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Maxima and Minima: X X XX X X

The document defines maximum and minimum values of functions, as well as local maxima and minima. It provides examples of finding the maximum area of geometric shapes like triangles and parallelograms using calculus. Conditions for a function to have an extreme value at a point include the derivative being equal to 0 if it exists. The document also lists properties of maxima and minima, such as between two maxima there is a minimum, and challenges the reader to find maximum/minimum values for various functions and geometric problems.

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37 views2 pages

Maxima and Minima: X X XX X X

The document defines maximum and minimum values of functions, as well as local maxima and minima. It provides examples of finding the maximum area of geometric shapes like triangles and parallelograms using calculus. Conditions for a function to have an extreme value at a point include the derivative being equal to 0 if it exists. The document also lists properties of maxima and minima, such as between two maxima there is a minimum, and challenges the reader to find maximum/minimum values for various functions and geometric problems.

Uploaded by

SreenuKatari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Maxima and Minima

MAXIMUM Let f(x) be a function with domain D R. Then, f(x) is said to attaining the maximum
value at a point a D if f(x) f (a0 for all x D.
MINIMUMLet f(x) be a function with domain D R. Then, f(x) is said to attain the minimum value at a
point a D if f(x) f(a0 for all x D.
LOCAL MAXIMUMA function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x = 0 a if there exists a
neighbourhood (a- m a+ ) of a such that
f(x) < f(a) for all x (a - , a + ), x a (or)
f(x) f(a) < 0 for all x (a - , a+ ), x a. In such a case f(a) is called the local maximum value of f(x)
at x = a.
LOCAL MINIMUMA function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x = a if there exists a
neighbourhood (a - , a+ ) of a such that
f(x) > f(a) for all x (a - , a + ), x a
(or) f(x) f(a0 > 0 for all x (a - , a + ), x a
The value of the function at x=a i.e., f(a0 is called the local minimum value of
f(x) at x = a.
NECESSARY CONDITION FOR EXTREME VALUES:
We have the following theorem which we state without proof.
THEOREMA necessary condition for f (a) to be an extreme value of a function f(x) is that f(a) = 0, in
case it exists.
ILLUSTRATION Let f(x) =
3 2
10 , 0
3sin , 0
x x x x
x x
+ + <

Investigate x = 0 for local maximum/minimum.


PROPERTIES OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA
(I) If f(x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one maxima and one minima must lie
between two equal values of x.
(II) Maxima and Minima occur alternately, that is, between two maxima there is one minimum and vice-
versa.
(III) If f(x) as x a or b and f(x) = 0 only for one value of x (say c) between a and b, then f is
necessarily the minimum and the least value.
If f(x) as x a or b, f(c) is necessarily the maximum the greatest value.
(1) The circle x
2
+y
2
=1 cuts the x-axis at P and Q. Another circle with center at Q and variable radius
intersects the first circle at R above the x-axis and the line segment PQ at S. Find the maximum area
of QSR.
(2) P is a point on the ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = whose center is O and N is the foot of the perpendicular from
O upon the tangent at P. Find the maximum area of OPN and the coordinates of P.
(3) Let A(p
2
, -p), B(q
2
, q) and C(r
2
, -r) be the vertices of the triangle ABC. A parallelogram AFDE is
drawn with D, E and F on the lines segments BC, CA and AB respectively. Using calculus show that
the maximum area of such a parallelogram is
1
4
(p+q) (q+r) (p-r)

(4) (at
1
2
, 2at
i
); i=1, 2, 3 are the vertices of a triangle inscribed in the parabola y
2
= 4ax. A parallelogram
AFDE is drawn with D, E, F on the line segments BC, CA and AB respectively. Show that the
maximum area of such a parallelogram is
2
1 2 2 3 1 3
( ) ( )( ).
2
a
t t t t t t
(8) From a fixed point P on the circumference of a circle of radius a, the perpendicular PM is let fall on
the tangent at point Q. Prove that the maximum area of PQM is
2
3 3
8
a
.
(9) Find the values of p for which f(x) = x
3
+ 6(p-3)x
2
+3(p
2
-4)x+10 has positive point of maximum.
(10) Find the condition that f(x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c has
(i) a local minimum at a certain x R
+
(ii) a local maximum at a certain x R
-
(iii) a local maximum at certain x R
-
and minimum at certain x R
+
.
(11) If f(x) = cos
3
x + cos
2
x, x (0, ). Find the range of so that f(x) has exactly one maximum and
exactly one minimum.

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