Analog Lect 24 24032012
Analog Lect 24 24032012
Analog Electronics
Switched Capacitor Filter
Lecture 24
24-03-2012
Switched Capacitor filter
Phase 1:
Capacitor C is charged to V
1
with S
1
closed, S
2
open.
Phase 2:
The charge is transferred from C to V2 via switch S
2
closed, with S
1
open.
The two switches never closed at the same time. So the switches needs
two non-overlapping clock phases as shown in Fig (b).
Assume that v1(t) and v2(t) are nearly constant during time T.
The average value of current i1(t) flowing from v1(t) into the capacitor
C is given by
V
C
(T/2) is equal to the value of V
1
(T/2) and
V
C
(0) is equal to the value of V
2
(0).
Therefore
If v1(t) and v2(t) are approximately constant over the period T, then
V
1
(0) ~ V
1
(T/2) ~ V
1
(T) ~ V
1
and V
2
(0) ~ V
2
(T/2) ~ V
2
(T) ~ V
2
( ) ( ) | |
T
V T V C
T
q T q
t dq
T
dt t i
T
i
t i
dt t i
T
i
C C
T T
av
T
av
0 2 /
) 0 ( ) 2 / (
) (
1
) (
1
T/2 t 0 time the during flows only ) ( Since
) (
1
2 /
0
1 1
1
2 /
0
1 1
1
0
1 1
= = =
s s
=
} }
}
( ) ( ) | |
T
V T V C
i
av
0 2 /
2 1
1
=
| |
fC R
V V
T
V V C
i
eq
av
1
C
T
R where
eq
2 1 2 1
1
= =
=
Switched Capacitor filter
Switched Capacitor integrator
f C
C
C
1
2
1
2
2 eq
TC
C R constant Time = = =
Switched Capacitor integrator
Switched Capacitor integrator
integrator inverting - non for
C f
integrator inverting for
C f
C f I current charging The
2
1 c
V
2
1 c
V
1 c
out
out
C j
C j
V
i
i
V
V
i
e
e
=
=
=
Second order filter using integrators
2 3 0
c
2 1 2 1
2
0
2 / 1
2 1 2 1
2 3
1
4
2
0
2
2
0
Q
1
) (
1
2k
- K re whe
2
) (
C R
BW
C C R R
C C R R
C R
R
R
s k s
K
s T
c
e
e
e
e e
e
= =
=
=
=
+ +
=
Second order filter using integrators
Second order filter using integrators
Fig. A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and its switched-capacitor counterpart.
Block diagram of IC MF10 (National Semiconductor)
IC MF10 as Low pass filter
1
2
1
3
c
100f or 50
R
R
Gain
R
R
Q
f f
c CLK
= =
=
Voltage Regulators
2. Performance measures of voltage regulators
1. Introduction
3. Voltage Regulator circuits
(i) Zener Diode Regulator
(ii) Emitter Follower Regulator
(iii) Feedback Voltage Regulator
(iv) Feedback Voltage Regulator using Op-amp
4. Short Circuit Protection
5. Foldback Current Limiting
6. Thermal Shutdown