Chapter.4 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF A D.C.

MACHINE

The different parts of the dc machine magnetic circuit / pole are yoke, pole, air gap, armature
teeth and armature core. Therefore, the ampere
magnetic circuit is the sum of the ampere
That is,

AT / pole = AT
y
+ AT
p
+ AT
g








Magnetic circuit of a 4 pole DC machine

Note:
1. Leakage factor or Leakage coefficient LC.
All the flux produced by the pole
of the flux produced by the pole will be leaking away from the air gap. The flux that passes
through the air gap and cut by the armature conductors is the useful flux
leaks away from the desired path is the leakage flux

Thus

As leakage flux is generally around (15 to 25) % of
1. Yoke, 2. Pole, 3. Air gap, 4. Armature teeth, 5. Armature core, 6. Leakage flux
ab: Mean length of the flux path corresponding to one pole
GNA: Geometrical neutral axis
Chapter.4 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF A D.C. MACHINE
The different parts of the dc machine magnetic circuit / pole are yoke, pole, air gap, armature
teeth and armature core. Therefore, the ampere-turns /pole to establish the required flux in the
magnetic circuit is the sum of the ampere-turns required for different parts mentioned above.
g
+ AT
t
+ AT
c


Magnetic circuit of a 4 pole DC machine

Leakage factor or Leakage coefficient LC.
All the flux produced by the pole
p
will not pass through the desired path i.e., air gap. Some
of the flux produced by the pole will be leaking away from the air gap. The flux that passes
through the air gap and cut by the armature conductors is the useful flux
leaks away from the desired path is the leakage flux
1
.
As leakage flux is generally around (15 to 25) % of ,
Yoke, 2. Pole, 3. Air gap, 4. Armature teeth, 5. Armature core, 6. Leakage flux
ab: Mean length of the flux path corresponding to one pole
l axis
1
Chapter.4 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF A D.C. MACHINE
The different parts of the dc machine magnetic circuit / pole are yoke, pole, air gap, armature
turns /pole to establish the required flux in the
fferent parts mentioned above.
will not pass through the desired path i.e., air gap. Some
of the flux produced by the pole will be leaking away from the air gap. The flux that passes
and that flux that
Yoke, 2. Pole, 3. Air gap, 4. Armature teeth, 5. Armature core, 6. Leakage flux


p
= + (0.15 to 0.25)
= LC x
where LC is the Leakage factor or Leakage coefficient and lies between (1.15 to 1.25).

2. Magnitude of flux in different parts of the magnetic circuit
a) Flux in the yoke
b) Flux in the pole
c) Flux in the air gap =
d) Flux in the armature teeth =
e) Flux in the armature core =

3. Reluctance of the air gap
Reluctance of the air gap S =


where
l
g
= Length of air gap
= Width (pole arc) over which the flux is passing in the air gap
L = Axial length of the armature core
L = Air gap area / pole over which the flux is passing in the air gap

Because of the chamfering of the pole, the length of a
center of the pole to
'
g
l >l
g

calculation of air gap reluctance is neither l
.The length of air gap at the tips is generally 1.5 to 2 times the air gap length under the center
of the pole.

Because of the fringing of flux, the width over which the flux passes through
but it is more than that.
where LC is the Leakage factor or Leakage coefficient and lies between (1.15 to 1.25).
Magnitude of flux in different parts of the magnetic circuit
Flux in the yoke
y
= ( LC) /2
Flux in the pole
p
= LC
Flux in the air gap =
Flux in the armature teeth =
Flux in the armature core = / 2
Reluctance of the air gap
Reluctance of the air gap S =
l
l g
=
a ( L)
r
0 0
as
r
=1.0 for air gap

= Width (pole arc) over which the flux is passing in the air gap
L = Axial length of the armature core
L = Air gap area / pole over which the flux is passing in the air gap
Because of the chamfering of the pole, the length of air gap under the pole varies from l
at the pole tip. The length of air gap to be considered for the
calculation of air gap reluctance is neither l
g
nor
'
g
l , but has to be a value in between l
.The length of air gap at the tips is generally 1.5 to 2 times the air gap length under the center
Because of the fringing of flux, the width over which the flux passes through

2
where LC is the Leakage factor or Leakage coefficient and lies between (1.15 to 1.25).
=1.0 for air gap
L = Air gap area / pole over which the flux is passing in the air gap
ir gap under the pole varies from l
g
at the
at the pole tip. The length of air gap to be considered for the
, but has to be a value in between l
g
and
'
g
l
.The length of air gap at the tips is generally 1.5 to 2 times the air gap length under the center
Because of the fringing of flux, the width over which the flux passes through the air gap is not



The effect of variation in air gap length and fringing of flux can be ignored as the former
appears in the numerator and the latter in the denominator of the expression for the
reluctance.
While calculating the reluctance of the air gap, effect of the presence of slots and ducts on the
armature must also be considered.

Effect of slots on the reluctance of the air gap

Consider a smooth surface armature (SSA) i.e. having no slots and
reluctance of the air gap in the presence of smooth surface armature

l
g
S = ------- (1)
SSA
L
0
S

Over the same slot pitch consider a slot and tooth. Because of the crowding effect, the flux
instead passing only over the tooth width b
width over which the flux is passing is equal to (b
fringing coefficient for slots. It is less than 1.0 and depends on the ratio of slot opening to air
gap length and can be obtained from the Carters fringing coefficient curve.

The reluctance of the air gap in the presence of armat
l
g
S = ------- (2)
AWS
(b + b ) L
s s
t 0

Dividing 2 by 1,

g t s s 0
AWS
SSA g s 0
l (b b ) L
S

S l / L
/ +
=


The effect of variation in air gap length and fringing of flux can be ignored as the former
appears in the numerator and the latter in the denominator of the expression for the
While calculating the reluctance of the air gap, effect of the presence of slots and ducts on the
armature must also be considered.
Effect of slots on the reluctance of the air gap
Consider a smooth surface armature (SSA) i.e. having no slots and ducts. Over a slot pitch
reluctance of the air gap in the presence of smooth surface armature
S = ------- (1)

Over the same slot pitch consider a slot and tooth. Because of the crowding effect, the flux
passing only over the tooth width b
t
, passes over some portion of the slot also. Thus the
width over which the flux is passing is equal to (b
t
+ b
s

s
) where
s
is called the Carters
fringing coefficient for slots. It is less than 1.0 and depends on the ratio of slot opening to air
gap length and can be obtained from the Carters fringing coefficient curve.
The reluctance of the air gap in the presence of armat
S = ------- (2)

g t s s 0
SSA g s 0
l (b b ) L

+


3
The effect of variation in air gap length and fringing of flux can be ignored as the former
appears in the numerator and the latter in the denominator of the expression for the
While calculating the reluctance of the air gap, effect of the presence of slots and ducts on the
ducts. Over a slot pitch
s
,

Over the same slot pitch consider a slot and tooth. Because of the crowding effect, the flux
, passes over some portion of the slot also. Thus the
is called the Carters
fringing coefficient for slots. It is less than 1.0 and depends on the ratio of slot opening to air

The reluctance of the air gap in the presence of armature with slots


s SSA
AWS
t s s
s SSA
t s s s s
S
S
(b b )
S
after adding and subtracting b
b b b b

=
+

=
+ +


s SSA
AWS gs SSA
s s s
S
S K S
- b (1 - )


= =


whereK
gs
is called the Carters gap expansion coefficient for slots and is greater than 1.0.

It is clear from the above expression that the effect of the slots is to increase the reluctance of
the air gap by a factor K
gs
as compared to the reluctance of the air g
smooth surface armature.

Effect of ventilating ducts on the reluctance of the air gap
Consider a smooth surface armature (SSA) i.e. armature having no slots and ducts. Reluctance
of the air gap, in the presence of a smooth surface

g
SSA
0
l
S =
DL
--------- (3)




Reluctance of the air gap in the presence of the armature with ducts (AWD)
g
AWD
v v v 0
l
S
D [L - n b ( l - )]
=


where
v
is the carters fringing coefficient for ducts. It is less than 1.0 and depends on the
ratio opening of the duct to air gap length and is obtained from the Carters fringing coefficient
curve.
t s s s s
after adding and subtracting b in the denominator
s
b b b b + +
AWS gs SSA
S K S = =
is called the Carters gap expansion coefficient for slots and is greater than 1.0.
It is clear from the above expression that the effect of the slots is to increase the reluctance of
as compared to the reluctance of the air gap in the presence of a
Effect of ventilating ducts on the reluctance of the air gap
Consider a smooth surface armature (SSA) i.e. armature having no slots and ducts. Reluctance
of the air gap, in the presence of a smooth surface armature
(3)

Reluctance of the air gap in the presence of the armature with ducts (AWD)
v v v 0
S
D [L - n b ( l - )]
--------- (4)
is the carters fringing coefficient for ducts. It is less than 1.0 and depends on the
ratio opening of the duct to air gap length and is obtained from the Carters fringing coefficient
4
in the denominator

is called the Carters gap expansion coefficient for slots and is greater than 1.0.
It is clear from the above expression that the effect of the slots is to increase the reluctance of
ap in the presence of a
Consider a smooth surface armature (SSA) i.e. armature having no slots and ducts. Reluctance


is the carters fringing coefficient for ducts. It is less than 1.0 and depends on the
ratio opening of the duct to air gap length and is obtained from the Carters fringing coefficient




Dividing 4 by 3,

g v v v 0
AWD
SSA g 0
l D [ L - n b (1 - ) ]
S

S l / D L
/
=

SSA
AWD gv SSA
v v v
L S
S K S
L - n b (1- )

= =

whereK
gv
is called the Carters gap expansion coefficient for ducts and is greater than 1.0.
Thus the effect of ducts is to increase the reluctance of the air gap by a factor K
to the reluctance of the air gap in the presence o

Combined effect of slots and ducts on the reluctance of the air gap

The presence of slots and ducts increases the reluctance of the air gap by factors K
respectively. Together they increase the reluctance by a factor K
expansion coefficient (or extension coefficient or contraction coefficient). Thus

s
g gs gv
s os s v v v

K K K
- b ( 1 - ) L - n b ( 1 - )

= =

where
b
os
= opening of the slot
= width of the slot b
s
for open type of slot
<b
s
for semi-closed slots
= zero for closed slots
s
or (1 -
s
) = Carters fringing coefficient for slots and depends on the ratio b
be obtained from the carters fringing coefficient curve.
v
or (1 -
v
) = Carters fringing coefficient for ducts and depends on the ratio b
be obtained from the carters fringing coefficient curve.



g v v v 0
SSA g 0
l D [ L - n b (1 - ) ]

S l / D L



AWD gv SSA
S K S = =
is called the Carters gap expansion coefficient for ducts and is greater than 1.0.
Thus the effect of ducts is to increase the reluctance of the air gap by a factor K
to the reluctance of the air gap in the presence of a smooth surface armature.
Combined effect of slots and ducts on the reluctance of the air gap
The presence of slots and ducts increases the reluctance of the air gap by factors K
respectively. Together they increase the reluctance by a factor K
g
called the Carters gap
expansion coefficient (or extension coefficient or contraction coefficient). Thus
s os s v v v
L
K K K
- b ( 1 - ) L - n b ( 1 - )
= =


for open type of slot
= Carters fringing coefficient for slots and depends on the ratio b
be obtained from the carters fringing coefficient curve.
= Carters fringing coefficient for ducts and depends on the ratio b
be obtained from the carters fringing coefficient curve.

5
is called the Carters gap expansion coefficient for ducts and is greater than 1.0.
Thus the effect of ducts is to increase the reluctance of the air gap by a factor K
gv
as compared

The presence of slots and ducts increases the reluctance of the air gap by factors K
gs
and K
gv

called the Carters gap
expansion coefficient (or extension coefficient or contraction coefficient). Thus
= Carters fringing coefficient for slots and depends on the ratio b
os
/ l
g
and can
= Carters fringing coefficient for ducts and depends on the ratio b
v
/ l
g
and can


Calculation of ampere-turns per pole for the magnetic circuit of a DC machine

The total ampere turns / pole required for the magnetic circuit of a DC machine to establish
flux ,

AT / pole = Sum of the ampere turns required to over come the reluctance of the yoke,
pole, air gap, armature teeth and armature core
= AT
y
+ AT
p
+ AT
g

a) ampere turns for the yoke / pole AT
Flux density in the yoke B
y
=
Let at
y
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the yoke material, at B
y
.








turns per pole for the magnetic circuit of a DC machine
total ampere turns / pole required for the magnetic circuit of a DC machine to establish
AT / pole = Sum of the ampere turns required to over come the reluctance of the yoke,
pole, air gap, armature teeth and armature core
g
+ AT
t
+ AT
c

ampere turns for the yoke / pole AT
y
:
=
y
LC / 2
A

tesla
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to


6
turns per pole for the magnetic circuit of a DC machine
total ampere turns / pole required for the magnetic circuit of a DC machine to establish
AT / pole = Sum of the ampere turns required to over come the reluctance of the yoke,
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to


NOTE:
L
y
= Axial length of the yoke
d
y
= Depth of the yoke
A
y
= Cross-sectional area of yoke = d
b
p
= Width of the pole
D
y
= Mean diameter of the yoke = (D + 2l

fg = Pole pitch at mean diameter of the yoke =

Mean length of the flux path in the yoke
l
y
= abc = abcde / 2
= (fg 2fb + 2ab) /2
y p y
y p
y
D 2 b 2 d
- - / 2
P 4 2
D b
- - d / 2
P 2

=



=



Total ampere-turns for the yoke / pole AT


b) ampere turns for the pole AT

Flux density in the pole B
p
=
Let at
p
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the pole material, at B
p
.


Note:
L
p
= Axial length of the pole
L
pi
= Net iron length of the pole
h
p
= Height of the pole including
pole shoe height rectangular laminated poles
L
pi
= K
i
L
p

= Axial length of the yoke D = Diameter of the armature
l
g
= Length of air gap
sectional area of yoke = d
y
L
y
h
p
= Height of the pole
= Mean diameter of the yoke = (D + 2l
g
+ 2h
p
+ d
y
)
fg = Pole pitch at mean diameter of the yoke = D
y
/ P
Mean length of the flux path in the yoke
2fb + 2ab) /2
- - / 2
- - d / 2




turns for the yoke / pole AT
y
= at
y
l
y

ampere turns for the pole AT
p
:
=
p
LC
A

tesla
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to

d
i
= Diameter of the pole
= Net iron length of the pole A
p
= Cross-sectional area of the pole
= Height of the pole including = b
p
L
pi
in case of square or
pole shoe height rectangular laminated poles
= d
2
i
/4 in case of circular poles
7
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
in case of square or



Mean length of the flux path in the pole = pole height h

Total ampere turns for the pole / pole AT

c) ampere turns for the air gap / pole AT

Since flux = mmf or AT / reluctance, ampere turns for the air gap per pole
AT
g
= x reluctance.
Though the reluctance of the air gap under a pole is
Carters gap expansion coefficient K
ducts. Therefore,

AT
g
=
l K l K B
g g g g g
=
L
4 x 1 0
0


whereB
g
is the maximum value of the flux density in the air gap along the center line of the
pole.
That is,
P
B = =
g
D L
L D L

P
a v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e f l u x d e n s i t y

f i e l d f o r m f a c t o r K a n d i s a p p r o x i m a
f

= =
=




d) ampere turns for the armature teeth / pole AT

Flux density in the armature tooth (in case of a parallel sided slot and tapered tooth) at 1/3
height from the root of the tooth

Mean length of the flux path in the pole = pole height h
p

Total ampere turns for the pole / pole AT
p
= at
p
h
p

ampere turns for the air gap / pole AT
g
:
Since flux = mmf or AT / reluctance, ampere turns for the air gap per pole
Though the reluctance of the air gap under a pole is
0
g
L
l


, it is to be multiplied by the
Carters gap expansion coefficient K
g
= K
gs
K
gv
in order to account the effect of slots and
l K l K B
g g g g g
- 7
x 1 0
= 800,000l
g
K
g
B
g
(approximately)
is the maximum value of the flux density in the air gap along the center line of the
P
D L
a v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e f l u x d e n s i t y B
a v
f i e l d f o r m f a c t o r K a n d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o p o l e e n c l o s u r e
a v
B
= =

ampere turns for the armature teeth / pole AT
t
:
Flux density in the armature tooth (in case of a parallel sided slot and tapered tooth) at 1/3
height from the root of the tooth
8
, it is to be multiplied by the
in order to account the effect of slots and
is the maximum value of the flux density in the air gap along the center line of the
t e l y e q u a l t o p o l e e n c l o s u r e

Flux density in the armature tooth (in case of a parallel sided slot and tapered tooth) at 1/3



B
t1/3
b L S/P
t 1/3 i

where b
t 1/3
= width of the tooth at 1/3
=
(D - 4 / 3 h )
S

L
i
= Net iron length of the armature core = K

Let at
t
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the armature core material, at B

Mean length of the flux path in the tooth = height of the tooth h

Total ampere turns for the armature teeth / pole AT

e) ampere turns for the armature core / pole AT
Flux density in the armature core B
Let at
c
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the armature core material, at B





Note:
d
c
= Depth of the armature core
A
c
= Cross-sectional area of the armature core = d
Mean length of the flux path in the armature core

(D - 2h - d )
PQR
t
l =
c
2 2P
=
Total ampere turns for the armature core / pole AT

Thus the total ampere-turns required
AT / pole = AT
y
+ AT
p
+ AT

= width of the tooth at 1/3 height from the root of the tooth
(D - 4 / 3 h )
t
- b
s

= Net iron length of the armature core = K
i
(L n
v
b
v
)
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
, at B
t 1/3
.
Mean length of the flux path in the tooth = height of the tooth h
t

Total ampere turns for the armature teeth / pole AT
t
= at
t
h
t

ampere turns for the armature core / pole AT
c
:
Flux density in the armature core B
c
=
/ 2

A
c
tesla
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the armature core material, at B
c
.

= Depth of the armature core
sectional area of the armature core = d
c
L
i

Mean length of the flux path in the armature core
(D - 2h - d )
c

Total ampere turns for the armature core / pole AT
c
= at
c
l
c

turns required for the magnetic circuit of the DC machine
+ AT
g
+ AT
t
+ AT
c

9
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
for the magnetic circuit of the DC machine


Methods of calculating the ampere turns for the armature teeth:

For a parallel sided slot, the tooth is tapered and therefore the flux density at each and every
section of the tooth will be different. The flux density is least at the air gap surface of the tooth
where the flux enters the tooth and maximum at the root of the tooth where the tooth section is
minimum. Since the variation of flux density in the tooth is non
iron, the calculation of ampere turns becomes difficult.
Different methods available for the calculation of AT

1. Graphical method
2. Simpsons method and
3. B
t 1/3
method

Graphical method
In this method the tooth is divided into a number of equal parts and flux density at each tooth
section is calculated. Corresponding to each flux density, At / m is obtained from the
magnetization curve. Assuming linearity between the sections considered, AT



Note:h
t
= height of the tooth or depth of the slot
b
t1
, b
t2
, b
t3
etc., are the tooth width at different sections 1, 2, 3 etc.

Flux density at section l, B
t1
=
Let the ampere turns / metre, obtained from the
Flux density at section 2, B
t2 =
Let the ampere turns / metre, obtained from the magnetization curve is H

Flux density at section 3, B
t3 =
Let the ampere turns / metre, obtained from the magnetization curve is H

Similarly let H
4
be the ampere turns / metre at B

Total ampere turns for the teeth / pole

Methods of calculating the ampere turns for the armature teeth:
For a parallel sided slot, the tooth is tapered and therefore the flux density at each and every
the tooth will be different. The flux density is least at the air gap surface of the tooth
where the flux enters the tooth and maximum at the root of the tooth where the tooth section is
minimum. Since the variation of flux density in the tooth is non-linear because of saturation of
iron, the calculation of ampere turns becomes difficult.
Different methods available for the calculation of AT
t
are

s divided into a number of equal parts and flux density at each tooth
section is calculated. Corresponding to each flux density, At / m is obtained from the
magnetization curve. Assuming linearity between the sections considered, AT

= height of the tooth or depth of the slot
etc., are the tooth width at different sections 1, 2, 3 etc.
=

b L S / P
t 1 i

Let the ampere turns / metre, obtained from the magnetization curve is H
1
or at
t2 =


b L S / P
t 2 i

Let the ampere turns / metre, obtained from the magnetization curve is H
2
or at
t3 =

b L S / P
t 3 i

the ampere turns / metre, obtained from the magnetization curve is H
3
or at
be the ampere turns / metre at B
t4
etc.
Total ampere turns for the teeth / pole
10
For a parallel sided slot, the tooth is tapered and therefore the flux density at each and every
the tooth will be different. The flux density is least at the air gap surface of the tooth
where the flux enters the tooth and maximum at the root of the tooth where the tooth section is
ear because of saturation of
s divided into a number of equal parts and flux density at each tooth
section is calculated. Corresponding to each flux density, At / m is obtained from the
magnetization curve. Assuming linearity between the sections considered, AT
t
is calculated.
or at
1
at B
t1
.
or at
2
at B
t2
.
or at
3
at B
t3
.


AT
t
=
2
H H

2 1
+

n
t
h

+

where n is the number of parts by which the tooth is divided.

Simpsons method

In this method the tooth is divided into two equal parts. The flux density at each section is
calculated and the corresponding ampere turns / metre are obtained from the magnetization
curve.



Note:b
t1
, b
t2
, b
t3
are the width of the too

Let H
1
be the AT/m corresponding to the flux density B

Let H
2
be the AT/m corresponding to the flux density B

Let H
3
be the AT/m corresponding to the flux density B

According to Simpsons rule, average ampere turns / m
H
av
=
6
1
( H
1
+ 4H
2
+ H
3
)

Total ampere turns for the armature teeth / pole AT

B
t 1/3
method

In this method, AT
t
is obtained considering the flux density at 1/3 height from the root of the
tooth.

Flux density in the tooth at 1/3 height from the root of the tooth

2
H H

3 2
+

n
t
h

+
2
H H

4 3
+

n
t
h

etc.,
where n is the number of parts by which the tooth is divided.
In this method the tooth is divided into two equal parts. The flux density at each section is
calculated and the corresponding ampere turns / metre are obtained from the magnetization

are the width of the tooth at section 1, 2 and 3
be the AT/m corresponding to the flux density B
t1
=
t1 i


b L S/P

be the AT/m corresponding to the flux density B

t2
=
t2 i


b L S/P

at section 2.
be the AT/m corresponding to the flux density B
t3
=
t3 i


b L S/P

at section 3.
According to Simpsons rule, average ampere turns / m
Total ampere turns for the armature teeth / pole AT
t
= H
av
h
t

is obtained considering the flux density at 1/3 height from the root of the
Flux density in the tooth at 1/3 height from the root of the tooth
t 1/ 3
t 1 / 3 i
B =
b L S / P
11
In this method the tooth is divided into two equal parts. The flux density at each section is
calculated and the corresponding ampere turns / metre are obtained from the magnetization
b L S/P
at section 1.
at section 2.
at section 3.
is obtained considering the flux density at 1/3 height from the root of the
t 1 / 3 i

b L S / P

Let at
t
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the armature core material, at B


Total ampere turns for the teeth / pole AT

[Note: In all the above three methods, the
words all the flux under a slot pitch is assumed to be passing through the tooth only].

Real and Apparent Flux densities

When the iron is not saturated, reluctance of the iron will be less and all the f
pitch will be passing through the tooth only. However, when the iron gets saturated, reluctance
of the iron increases considerably and the flux over the slot pitch divides itself to take both slot
and tooth paths.

Thus the flux density =

iron area of the tooth A

in the tooth, but it is an apparent flux density. The real flux density B

be equal to
f lu x i n t h e t o o t h o r i r o n p a t h
n e t i r o n a r e a o f t h e t o o t h A

density B
app
.


be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
the armature core material, at B
t 1/3
.
Total ampere turns for the teeth / pole AT
t
= at
t
h
t
.
In all the above three methods, the effect of saturation of iron is neglected. In other
words all the flux under a slot pitch is assumed to be passing through the tooth only].
Real and Apparent Flux densities
When the iron is not saturated, reluctance of the iron will be less and all the f
pitch will be passing through the tooth only. However, when the iron gets saturated, reluctance
of the iron increases considerably and the flux over the slot pitch divides itself to take both slot
s
i

iron area of the tooth A

is not the real or actual flux density

in the tooth, but it is an apparent flux density. The real flux density B
real
will, however,
i
i
f l u x i n t h e t o o t h o r i r o n p a t h
n e t i r o n a r e a o f t h e t o o t h A

and will be less than the apparent flux

12
be the ampere turns per metre, obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding to
effect of saturation of iron is neglected. In other
words all the flux under a slot pitch is assumed to be passing through the tooth only].
When the iron is not saturated, reluctance of the iron will be less and all the flux
s
over a slot
pitch will be passing through the tooth only. However, when the iron gets saturated, reluctance
of the iron increases considerably and the flux over the slot pitch divides itself to take both slot
is not the real or actual flux density
will, however,
and will be less than the apparent flux




Area of iron or tooth area over which flux is passing A
Total area over the slot pitch

s i n i n n n
app real real n
i i i i n i
+ A
B = = = + = B + x = B + B K
A A A A A A

where
n 0 r 0
B H = H =
equal to A
n
/ A
i
. The magnetizing force H is the ampere turns / metre to establish B

Therefore B
app
= B
real
+ H
0

If the slot factor K

s
= 1 + K = (1 +
Thus B
app
= B
real
+ H
0
(K
s


[Note: Since the actual value of flux passing through the slot or tooth is not known, B
and therefore the AT / m i.e. H to establish B
B
app
= B
real
+ H
0
(K
s
1) has two unknow
However the values of B
real
magnetization curve. The intersection point of the magnetization curve and the straight line
provides the values of B
real
and H.]


The co-ordinates, of the intersection point of magnetization curve and straight line provides the
values of B
real
and H.
Therefore the total ampere-turns for the armature teeth / pole AT



Area of iron or tooth area over which flux is passing A
i
= b
t
L
i

Total area over the slot pitch
s
L = area of iron A
i
+ area of non-magnetic path A
i n i n n n
app real real n
i i i i n i
+ A
B = = = + = B + x = B + B K
A A A A A A


H is the flux density in the non-magnetic path and K is a constant
. The magnetizing force H is the ampere turns / metre to establish B
K H
= 1 + K = (1 +
i
n
A
A
) =
i t
s
i
n i
L b
L

A
A A
=
+
then K = (K
s

1) and is an equation of straight line.
[Note: Since the actual value of flux passing through the slot or tooth is not known, B
and therefore the AT / m i.e. H to establish B
n
or B
real
are also not known. Hence the equation
1) has two unknowns B
real
and H. Thus the equation cannot be solved.
real
and H can be found by plotting the above equation on the
magnetization curve. The intersection point of the magnetization curve and the straight line
and H.]

ordinates, of the intersection point of magnetization curve and straight line provides the
turns for the armature teeth / pole AT
t
= H h
t
.

13
magnetic path A
n

magnetic path and K is a constant
. The magnetizing force H is the ampere turns / metre to establish B
real
or B
n
.
1).
[Note: Since the actual value of flux passing through the slot or tooth is not known, B
n
and B
real

are also not known. Hence the equation
and H. Thus the equation cannot be solved.
and H can be found by plotting the above equation on the
magnetization curve. The intersection point of the magnetization curve and the straight line
ordinates, of the intersection point of magnetization curve and straight line provides the


No-load, Magnetization or Open circuit characteristic (OCC)

Since the OCC is a plot of emf induced and AT, ampere
flux are found out by calculating AT
increases as the number of voltages considered increases.



Information that can be obtained from the open circuit characteristic is,

1) The value of critical field resistance.
2) shunt and series field ampere
3) Effect of armature reaction in conjunction with the internal characteristic.



Magnetization or Open circuit characteristic (OCC)
Since the OCC is a plot of emf induced and AT, ampere-turns for different assumed voltages or
flux are found out by calculating AT
y
,AT
p
, AT
g
, AT
t
and AT
c
. Accuracy of the curve
increases as the number of voltages considered increases.

Information that can be obtained from the open circuit characteristic is,
The value of critical field resistance.
shunt and series field ampere-turns
re reaction in conjunction with the internal characteristic.
******************

14
turns for different assumed voltages or
. Accuracy of the curve
re reaction in conjunction with the internal characteristic.