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Factors Affecting Tool Life

FACTORS EFFECTING TOOL LIFE:- The life of tool is affected by the following factors: 1. Cutting speed. 2. Feed and depth of cut. 3. Tool geometry. 4. Tool material. 5. Work material. 6. Nature of cutting. 7. Rigidity of machine tool and work. 8. Use of cutting fluids.

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Agnivesh Sharma
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8K views3 pages

Factors Affecting Tool Life

FACTORS EFFECTING TOOL LIFE:- The life of tool is affected by the following factors: 1. Cutting speed. 2. Feed and depth of cut. 3. Tool geometry. 4. Tool material. 5. Work material. 6. Nature of cutting. 7. Rigidity of machine tool and work. 8. Use of cutting fluids.

Uploaded by

Agnivesh Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FACTORS EFFECTING TOOL LIFE:-

The life of tool is affected by the following factors:


1. Cutting speed.
2. Feed and depth of cut.
3. Tool geometry.
4. Tool material.
5. Work material.
6. Nature of cutting.
7. Rigidity of machine tool and work.
8. Use of cutting fluids.

EFFECT OF CUTTING SPEED:-

Out of the above factors, the maximum effect on the tool life is of cutting speed. The
tool life varies as the cutting speed, i.e., the higher the cutting speed the smaller the
tool life.Genrally, the reduction in the tool life corresponding to an increase in cutting
speed is parabolic, as shown in fig 5.30.Based on the pioneer work of F.W. Taylor ,
the relationship between cutting speed and the tool life can be expressed as:

VT
n
= C
V = cutting speed (m/min.)
T = Tool life (minutes)
n = An exponent whose value largely depends upon the material of the tool , called
tool life index. Upto a certain limit ,its value Is also influenced by some other
variables like tool material, cutting conditions etc.
C = A constant called machining constant, which is numerically equal to the cutting
speed in meters per min. that would give a tool life of one minute.


For all the practical purposes the average values of exponent n for common tool
materials can be taken as:
n = 0.1 to 0.15 for high speed steel tools.
= 0.2 to 0.5 for cemented carbide tools
= 0.6 to 1.0 for ceramic tools.
For assessing t the tools are operated at different cutting speeds to failure and the
results recorded.
If the relation ship between different cutting speeds and the corresponding tool life is
plotted on a log-log graph, st. lines are obtained as shown in fig 5.31, which reveal the
tool life decrease with increase in cutting speed.


FEED AND DEPTH OF CUT: Feed rate and the depth of cut are the other important
cutting variables which also affect the tool life appreciably an increase in the feed rate
and the depth of cut has a similar effect, .i.e. reduction in the tool life, as experienced by
the tool when cutting speed is increased. However, the effect on not so severe as
produced in the latter case. The different variables, cutting speed, tool life, feed rate and
depth of cut, are inter-related as given in the following formula:


V= Cutting speed in m/min
T= Tool life in minutes
f = Feed rate in mm/min
t = Depth of cut in mm.
For a given tool life the relationship among other variables
As given in the following formula:

C = A constant. The exponents a & b depend upon the mechanical property of the
work piece material. From the above expression cutting speed V will decrease if f
& t will increase.

TOOL GEOMETERY: Many geometrical parameters (tool angles) of a cutting tool
influence its performance and life.
For, the RAKE ANGLE, if it is increased in a positive direction the cutting force and the
amount of heat generated is reduced. Obviously, this should help increase the life of
cutting tool. But, if it is very large the cutting edge is weakened and also its capacity to
conduct heat is reduced .Thus for a large no. of increase in rake angle reduction in
mechanical strength of tool & hence reduces tool life.
For RELIEF ANGLES or CLEARANCE ANGLE as they help to prevent rubbing of tool
flank against the machined work surface. As they help in lowering the amount of heat
generated and, therefore, increasing in tool life.
For CUTTING EDGE ANGLES ,the FRONT OR END CUTTING EDGE ANGLES
effects the tool wear up to certain optimum value an increase in this angle permits the use
of higher speeds without an adverse effect on tool life but after this it reduce the tool life
gradually and a larger angle increase the tool life.

TOOL MATERIAL: Tool life also depends upon the nature of tool material .We
therefore conclude that the higher the hot hardness and toughness in the tool material the
longer the tool life.

WORK MATERIAL: The microstructure of the work material plays a significant role
because it directly affects the hardness of the work material. The increase in cutting
temperature and power consumption vary directly as the hardness of work piece material,
so higher the hardness of the work piece greater will be the tool wear and so shorter will
be the tool life. Adverse effects on tool life are also experienced in machining of the pure
metals because of the tendency to stick to the tool face, especially at higher temp. This
results in more friction and a high amount of wear on the tool and therefore shorter tool
life.

NATURE OF CUTTING: Tool life is also affected by nature of cutting, i.e., whether it
is continuous or intermittent. In the latter case the tool is subjected to repeated impact
loading and may give way much earlier than expected until it is made substantially strong
and tough .In continuous cutting m a similar tool will have a relatively longer life.

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