals. Then each
signal is passed to an amplitude demodulation process to
separate the carrier signal from the message signal. Then,
the message signal is sent to the waiting receiver.

2. Methodology

For Experiment 5, the UNI-NRZ encode circuit in Figure
01-1 on EXPERIMENT 01 of GOTT-DCT-6000-01
module was being used.

The frequency of the function generator was set to 1kHz
TTL signal and connected to the Data I/P of GOTT-DCT-
6000-01 module. Next, it was connected to the UNI-NRZ
O/P of Figure 01-1 of GOTT-DCT-6000-01 module to the
UNI-NRZ I/P of Figure 02-1 of GOTT-DCT-6000-01
module. After that, the output waveform was observed by
using oscilloscope and the measured results were
recorded in Table 5-1. According to the input signals in
Table 5-1, the step3 was repeated and the measured
results in Table 5-1 were recorded.

For Experiment 6, the UNI-RZ encode circuit in Figure
01-2 on EXPERIMENT 01 of GOTT-DCT-6000-01
module was being used.

The frequency of the function generator was set to 1kHz
TTL signal and connected to the CLK I/P of Figure 01-2,
as well as CLK at the left bottom and CLK I/P of Figure
01-2. Then, the UNI-RZ O/P of the Figure 01-2 was
connected to the UNI-RZ I/P of the Figure 02-2. After
that, the waveforms of UNI-RZ I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4
and Data O/P were observed by using oscilloscope. The
measured results were recorded in Table 6-1. According
to the input signals in Table 2-3, the step3 was repeated
and the measured results in Table 6-1 were recorded. The
frequency of function generator was set to 2 kHz signal
and connected to the CLK I/P in Figure 01-2. Then, the
other function generator was set to 1kHz TTL signal and
connected to the Data I/P in Figure 01-2. Next, the UNI-
RZ O/P of 01-2 was connected to UNI-RZ I/P of 02-2.
The waveforms of UNI-RZ O/P, TP1,TP2, TP3, TP4,
Data I/P were observed by using oscilloscope, then the
measured results were recorded in Table 6-2. According
to the input signals in Table 6-2, the step5 was repeated
and the measured results in Table 6-2 were recorded.

For Experiment 13, by referring to the Figure 06-1
EXPERIMENT 06 of GOTT-DCT-6000-03 module.

J1 was short circuit and the PCM modulated signal was
generated from the input signal terminal (Audio I/P),
input 250mV amplitude and 500Hz sine wave frequency.
By referring to the circuit diagram in Figure 06-1 of EXP
06 of GOTT-DCT-6000-03 module. The J1 of 06-1 was
short circuit and the output terminal (PCM O/P) of
modulated PCM signal of 5-1 was connected to the input
terminal (PCM I/P) of demodulation PCM signal of 06-1.
The output terminal of buffer (T1), 2048 kHz square wave
generator (T2), 8kHz square wave generator (T3),
demodulated PCM signal output terminal (T4), and signal
output terminal (Audio O/P) were observed by using
oscilloscope and measured results were recorded in in
Table 13-1. According to the input signals in Table 13-1,
the step3 was repeated and the measured results in Table
13-1 were recorded. J2 of 5-1 and 06-1 were short circuit.
From the signal input terminal (Audio I/P) of 5-1, input
250mV and 500Hz sine wave frequency. The output
terminal (PCM O/P) of modulated PCM signal of 5-1 was
connected to the input terminal (PCM I/P) of
demodulation signal of 06-1. The signal waveforms T1,
T2, T3, T4 and Audio O/P were observed by using
oscilloscope. The measured results were recorded in
Table 13-2. According to the input signals in Table 13-2,
the step5 was repeated and the measured results in Table
13-2 were recorded.

For experiment 19, the sinusoidal, triangle and square
wave generator or Figure 09-1 of experiment 09 of
GOTT-TDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer module is
referred. Then, by using oscilloscope, the output signal
waveform of triangle wave output port (TP1) is observed.
Variable resistor VR3 is adjusted so that the amplitude of
TP1 is maximum without distortion, the output signal
waveform and voltage is recorded at table 19-1.After that,
by using oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of
triangle wave output port(TP2) is observed. Variable
resistor VR1 is adjusted so that the amplitude of TP2 is
maximum without distortion, the output signal waveform
and voltage is recorded at table 19-1.Lastly ,by using
oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of triangle wave
output port(TP3) is observed. Variable resistor VR2 is
adjusted so that the amplitude of TP3 is maximum
without distortion, the output signal waveform and
voltage is recorded at table 19-1.

Experiment 20 is continued, the time generator and
analog switch or Figure 09-1 of experiment 09 of GOTT-
TDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer module is referred.
Next, the variable resistance is turned to Clock Adj
.Left to the end, at this moment, the counter of the clock
is slow. By using CH1 of the oscilloscope, the output is
observed on the output signal waveform of triangle wave
output port (TP4).Then by using CH2 of the oscilloscope,
the output signal of the TDM output port (TDM O/P) is
observed. Initially, the output signal waveform and
voltages is recorded at Table 20-1.Then, by using CH1 of
the oscilloscope, the output is observed on the output
signal waveform of triangle wave output port (TP5).Then
by using CH2 of the oscilloscope, the output signal of the
TDM output port (TDM O/P) is observed. Initially, the
output signal waveform and voltages is recorded at Table
20-1.Lastly, by using CH1 of the oscilloscope, the output
is observed on the output signal waveform of triangle
wave output port (TP6).Then by using CH2 of the
oscilloscope, the output signal of the TDM output port
(TDM O/P) is observed. Initially, the output signal
waveform and voltages is recorded at Table 20-1.
Experiments 21 are referred to the circuit in Figure 21-2
and Figure 21-3 or refer to Figure 10-1 of experiment10
of GOTT-TDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer module.
Firstly, the output port (TDM O/P) of TDM multiplexer is
connected to the input port (TDM I/P) of TDM
Demultiplexer in Figure 10-1.Then,by using oscilloscope,
the output signal waveform of amplifier (TP1)of
Demultiplexer is observed .The output signal waveform
and voltage is recorded in Table 21-1.The triangle wave
output port (TP4),square wave output port(TP5) and
sinusoidal wave output port (TP6)is connected to the
triangle wave input(TP2),square wave input port(TP3)
and sinusoidal wave input port(TP4)of the TDM
Demultiplexer.Then, by using CH1 of the oscilloscope,
the output signal waveform of the input port(TP2) is
observed. By using CH2 of the oscilloscope, the output
signal waveform of output port (O/PI) of the TDM
Demultiplexer is observed. Finally, the output signal
waveform and voltage is recorded in Table 21-2. Then, by
using CH1 of the oscilloscope, the output signal
waveform of the input port (TP2) is observed. By using
CH2 of the oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of
output port (O/P2) of the TDM Demultiplexer is
observed. Finally, the output signal waveform and voltage
is recorded in Table 21-3. Then, by using CH1 of the
oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of the input port
(TP2) is observed. By using CH2 of the oscilloscope, the
output signal waveform of output port (O/P3) of the TDM
Demultiplexer is observed .Finally, the output signal
waveform and voltage is recorded in Table 21-4. Then, by
using CH1 of the oscilloscope, the output signal
waveform of the input port (TP3) is observed. By using
CH2 of the oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of
output port (O/PI) of the TDM Demultiplexer is observed.
Finally, the output signal waveform and voltage is
recorded in Table 21-5. Then, by using CH1 of the
oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of the input port
(TP3) is observed .By using CH2 of the oscilloscope, the
output signal waveform of output port (O/P2) of the TDM
Demultiplexer is observed .Finally, the output signal
waveform and voltage is recorded in Table 21-6. Then, by
using CH1 of the oscilloscope, the output signal
waveform of the input port (TP3) is observed. By using
CH2 of the oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of
output port (O/P3) of the TDM Demultiplexer is
observed. Finally, the output signal waveform and voltage
is recorded in Table 21-7. Then, by using CH1 of the
oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of the input port
(TP4) is observed. By using CH2 of the oscilloscope, the
output signal waveform of output port (O/PI) of the TDM
Demultiplexer is observed. Finally, the output signal
waveform and voltage is recorded in Table 21-8. Then, by
using CH1 of the oscilloscope, the output signal
waveform of the input port (TP4) is observed. By using
CH2 of the oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of
output port (O/P2) of the TDM Demultiplexer is
observed. Finally, the output signal waveform and voltage
is recorded in Table 21-9. Then, by using CH1 of the
oscilloscope, the output signal waveform of the input port
(TP4) is observed. By using CH2 of the oscilloscope, the
output signal waveform of output port (O/P3) of the TDM
Demultiplexer is observed. Finally, the output signal
waveform and voltage is recorded in Table 21-10.

For experiment 22-1, the EXPERIMENT 11 of GOTT-
FDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer module was used.
The output signal waveform of audio signal generator
1(TP1) was observed by using the oscilloscope. The
variable resistors "Audio Frequency Adjust 1" and "Audio
Gain Adjust 1" were adjusted so that the output frequency
was 150 HZ and the amplitude was 600 mV The results
were recorded in table 22-1. The output signal waveform
of audio signal generator 2(TP3) was observed by using
the oscilloscope. The variable resistors "Audio Frequency
Adjust 2" and "Audio Gain Adjust 2" were adjusted so
that the output frequency was 800 HZ and the amplitude
was 600 mV. The results were recorded in table 22-1
shows the output signal waveform of audio signal
generator 3(TP7) was observed by using the oscilloscope.
The variable resistors "Audio Frequency Adjust 3" and
"Audio Gain Adjust 3" were adjusted so that the output
frequency was1.2 KHZ and the amplitude was 600 mV.
The results were recorded in table 22-1.
For experiment 22-2, the EXPERIMENT 11 of GOTT-
FDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer module was used.
The output signal waveform of carrier signal generator 1
(TP2) was observed by using the oscilloscope. The
variable resistor "Carrier Gain Adjust 1" was adjusted so
that the amplitude was 600 mV. The results measured
were recorded in table 22-2. The output signal waveform
of carrier signal generator 2 (TP4) was observed by using
the oscilloscope. The variable resistor "Carrier Gain
Adjust 2" was adjusted so that the amplitude was 600 mV.
The results measured were recorded in table 22-2 shows
the output signal waveform of carrier signal generator 3
(TP8) was observed by using the oscilloscope. The
variable resistor "Carrier Gain Adjust 3" was adjusted so
that the amplitude was 600 mV. The results measured
were recorded in table 22-2.

For experiment 24, the EXPERIMENT 11 of GOTT-
FDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer module was used.
The output signal waveform of FDM output port (FDM
O/P) was observed by using the oscilloscope and the
measured results were recorded in table 24-1.

For experiment 25, the EXPERIMENT 11 0f GOTT -
FDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer was used to produce
the modulated FDM signal source. The output signals
waveform of carrier signal generator 1 (TP1) was
observed by using the oscilloscope. The variable resistors
"Audio Frequency Adjust 1" and "Carrier Gain Adjust 1"
was adjusted so that the output frequency was 500 Hz and
the amplitude was 600 mV. The output signals waveform
of carrier signal generator 2(TP3) was observed by using
the oscilloscope. The variable resistors "Audio Frequency
Adjust 2" and "Carrier Gain Adjust 2" was adjusted so
that the output frequency was 800 Hz and the amplitude
was 600 mV. The output signal waveform of carrier
signal generator 3(TP7) was observed by using the
oscilloscope. The variable resistors "Audio Frequency
Adjust 3" and "Carrier Gain Adjust 3" were adjusted so
that the output frequency was 1.2 kHz and the amplitude
was 600 mV. The output signal waveform of TP5, TP6,
TP9 were observed by using the oscilloscope. The
variable resistors "Mod Adjust 1", "Mod Adjust 2", and
"Mod Adjust 3" were adjusted so that the output signal is
the modulated DSB-SC signal. The modulated FDM
signal (FDM O/P) in figure 11-1 was connected to the
input terminal (FDM I/P) in figure 12-1. The carrier
signal (TP2) in figure 11-1 was connected to the input
terminal 1 of the carrier signal (carrier I/P) in figure 12-1.
The carrier signal (TP4) in figure 11-1 was connected to
the input terminal 3 of the (Carrier I/P) in Figure 12-1.
The output signal waveforms of the audio signal 1(audio
O/P1), audio signal 2(audio O/P2) and audio signal
3(audio O/P3) were observed by using oscilloscope. The
variable resistors "Carrier Adjust 1" and "Gain Adjust 1"
was adjusted for audio O/P1 followed by the "Carrier
Adjust 2" and "Gain Adjust 2" was adjusted for audio
O/P2 and lastly, the " Carrier Adjust 3" and " Gain
Adjust 3" was adjusted for audio O/P3 so that the
amplitudes were maximum without distortion. The results
were recorded in table 25-1.












3. Results and Discussion

Table 5-1 Measured results of UNI-NRZ signal decode
Input Signal
Frequencies
(Data I/P)
Input Signal(Yellow Upper) and
Output Signal (Blue Lower)
Waveforms
1kHz


2kHz


4kHz



Table 5-1 shows that the waveforms between UNI-NRZ
signal and data signal are similar to each other. But, the
amplitude are differ a little. Since, we only need to add a
buffer in front of the decoder circuit, which can recover
the original input data signal which shown at Figure 5-2
above. This is the same for all the Data I/P frequencies
(1kHz, 2kHz, 4kHz). The differences between the inputs
and the outputs results most probably are caused by some
instrumentation noise or distortion.










Table 6-1 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode. (f
clk
= 1 kHz)
TEST
POINT
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS
TEST
POINT
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS


UNI-
RZI/P





TP1




TP2




TP3




TP4




DATA
O/P



Table 6-1 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode. (f
clk
= 2 kHz)
TEST
POINT
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS
TEST
POINT
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS


UNI-
RZI/P




TP1




TP2




TP3




TP4




DATA
O/P




Table 6-2 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode.
(f
data
= 1 kHz f
clk
= 2 kHz)
TEST
POINT
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS
TEST
POINT
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS


UNI-
RZI/P




TP1




TP2




TP3




TP4




DATA
O/P




Table 6-2 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode.
(f
data
= 1 kHz f
clk
= 3 kHz)
TEST
POIN
T
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS
TEST
POIN
T
OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS


UNI-
RZI/P




TP1




TP2




TP3




TP4




DAT
A O/P






Figure 6-2 shows the circuit diagram of unipolar return-
to-zero (UNI-RZ) decoder. The output of the UNI-RZ
decoder is a NOR-RS flip-flop, which is comprised by
R3, R4 and two NOR gates. TP2 is the S terminal and
TP3 is the R terminal. From the results shown above,
TP1 is the inverted output of the Clock input. TP2 is the
filtered result of UNI-RZI/P, because of the capacitor C1.
The clock signal will be inverted by a NOT gate which is
comprised by the NOR gate. Then, by using XOR to
operate the inverted clock signal and UNI-RZ signal and
passing through a differentiator which is comprised by C2
and R2, the output will be transformed to pulse wave
which is used for R terminal of RS flip-flop. UNI-RZ
signal will pass through a capacitor to the S terminal of
RS flip-flop. Finally by sending both UNI-RZ and clock
signals into the RS flip-flop, we can recover the original
input data signal.

Table 13-1 Measured results of PCM demodulator when
J1 short circuit.
Input
Signal of
PCM
Modulator
Output Signal
Waveforms

TP1 TP2




500Hz TP3 TP4
250mV



TP5 AUDIO O/P






Table 13-1 Measured results of PCM demodulator when
J1 short circuit. (continue)
Input Signal
of PCM
Modulator
Output Signal
Waveforms

TP1 TP2




1kHz TP3 TP4
250mV



TP5 AUDIO O/P






Table 13-1 Measured results of PCM demodulator when
J2 short circuit.
Input Signal
of PCM
Modulator
Output Signal
Waveforms

TP1 TP2




500Hz TP3 TP4
250mV



TP5 AUDIO O/P





Table 13-1 Measured results of PCM demodulator when
J2 short circuit. (continue)
Input Signal of
PCM
Modulator
Output Signal
Waveforms

TP1 TP2




1kHz TP3 TP4
250mV



TP5 AUDIO O/P





From the Figure 13-2, FS0 and FS1are the data format
selection of PCM encoder. The data format selection of
PCM encoder can encode the sample to 8-bit -law
format, 8-bit A-law format or 16-bit digital data format.
As a result of the FS1 in the encode circuit is grounded,
therefore, the FS1 in the decoder circuit must also be
grounded. The selection of FS0 and FS1 of both the
modulation and demodulation must be same, otherwise,
the demodulated audio signal will be different from the
original audio signal.
In Table 13-1, TP1s are the buffer results of the inputs.
So, it will be quite similar to the inputs. TP2s show the
results of similar to 2048kHz Square Wave Inputs.
Besides that, the TP3s show the results of similar to 8kHz
Square Wave Inputs. Furthermore, TP4s show the high
frequencies noises of the signals. Finally, Audio O/P
results were filtered by the Low Pass Filter where the
results are much better than the TP4s results.

Table 19-1 Measured results of waveform generator

This experiment shows the production of square
waveform, triangular waveform and the sinusoidal
waveform produced when the input is connected to TP1,
TP2 and TP3 respectively. This is because the multiplexer
is consist of the triangle wave and square wave
generators. Then, when the input is connected to those
generator the certain output will be produced. The VR3,
VR1 and VR2 is keep adjusting respectively to obtain the
maximum output of the waveform.

Table 20-1 Measured result of TDM multiplexer
TP4 and TDM
O/P


TP1


TP2


TP3


TP5 and TDM
O/P


TP6 and TDM
O/P



The combination of three waveforms in the time domain
was under control by the set of binary pulses is called
TDM multiplexing. It can be shown in the above picture
that after the pulses are triggered the combination of the
waveform is happened. The variety of shape of the
combination of the waveform happened because of two or
more waveform are sampled at the same rate but at
slightly different times, then waveforms are be added and
interleaved without mutual interaction. The different
connection of TP4, TP5 and TP6 showed that the same
theories is applied to all kind combination of waveform.

Table 21-1 measured result of the input of TDM
demultiplexer.






Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP2 AND O/P1





Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP2 AND O/P2





Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP2 AND O/P3




Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP3 AND O/P1







Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP3 AND O/P2





Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP3 AND O/P3




Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer

















Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP4 AND O/P2





Table 21-1 Measured result of the output of TDM
demultiplexer
TP4 AND O/P3




The multiplexer is connected to the Demultiplexer. It is
used to produce a single waveform as the output. Firstly,
TP4 AND O/P1



it can be observed that the combination of the waveforms.
Then, when TP2 is connected, the output at O/P1 show
the square waveform is observed when the pulse is
triggered. The other output at O/P2 and O/P3 show the
waveform and the pulse are not matched. The same
happened when TP3 is connected, but the waveform is
concurrently with the output at O/P2 and did not match
the pulse at the output O/P1 and O/P3.Then when the TP4
is connected, the waveform match the pulse at the output
O/P3 not at the O/P1 and O/P2.This is happened because
the when the input is connected at the TP2,the pulse is
actually readily at the O/P1,so when at O/P1,when there
are pulse, the square waveform is produced. When at the
output of O/P2 and O/P3, it did not match the pulses. The
same happened for TP3 and TP4.




Table 22-1 Measured results of audio signal
TP1


TP3



TP7



For the experiment 22-1, the audio signal generator (ICL
8038) was used. The output signal waveform of audio
signal generator were obtained by adjusting the variable
resistors audio frequency adjust 1 and audio gain adjust 1.
A potentiometer is available to remove distortion in the
FM output of the ICL8038.Using no message signal, a
sinusoidal waveform was observed. If distortion was
present, the potentiometer is varied until the distortion is
minimized. The capacitors were used to decouple the
message and output signals and remove any DC bias.

Table 22-2 Measured results of carrier signal
TP2


TP4


TP6




The Wien Bridge Oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled
amplifier circuit that has good stability at its resonant
frequency, low distortion and is very easy to tune making
it a popular circuit as an audio frequency oscillator It can
generate a large range of frequencies. For the experiment
22-2, the output signal waveform of carrier signal
generator were obtained by adjusting the carrier gain
adjust. Carrier adjust gain was used to reduce the gain so
that the amount of distortion was reduced.

Table 24-1 Measured results of FDM modulated signal
FDM O/P

Frequency Division Multiplexing works by transmitting
all of the signals along the same high speed link
simultaneously with each signal set at a different
frequency. For FDM to work properly frequency overlap
must be avoided. Therefore, the link must have sufficient
bandwidth to be able to carry the wide range of
frequencies required. The demultiplexor at the receiving
end works by dividing the signals by tuning into the
appropriate frequency.
The advantages of the FDM multiplexing are :
1. The sender can send signals continuously.
2. It also works on analog signals.
3. No dynamic coordination is necessary.
For each frequency channel, an electronic oscillator
generates a carrier signal, which is a steady oscillating
waveform at a single frequency that functions to carry
information. The carrier is much higher in frequency than
the baseband signal. The carrier signal and the baseband
signal are then applied to a modulator circuit. The
modulator then changes some aspect of the carrier signal,
such as its amplitude, frequency or phase.
The carrier center frequency produces sub-frequencies
from the mixing of the modulated baseband. The
information from the modulated signal is carried in the
sidebands each side of the carrier frequency. the sub-band
frequencies of the channel must be far from each other so
that they do not overlap and the sub-bands will not
interfere with each another. The available channel
bandwidth is divided into sub-bands; each can carry a
separate modulated signal.
At the receiving end, a local oscillator mixes with the
carrier frequency, and the resulting baseband signal is
filtered to produce each sub-band to a separate output.
The DSB-SC modulation was used to implement the
FDM multiplexer because both of its upper
sideband and lower sideband were transmitted and the
carrier is suppressed in the mean time. So the efficiency
of the suppressed carrier amplitude modulation is higher
than the DSB-AM.

Table 25-1 Output signal waveforms of audio signal
Audio O/P1

Audio O/P2

Audio O/P3


MC1496B was designed for use where the output voltage
is a product of an input voltage or signal and a switching
function or carrier.
Synchronous detectors are considerably more complex
than simple envelope detectors. They consist of phase
locked loop and multiplier circuits. Demodulation is
performed by multiplying the modulated carrier by a sine
wave that is phase locked to the incoming carrier.
Synchronous detectors are a subset of detectors product..
The advantage of synchronous detection is that it causes
less distortion than envelope detection and works well
with single sideband signals. The synchronous detectors
are phase sensitive. The amplitude of the demodulated
signal is a function of the relative phases of the incoming
carrier and the carrier generated inside the receiver.
A low-pass filter is an electronic circuit that hasa constant
output voltage from dc up to a cutoff frequency. As the
frequency increases above the cutoff frequency, the
output voltage is attenuated.
The advantage of this configuration is that the op-amps
high input impedance prevents excessive loading on the
filters output while its low output impedance prevents the
filters cut-off frequency point from being affected by
changes in the impedance of the load.

4. Conclusions

As a conclusion, A line code decoder is good to retrieve
the original line code which chosen for the used within a
communications system. PCM Demodulator is an
electronic circuit system used to extracting the original
information to digitally representation.
The waveform generator is a device that can be used to
show different type of waveform. By having different
type of waveform the result of experiment of multiplexer
and Demultiplexer can be tested its usage. Multiplexer
allow multiple signals to be subdividing and interleaving
to be occupied as a single link. It is a combination or
addition of several waveforms. Demultiplexer is an
opposition of multiplexer. Its select a waveform from
several waveform of the input as the output. It is triggered
by the pulse or clock. FDM is a technique by which the
total bandwidth available in a communication medium is
divided into a series of non-overlapping frequency sub-
bands, each of which is used to carry a separate signal.
Whereas the FDM Demultiplexer is reverse of the FDM
multiplexer but use filter to decompose the multiplexed
signal into its constituent component signals.

5. References

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<http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-
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[3] FrequencyDivision Multiplexing (FDM)
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[4] "Frequency-division multiplexing" - Wikipedia,
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2014. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-
division multiplexing >.
[5] Daenotes.com, (2014). Multiplexing,
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[6] Torres-Company, V. and Chen, L. (2009).
Radio-frequency waveform generator with time-
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