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Example Owed From 1 10

The document provides a worked example using the Frobenius method to find the Frobenius series solution up to order xr+4 of the differential equation 2x2y" + 3xy' -(x2+1)y = 0. It is found that there are two possible values for r, the root of the indicial equation: r = -1 or r = 1/2. This leads to two Frobenius series solutions of the form y1(x) = x1/2(1 + x2/14 + x4/616 + ...) and y2(x) = x-1(1 + x2/2 + x4/40 + ...). Therefore, the general Fro

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37 views2 pages

Example Owed From 1 10

The document provides a worked example using the Frobenius method to find the Frobenius series solution up to order xr+4 of the differential equation 2x2y" + 3xy' -(x2+1)y = 0. It is found that there are two possible values for r, the root of the indicial equation: r = -1 or r = 1/2. This leads to two Frobenius series solutions of the form y1(x) = x1/2(1 + x2/14 + x4/616 + ...) and y2(x) = x-1(1 + x2/2 + x4/40 + ...). Therefore, the general Fro

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Christina Hill
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Worked Example Using the Frobenius Method

ME 565, Winter 2014


January 13, 2014
Example Find the Frobenius series solution (up to order x
r+4
) of
2x
2
y

+ 3xy

(x
2
+ 1)y = 0. (1)
First, we will seek solutions taking the form
y(x) =

n=0
b
n
x
n+r
.
Substituting this into (1), we nd that
0 = 2

n=0
(n + r)(n + r 1)b
n
x
n+r
+ 3

n=0
(n + r)b
n
x
n+r

n=0
b
n
x
n+r+2

n=0
b
n
x
n+r
=

n=0
[2(n + r)(n + r 1) + 3(n + r) 1]b
n
x
n+r

m=2
b
m2
x
m+r
.
Assuming b
0
= 0For n = 0 and n = 1, we nd that
0 = (2r
2
+ r 1)b
0
, (2)
0 = (2r
2
+ 5r + 2)b
1
. (3)
From (2)which is essentially the indicial equationit follows that r = 1 or r = 1/2. We
are in Case 1 from class, in which there are distinct roots of the indicial equation that do
not dier by an integer. Plugging r = 1 and r = 1/2 into (3), it follows that b
1
= 0.
Furthermore, the following recurrence relation holds
[2(n + r)(n + r 1) + 3(n + r) 1]b
n
b
n2
= 0, for n 2,
which is equivalent to the relation
b
n
=
b
n2
2(n + r)
2
+ (n + r) 1
, for n 2.
It follows that b
2m+1
= 0 for all m 0, and
b
2m
= b
0
m

k=1
1
2(2k + r)
2
+ (2k + r) 1
for all m 1.
Explicitly, for r = 1/2 we have found that b
2m+1
= 0 and
b
2m
= b
0
m

k=1
1
2k(4k + 3)
=
b
0
2
m
m!

k=1
1
4k + 3

.
Therefore, one Frobenius series solution is given by
y
1
(x) = x
1/2

m=0
x
2m
2
m
m!

k=1
1
4k + 3

= x
1/2

1 +
x
2
14
+
x
4
616
+

. (4)
For r = 1 we have found that b
2m+1
= 0 and
b
2m
= b
0
m

k=1
1
2k(4k 3)
=
b
0
2
m
m!

k=1
1
4k 3

.
Hence another Frobenius series solution is given by
y
2
(x) = x
1

m=0
x
2m
2
m
m!

k=1
1
4k 3

= x
1

1 +
x
2
2
+
x
4
40
+

. (5)
Remark In both of the above expressions, we take advantage of the convention that empty
products are 1, in a similar way that you may have seen in which empty sums are 0. In
the current context, we use the following convention
0

k=1

k
= 1,
for any sequence {
k
}, since the set of k 1 which also satisfy k 0 is empty.
By (4) and (5), it is a simple matter to write the general Frobenius series solution up to
order x
r+4
as
y(x) = Ax
1/2

1 +
x
2
14
+
x
4
616
+

+ Bx
1

1 +
x
2
2
+
x
4
40
+

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