IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS, VOL. 7, NO.

2, APRIL 2010
Manuscript rci!" #u$% 27, 200&' r!is" Spt()r 1*, 200&. Dat +,
pu)$icati+n N+!()r 17, 200&' "at +, currnt !rsi+n Apri$ 1-, 2010.
.
Sat$$it I(a. C+ntrast En/anc(nt
0sin. Discrt 1a!$t Trans,+r( an"
Sin.u$ar Va$u Dc+(p+siti+n
AbstractIn this letter, a new satellite image contrast enhance-
ment technique based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
and singular value decomposition has been proposed The tech-
nique decomposes the input image into the four frequenc! sub-
bands b! using DWT and estimates the singular value matri" of
the low#low subband image, and, then, it reconstructs the en-
hanced image b! appl!ing inverse DWT The technique is com-
pared with conventional image equali$ation techniques such as
standard general histogram equali$ation and local histogram
equali$ation, as well as state-of-the-art techniques such as bright-
ness preserving d!namic histogram equali$ation and singular
value equali$ation The e"perimental results show the superiorit!
of the proposed method over conventional and state-of-the-art
techniques
Index TermsDiscrete wavelet transform, image equali$ation,
satellite image contrast enhancement
I. INTROD0CTION
ATELLITE i(a.s ar us" in (an% app$icati+ns suc/ as
.+scincs stu"is, astr+n+(%, an" .+.rap/ica$ in,+r2
(ati+n s%st(s. On +, t/ (+st i(p+rtant 3ua$it% ,act+rs in
sat$$it i(a.s c+(s ,r+( its c+ntrast. C+ntrast n/anc(nt
is ,r3unt$% r,rr" t+ as +n +, t/ (+st i(p+rtant issus in
i(a. pr+cssin.. C+ntrast is crat" )% t/ "i,,rnc in
$u(inanc r,$ct" ,r+( t4+ a"5acnt sur,acs. In !isua$
prcpti+n, c+ntrast is "tr(in" )% t/ "i,,rnc in t/ c+$+r
an" )ri./tnss +, an +)5ct 4it/ +t/r +)5cts. Our !isua$
s%st( is (+r snsiti! t+ c+ntrast t/an a)s+$ut $u(inanc'
t/r,+r, 4 can prci! t/ 4+r$" si(i$ar$% r.ar"$ss +, t/
c+nsi"ra)$ c/an.s in i$$u(inati+n c+n"iti+ns.
%
I, t/ c+ntrast +, an i(a. is /i./$% c+ncntrat" +n a
spci,ic ran., t/ in,+r(ati+n (a% ) $+st in t/+s aras 4/ic/
ar 6cssi!$% an" uni,+r($% c+ncntrat". T/ pr+)$( is t+
+pti(i7 t/ c+ntrast +, an i(a. in +r"r t+ rprsnt a$$
t/ in,+r(ati+n in t/ input i(a.. T/r /a! )n s!ra$
tc/ni3us t+ +!rc+( t/is issu 819:8-9, suc/ as .nra$
/ist+.ra( 3ua$i7ati+n ;G<E= an" $+ca$ /ist+.ra( 3ua$i7ati+n
;L<E=. In t/is $ttr, 4 ar c+(parin. +ur rsu$ts 4it/ t4+
stat2+,2t/2art tc/ni3us, na($%, )ri./tnss prsr!in. "%2
na(ic /ist+.ra( 3ua$i7ati+n ;>PD<E= 8?9 an" +ur pr!i+us$%
intr+"uc" sin.u$ar !a$u 3ua$i7ati+n ;SVE= 8@9.
In (an% i(a. pr+cssin. app$icati+ns, t/ G<E tc/ni3u
is +n +, t/ si(p$st an" (+st ,,cti! pri(iti!s ,+r c+n2
trast n/anc(nt 879, 4/ic/ att(pts t+ pr+"uc an +utput
/ist+.ra( t/at is uni,+r( 8*9. On +, t/ "isa"!anta.s +, G<E
is t/at t/ in,+r(ati+n $ai" +n t/ /ist+.ra( +r pr+)a)i$it% "is2
tri)uti+n ,uncti+n ;PDA= +, t/ i(a. 4i$$ ) $+st. D(ir$ an"
An)ar5a,ari 8&9 s/+4" t/at t/ PDA +, ,ac i(a.s can ) us"
,+r ,ac rc+.niti+n' /nc, prsr!in. t/ s/ap +, t/ PDA +,
an i(a. is +, !ita$ i(p+rtanc. Tc/ni3us suc/ as >PD<E +r
SVE ar prsr!in. t/ .nra$ pattrn +, t/ PDA +, an i(a..
>PD<E is +)tain" ,r+( "%na(ic /ist+.ra( spci,icati+n 8109
4/ic/ .nrats t/ spci,i" /ist+.ra( "%na(ica$$% ,r+( t/
input i(a..
T/ sin.u$ar2!a$u2)as" i(a. 3ua$i7ati+n ;SVE= tc/2
ni3u 8@9, 8&9 is )as" +n 3ua$i7in. t/ sin.u$ar !a$u (atri6
+)tain" )% sin.u$ar !a$u "c+(p+siti+n ;SVD=. SVD +, an
i(a., 4/ic/ can ) intrprt" as a (atri6, is 4rittn as
,+$$+4sB
A = UA'EAV
4/r UA an" VA ar +rt/+.+na$ s3uar (atrics Cn+4n as
/an.r an" a$i.nr, rspcti!$%, an" t/ SA (atri6 c+ntains
t/ s+rt" sin.u$ar !a$us +n its (ain "ia.+na$. T/ i"a +,
usin. SVD ,+r i(a. 3ua$i7ati+n c+(s ,r+( t/is ,act t/at D0
c+ntains t/ intnsit% in,+r(ati+n +, a .i!n i(a. 8119.
In +ur ar$ir 4+rC 8@9, 8&9, SVD 4as us" t+ "a$ 4it/ an
i$$u(inati+n pr+)$(. T/ (t/+" uss t/ rati+ +, t/ $ar.st
sin.u$ar !a$u +, t/ .nrat" n+r(a$i7" (atri6, 4it/ (an
7r+ an" !arianc +, +n, +!r a n+r(a$i7" i(a. 4/ic/ can
) ca$cu$at" acc+r"in. t+
I$$ciD EE7V;;0F0,!arF$=)
(a6;S#-=
4/r ^N(n=o,vai=i) is t/ sin.u$ar !a$u (atri6 +, t/ s%n2
t/tic intnsit% (atri6. T/is c+,,icint can ) us" t+ r.nr2
at an 3ua$i7" i(a. usin.
E3ua$i7"A ^A\^,^A )^A
;1=
;2=
h
;G=
.
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS, VOL. 7, NO. 2, APRIL 2010
4/r H3uaii7"A is rprsntin. t/ 3ua$i7" i(a. A. T/is
tasC is $i(inatin. t/ i$$u(inati+n pr+)$(.
N+4a"a%s, 4a!$ts /a! )n us" 3uit ,r3unt$% in i(2
a. pr+cssin.. T/% /a! )n us" ,+r ,atur 6tracti+n 8129,
"n+isin. 81G9, c+(prssi+n 81-9, ,ac rc+.niti+n 81?9, an"
sat$$it i(a. supr2rs+$uti+n 81@9. T/ "c+(p+siti+n +, i(2
a.s int+ "i,,rnt ,r3unc% ran.s pr(its t/ is+$ati+n +, t/
,r3unc% c+(p+nnts intr+"uc" )% Iintrinsic ",+r(ati+nsJ
+r I6trinsic ,act+rsJ int+ crtain su))an"s 8179. T/is pr+css
rsu$ts in is+$atin. s(a$$ c/an.s in an i(a. (ain$% in /i./2
,r3unc% su))an" i(a.s. <nc, "iscrt 4a!$t trans,+r(
;D1T= is a suita)$ t++$ t+ ) us" ,+r "si.nin. a p+s2
in!ariant ,ac rc+.niti+n s%st(. T/ 22D 4a!$t "c+(p+si2
ti+n +, an i(a. is pr,+r(" )% app$%in. 12D D1T a$+n. t/
r+4s +, t/ i(a. ,irst, an", t/n, t/ rsu$ts ar "c+(p+s"
a$+n. t/ c+$u(ns. T/is +prati+n rsu$ts in ,+ur "c+(p+s"
su))an" i(a.s r,rr" t+ as $+42$+4 ;LL=, $+42/i./ ;L<=,
/i./2$+4 ;<L=, an" /i./2/i./ ;<<=. T/ ,r3unc% c+(p+2
nnts +, t/+s su))an" i(a.s c+!r t/ ,r3unc% c+(p+nnts
+, t/ +ri.ina$ i(a..
In t/is $ttr, 4 /a! pr+p+s" a n4 (t/+" ,+r sat$$it
i(a. 3ua$i7ati+n 4/ic/ is an 6tnsi+n +, SVE, an" it is
)as" +n t/ SVD +, an LL su))an" i(a. +)tain" )% D1T.
D1T is us" t+ sparat t/ input $+42c+ntrast sat$$it i(a.
int+ "i,,rnt ,r3unc% su))an"s, 4/r t/ LL su))an"
c+ncntrats t/ i$$u(inati+n in,+r(ati+n. T/at is 4/% +n$%
t/ LL su))an" .+s t/r+u./ t/ SVE pr+css, 4/ic/
prsr!s t/ /i./2,r3unc% c+(p+nnts ;i.., ".s=. <nc,
a,tr in!rs D1T ;ID1T=, t/ rsu$tant i(a. 4i$$ ) s/arpr
4it/ .++" c+ntrast. In t/is $ttr, t/ pr+p+s" (t/+" /as
)n c+(par" 4it/ t/ c+n!nti+na$ G<E tc/ni3u as 4$$
as L<E an" s+( stat2+,2t/2art tc/ni3us suc/ as >PD<E
an" SVE. T/ rsu$ts in"icat t/ supri+rit% +, t/ pr+p+s"
(t/+" +!r t/ a,+r(nti+n" (t/+"s.
II. PROPOSED IMAGE CONTRAST EN<ANCEMENT
T/r ar t4+ si.ni,icant parts +, t/ pr+p+s" (t/+". T/
,irst +n is t/ us +, SVD. As it 4as (nti+n", t/ sin.u$ar
!a$u (atri6 +)tain" )% SVD c+ntains t/ i$$u(inati+n
in,+r(ati+n. T/r,+r, c/an.in. t/ sin.u$ar !a$us 4i$$
"irct$% a,,ct t/ i$$u(inati+n +, t/ i(a.' /nc, t/ +t/r
in,+r(ati+n in t/ i(a. 4i$$ n+t ) c/an.". T/ sc+n"
i(p+rtant aspct +, t/is 4+rC is t/ app$icati+n +, D1T. As it
4as (nti+n" in Scti+n I, t/ i$$u(inati+n in,+r(ati+n is
()""" in t/ LL su))an". T/ ".s ar c+ncntrat" in
t/ +t/r su))an"s ;i.., L<, <L, an" <<=. <nc, sparatin.
t/ /i./2,r3unc% su))an"s an" app$%in. t/ i$$u(inati+n
n/anc(nt in t/ LL su))an" +n$% 4i$$ pr+tct t/ ".
in,+r(ati+n ,r+( p+ssi)$ ".ra"ati+n. A,tr rc+nstructin.
t/ ,ina$ i(a. )% usin. ID1T, t/ rsu$tant i(a. 4i$$ n+t
+n$% ) n/anc" 4it/ rspct t+ i$$u(inati+n )ut a$s+ 4i$$ )
s/arpr.
T/ .nra$ pr+c"ur +, t/ pr+p+s" tc/ni3u is as ,+$2
$+4s. T/ input i(a. A is ,irst pr+css" )% usin. G<E t+
.nrat A. T/n, )+t/ +, t/s i(a.s ar trans,+r(" )%
D1T int+ ,+ur su))an" i(a.s. T/ c+rrcti+n c+,,icint ,+r
Ai.. 1. Dtai$" stps +, t/ pr+p+s" 3ua$i7ati+n tc/ni3u.
t/ sin.u$ar !a$u (atri6 is ca$cu$at" )% usin. t/ ,+$$+4in.
3uati+nB
(a6;EL5L =
CK22222227EK
------------;-=
(a6 (TILLA)
4/r ^LLA is t/ LL sin.u$ar !a$u (atri6 +, t/ input i(a.
an" T*LL . is t/ LL sin.u$ar !a$u (atri6 +, t/ +utput +, t/
G<E. T/ n4 LL i(a. is c+(p+s" )%
N+4, t/ LLA, LHA, HLA, an" HHA su))an" i(a.s +, t/
+ri.ina$ i(a. ar rc+()in" )% app$%in. ID1T t+ .nrat
t/ rsu$tant 3ua$i7" i(a. A
A F ID1T;LLE,LHA,HLA,HHA)-
;@=
In t/is $ttr, 4 /a! us" t/ ").&L7 4a!$t ,uncti+n as t/
(+t/r ,uncti+n +, t/ D1T. In t/ ,+$$+4in. scti+n, t/
6pri(nta$ rsu$ts an" t/ c+(paris+n +, t/ a,+r(nti+n"
c+n!nti+na$ an" stat2+,2t/2art tc/ni3us ar "iscuss".
Ai.. 2. ;a= Ori.ina$ $+42c+ntrast i(a.s ,r+( t/ Antarctic Mt+r+$+.ica$ Rsarc/ Cntr. E3ua$i7" i(a. )% usin. ;)= G<E, ;c= L<E, ;"= SVE, ;=
>PD<E, an" ;,= t/ pr+p+s" tc/ni3u.
Ai.. G. ;a= Ori.ina$ $+42c+ntrast i(a. ,r+( Sat$$it I(a.in. C+rp+rati+n. E3ua$i7" i(a. )% usin. ;)= G<E, ;c= L<E, ;"= SVE, ;= >PD<E, an" ;,=
t/ pr+p+s" tc/ni3u.
Ai.. 1 s/+4s a$$ t/ stps +, t/ pr+p+s" i(a. 3ua$i7ati+n
tc/ni3u.
III. EDPERIMENTAL RES0LTS AND DISC0SSIONS
Ai.s. 2;a=, G;a=, an" -;a= s/+4 t/ $+42c+ntrast i(a.s taCn
,r+( s!ra$ ar+spac an" .+scincs rs+urcs (nti+n"
in t/ acCn+4$".(nt scti+n. T/s i(a.s /a! )n 3ua$2
i7" )% usin. G<E 8Ai.s. 2;)=, G;)=, an" -;)=9, SVE 8Ai.s. 2;c=,
G;c=, an" -;c=9, >PD<E 8Ai.s. 2;"=, G;"=, an" -;"=9, L<E
8Ai.s. 2;=, G;=, an" -;=9, an" t/ pr+p+s" 3ua$i7ati+n tc/2
ni3u 8Ai.s. 2;,=, G;,=, an" -;,=9. T/ 3ua$it% +, t/ !isua$ rsu$ts
in"icats t/at t/ pr+p+s" 3ua$i7ati+n tc/ni3u is s/arpr
an" )ri./tr t/an t/ +n ac/i!" )% >PD<E, SVE, G<E, an"
L<E. T/ rsu$tant i(a. .nrat" )% >PD<E is c+(para)$
4it/ t/ i(a. ac/i!" )% t/ pr+p+s" (t/+". E6pri(nts
.
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS, VOL. 7, NO. 2, APRIL 2010
Ai.. -. ;a= Ori.ina$ $+42c+ntrast i(a.s ,r+( t/ Antarctic Mt+r+$+.ica$ Rsarc/ Cntr. E3ua$i7" i(a. )% usin. ;)= G<E, ;c= L<E, ;"= SVE, ;= >PD<E,
an" ;,= t/ pr+p+s" tc/ni3u.
Ai.. ?. Esti(at" Gaussian "istri)uti+n ,+r Ai.. -;a=:;=, rspcti!$%.
/a! )n pr,+r(" +n +!r 100 ran"+($% s$ct" i(a.s ,r+( !ari+us s+urcs 4/ic/ c+n,ir(" t/ 3ua$itati! rsu$ts.
In +r"r t+ supp+rt t/ 3ua$itati! c+nc$usi+ns +n t/ supri+rit% +, t/ pr+p+s" (t/+", a 3uantitati! ana$%sis is r3uir".
<+4!r, 4/n t/ .r+un" trut/ t/at rprsnts t/ +ri.ina$ i(a. is (issin., a 3uantitati! rr+r ana$%sis +n t/ n/anc"
i(a. is n+t p+ssi)$. In an att(pt t+ sti(at t/ 3uantitati! pr,+r(anc, 4 pr+p+s t+ ana$%7 t/ sti(at" Gaussian
"istri)uti+n +, t/ n/anc" i(a.s 4/ic/ ar (+"$" )% usin. t/ ca$cu$at" (an ;= an" stan"ar" "!iati+n ;= +, t/
+utput i(a.s. An% pi6$ +, an i(a. can ) c+nsi"r" as a ran"+( !aria)$ 4it/ a "istri)uti+n ,uncti+n. Acc+r"in. t+ t/
cntra$ $i(it t/+r(, t/ su( +, a s3unc +, ran"+( !aria)$s tn"s t+ /a! a Gaussian "istri)uti+n 81*9. In $in +, t/is
assu(pti+n, Ai.. ? s/+4s t/ Gaussian "istri)uti+ns +, t/ i(a.s us" in Ai.. -. It is c$ar ,r+( t/s "istri)uti+ns t/at
.
t/ sti(at" Gaussian ,uncti+ns +, t/ G<E an" t/ pr+p+s"
(t/+" /a! (ans 4/ic/ ar c$+s t+ t/ i"a$ (an ,+r t/
.ra% $!$ ran. 8Ai.. ?;)= an" ;,= 4it/ F 127.1& an" 117.1&,
rspcti!$%9. <+4!r, t/ sti(at" Gaussian "istri)uti+n +,
t/ pr+p+s" (t/+" c+!rs a 4i"r .ra% $!$ ran. 8Ai.. ?;,=9'
t/at is 4/% it /as )ttr i$$u(inati+n. T/us, t/is ana$%sis
supp+rts t/ 3ua$itati! +)sr!ati+n t/at t/ pr+p+s" (t/+"
+!rpr,+r(s t/ c+n!nti+na$ an" stat2+,2t/2art tc/ni3us.
IV. CONCL0SION
In t/is $ttr, a n4 sat$$it i(a. c+ntrast n/anc(nt
tc/ni3u )as" +n D1T an" SVD 4as pr+p+s". T/ pr+2
p+s" tc/ni3u "c+(p+s" t/ input i(a. int+ t/ D1T
su))an"s, an", a,tr up"atin. t/ sin.u$ar !a$u (atri6 +, t/
LL su))an", it rc+nstruct" t/ i(a. )% usin. ID1T. T/
tc/ni3u 4as c+(par" 4it/ t/ G<E, L<E, >PD<E, an"
SVE tc/ni3us. T/ !isua$ rsu$ts +n t/ ,ina$ i(a. 3ua$it%
s/+4 t/ supri+rit% +, t/ pr+p+s" (t/+" +!r t/ c+n!n2
ti+na$ an" t/ stat2+,2t/2art tc/ni3us. T/ aut/+rs 4+u$"
$iC t+ t/anC <. I)ra/i( an" N. S. P. M+n. ,r+( t/ Sc/++$ +,
E$ctrica$ an" E$ctr+nic En.inrin., 0ni!rsit% Sains
Ma$a%sia, ,+r pr+!i"in. t/ 3ua$i7" +utput i(a.s +, t/
>PD<E tc/ni3u an" a$s+ Sat$$it I(a.in. C+rp+rati+n, Au2
t+(atic 1at/r Stati+ns Pr+5ct, an" Antarctic Mt+r+$+.ica$
Rsarc/ Cntr ,+r pr+!i"in. t/ sat$$it i(a.s ,+r rsarc/
purp+ss.
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