1

VECTORS

Introduction to the basic concepts of Vectors (Week 1)











Write down all the vectors as shown in each of the following diagrams.
(1)












AB y =
(2)












GH = a =

(3)










Determine the vectors that are equal in each of the following diagrams.
(1)







(2)













b

E
H
G
a

F
Q
r
s
a

q
b
AB = x =


EF = b =




x

B
A
y
Q
P
f
e
a
g

A
a
B J
I

F
E
b
c
P
Q
2

(3)










Determine the negative vectors as shown in the following diagrams.
(1)








XY = ST = CD = VW =
(2)











The negative vector of p :
p =
(3)











The negative vector of c :
c =

E
a
c
M
b
f
d
N E
e
F
G
H
A
B
D C
K L
Q
a
b
c
p
p
s
r
q
V
W
T
S
X
C
D
a
b
Y
c
x
3

Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars
State the following vectors in terms of
~
a .
(1)






(a) AB = (b) CD =

(2)






(a) EF = (b) GH =
(3)








(a) PQ = (b) RS =
(4)









(a) EF = (b) GH =
(5)








(a) AB = (b) CD =
(6)








(a) PQ = (b) RS =

In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.




















(1) AB and ________ are parallel vectors.

AB =

(2) CD and ________ are parallel vectors.

CD =

(3) EF and ________ are parallel vectors.

EF =

(4) IJ and ________ are parallel vectors.

IJ =



a
B
D C
A
b
E F
G H
d
E
H
G
F
e
D
C
B
A
A
B
C
D
K
L
J I
F
E
Q P
M
N
G
H
f
Q
P
R
S
c
R
P
S
Q
4

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.

Determine the resultant vector of two or more parallel vectors by addition and subtraction operations.
(1)
1
2
2a a a + +

7
2
a
(2)
1 1
2 3
2 x x x + +

17
6
x
(3)
3 1
2 4
5y y y + +

25
4
y
(4) 5 3 b b

2b
(5)
1
2
7 3 a a a

7
2
a
(6) 12 2 5 b b b

5b
(7)
1 1
3 2
2a b a b + + +


5 4
2 3
a b +
(8)
1
4
2 3 a b a b + + +


9
4
4a b +
(9)
1 1 1
2 5 6
4u v u v + + +


21 2
5 3
u v +
(10) 6 4 2 x y x y +


5 2 x y
(11) 4 5 2 3 u v u v +


2 2 u v +
(12) 6 8 9 2 s t s t


3 10 s t

Determine the resultant vector of two or more non-parallel vectors by addition and subtraction
operations.
(1)


(2)

(3)



(4) ABCD in the diagram is a parallelogram.

(5) PQRS in the diagram is a parallelogram.

(6) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular
Hexagon
.



(a) a b + =

(b) b c + =

(c) c d + =

(d) AB BD + =
(a) x y + =

(b) w x + =

(c) DC CB + =

(d) BC CA + =
(a) a b + =

(b) b c + =

(c) QP PT + =

(d) RT TQ + =
(a) AB AD + =

(b) BA BC + =

(c) DA DC + =

(d) CB CD + =
(a) PQ PS + =

(b) SP SR + =

(c) QP QR + =

(d) RQ RS + =
(a) AB AF + =

(b) OC OE + =

(c) FA FE + =

(d) CB CD + =
5

(7) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon.








(8) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon.



(9) KLMNOP in the diagram is a hexagon.









(10) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon.


(11) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon.







(12) ABCDEF in the diagram is a hexagon.



(13) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular hexagon with centre O.




(a) AB BC CD + +

=

(b) AC CD DE + +

=

(c) CD DA AE + +

=
(a) PQ QR RT + +

=

(b) RS ST TQ + +

=

(c) TP PR RQ + +

=
(a) PO ON NM ML + + +

=

(b) KM MN NP PL + + +

=

(c) MN NL LP PN + + +

=
(a) AD CD

=

=

(b) CB EB

=

=

(a) PS TS



(b) RQ PQ



(c) SP TP

(a) AD DC

=

=


(b) BC DC ED =


(c) CA FA EF =
(a) a b =


(b) 2 b a =


(c) b c =
(d) 2 a b =


(e) a c =


(f) 2 c b =
6

Represent Vectors as Linear Combination of other Vectors (Week 2)

Express the following vectors in terms of x and y .
(1)


ABCD is a parallelogram.

AC =


(2)


QR =

(3)



TQ =

PR =

(4)


EFGH is a parallelogram.

EG =


(5)


FG =

(6)


BC =

AD =




For each of the following diagrams, express the vector PQ in terms of x and y .

(1)














PQ =

(2)














PQ =


y
x
2x
y
P
Q
y
x
x
y
Q
P
7



(3)















PQ =


(4)















PQ =

(5)














PQ =


(6)


PQ =

(7)

PQ =

(8)

PQ =
y
x
P
Q
y
x
P
Q
x
y
P
Q
y
x
P
Q
y
x
P
Q
x
y
Q
P
8

Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i y j + or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.
Express the following vectors in the form of x i y j + or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.
(1)











(2)



(3)












(4)

(5)










(6)










(7)










(8)













B( , )


OB
| |
=
|
\ .


OB =
C( , )


OC
| |
=
|
\ .


OC =
D( , )


OD
| |
=
|
\ .


OD =
F( , )


OF
| |
=
|
\ .


OF =
G( , )


OG
| |
=
|
\ .


OG=
H( , )


OH
| |
=
|
\ .


OH =
Q( , )


OQ
| |
=
|
\ .


OQ=
R( , )


OR
| |
=
|
\ .


OR =
B
y
4
2
2 4
x
O
x
C
2 4 6
2
4
y
O
D
2 4 6
O
2
6
4
y
x
O
x
F
- 2 - 4 - 6
4
2
y
O
x
- 2 - 4 - 6
4
2
y
G
O
Q
O
x
2 4 6
y
- 2
- 4
O
x
2 4 6
- 2
- 4
y
R
O
x
- 2 - 4 - 6
4
2
y
H
9

Determine the Unit Vectors in the Direction of given Vectors.

For each of the following vectors in terms of i and j , find the magnitude and the unit vector in the
direction of the given vector.
(1) 3 4 OP i j = +

magnitude of OP

OP =



Unit vector in the direction
of OP
OP
.
=










5 ;
3 4
5 5
i j +
(2) 12 5 OW i j = +

magnitude of OW

OW =



Unit vector in the direction
of OW
OW
.
=










13 ;
5 12
13 13
i j +
(3) 9 12 AB i j =

magnitude of AB

AB =



Unit vector in the direction
of AB
AB
.
=










15 ;
3 4
5 5
i j
(4) 15 8 PQ i j =

magnitude of PQ

PQ =


Unit vector in the direction
of PQ
PQ
.
=











17 ;
15 8
17 17
i j
(5) 4 3 a i j = +

magnitude of a

a =



Unit vector in the direction
of a

a =











5 ;
3 4
5 5
i j +
(6) 7 24 b i j = +

magnitude of b

b =



Unit vector in the direction
of b

b =











25 ;
7 24
25 25
i j +
10

For each of the following vectors in the form
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
, find the magnitude and the unit vector in the
direction of the given vector.
(1) PQ
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
6
8


magnitude of PQ

PQ =




Unit vector in the direction
of PQ
PQ
.
=






10 ;
4
5
3
5
| |
|
\ .

(2) ST
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
8
15


magnitude of ST

ST =




Unit vector in the direction
of ST
ST
.
=






17 ;
15
17
8
17
| |
|

\ .

(3) ) CD
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
8
6


magnitude of CD

CD =




Unit vector in the direction
of CD
CD
.
=






10 ;
3
5
4
5
| |
|
\ .

(4) VW
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
40
9


magnitude of VW

VW =




Unit vector in the direction
of VW
VW
.
=








41 ;
9
41
40
41
| |
|

\ .

(5) u
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
9
12


magnitude of u

u =





Unit vector in the direction
of u

u =







15 ;
4
5
3
5
| |
|

\ .

(6) v
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
7
24


magnitude of v

v =





Unit vector in the direction
of v

v =







25 ;
24
25
7
25
| |
|
\ .

11


Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vectors (Week 3)

Given 2 5 a i j = + , 4 b i j = and 3 7 c i j = + , find the following vectors in terms of i and j .
(1) 2b

=







2 8 i j

(2) 3a

=







6 15 i j +

(3) 4c

=







12 28 i j +

(4)
1
2
a

=








5
2
i j +
(5) 3 a b +

=









5 7 i j

(6) 2a b +

=









5 6 i j +

(7) b c +

=









2 3 i j

(8)
1
2
b a +

=









5
2
3 i j +
(9) 3 a b

=









17 i j +

(10) 4b c

=









7 23 i j

(11) 3 2 c a

=









13 11 i j +

(12)
1
2
b a

=








13
2
j

12

Given
3
4
a
| |
=
|
\ .
,
2
5
b
| |
=
|
\ .
and
6
1
c
| |
=
|

\ .
, express the following in the form of
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.
(1) 4b

=




8
20
| |
|
\ .

(2) 2c

=




12
2
| |
|

\ .

(3)
1
2
a

=



3
2
2
| |
|
\ .

(4) 2a b +

=






4
13
| |
|
\ .

(5) 3 b c +

=






16
2
| |
|
\ .

(6) 2c a +

=






15
2
| |
|
\ .

(7) 3a b

=








11
7
| |
|
\ .

(8) 2b c

=








10
11
| |
|
\ .

(9) 2 c a

=








0
9
| |
|

\ .

(10) 3 2 c b

=








22
13
| |
|

\ .

(11) 3b a +

=








3
19
| |
|
\ .

(12) 4a c

=








6
17
| |
|
\ .





13

Write vector PQ in the form
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
and determine its magnitude. Hence, find the unit vector in the
direction of vector PQ.
(1)















8
6
| |
|

\ .
; 10 ;
4
5
3
5
| |
|

\ .

(2)















12
5
| |
|
\ .
; 13 ;
12
13
5
13
| |
|
\ .


Write vector AB in terms of i and j and find its magnitude. Hence, find the unit vector in the
direction of vector AB .
(1) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , 30) and B(3 , 6).










7 24 i j + ; 25 ;
7 24
25 25
i j +
(2) O(0 , 0) , A(5 , 2) and B(3 , 4).










8 6 i j
; 10 ;
3 4
5 5
i j

Given 3 4 a i j = + , 2 b i j = and 5 c i j = + , find in terms of i and j , the unit vector in the
direction of the vectors below.
(1) 2a b c










5 4 i j + ; 41 ;
5 4
41 41
i j +
(2) 3 2 a b c +










4 19 i j + ; 377 ;
19 4
377 377
i j +

y
x
Q(3 , 4)
P(11, 2)
O
y
x
P(5 , 4)
Q(7 , 9)
O
14


Exercise

1.

Diagram shows two vectors, OP andQO .
Express
(a) OP in the form
x
y
| |
|
\ .

(b) OQ in the form xi yj + [2marks]






(
5
3
| |
|
\ .
, -8i+4j)
2.






Use the information given to find the
values of h and k when r = 3p -2q
[3marks]
















( h = 2 , k = 13)
3.
Given that O(0,0) A(-3,4) and B(2,16), find
in terms of unit vectors, i and j ,
(a) AB
(b) the unit vector in the direction of AB
[4marks]





















(a)
|
|
.
|

\
|
12
5
(b)
|
|
.
|

\
|
12
5
13
1

4.
Given that A(-2,6), B(4,2) and C(m,p), find
the value of m and of p such that
2 10 12 AB BC i j + = [4 marks]





















m = 6 , p = 2
p = 2a +3 b
q = 4 a b
r = ha + (h-k) b, where h and k are
constants
15


5.


Diagram shows vector OA drawn on a
Cartesian plane.
(a) Express OA in the form
x
y
| |
|
\ .

(b) Find the unit vector in the direction of
OA [2marks]










(a)
|
|
.
|

\
|
5
12
(b)
|
|
.
|

\
|
5
12
13
1

6.


Diagram shows a parallelogram, OPQR,
drawn on a Cartesian plane. It is given that
6 4 OP i j = + and 4 5 PQ i j = +
Find PR [3marks]













-10i+j
7.

Diagram shows two vectors, OA and AB .
Express
(a)
x
OA in the form
y
| |
|
\ .
,
(b) AB in the form xi yj + . [2marks]






(a)
4
,
3
| |
|
\ .
(b) -4i-8j
8. The point P,Q, and R are collinear. It is given
that
4 2 3 (1 ) PQ a b and QR a k b = = + ,
where k is a constant. Find
(a) the value of k ,
(b) the ration of PQ : QR . [4 marks]

















(a)
2
5
(b) 4 : 3
16


9. The following information refers to the vectors
a and b .

2 1
,
8 4
a b
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Find
(a) the vector 2a b ,
(b) the unit vector in the direction of 2a b
[4 marks]














(a)
|
|
.
|

\
|
12
5
(b)
|
|
.
|

\
|
12
5
13
1

10.

Diagram shows a rectangle OABC and the
point D lies on the straight line OB. It is given
that OD=3DB.
Express OD , in terms of x and y . [3 marks]












y x
4
15
4
27
+
11. The vectors a and b are non-zero and non-
parallel. It is given that (h + 3) a = (k 5) b ,
where h and k are constants. Find the value of
(a) h ,
(b) k . [2 marks]




















(a) 3 (b) 5
12. Diagram below shows a triangle PQR.





The point T lies on QR such that
QT : TR = 3 : 1. Express in terms of a
and b ,
(a) QR ,
(b) PT . [4 marks]













(a) 4a 6b (b) 3a +
2
3
b



-
P
Q
R
T
6b
4a
17

PAST YEAR SPM QUESTION (Week 4)

1. Given that
5
7
AB
| |
=
|
\ .
,
2
3
Ob
| |
=
|
\ .
and
5
k
CD
| |
=
|
\ .
, find

(a) the coordinate of A [2 marks]
(b) the unit vector in the direction of OA [2marks]
(c) the value of k, if CD is parallel to AB [2marks]

[ans:( -3,-4),
3
1
4 5
| |
|

\ .
,
25
7
]


2.








[ans : -2y+6x, 3y/2 +9x/2, h(6x-2y), k(9x/2 +3y/2, k=1/3, h=1/2]



3.






[ans : -20x+32y, 25x, 104]

Diagram shows triangle OAB. The straight line AP
intersects the straight line OQ at R. It is given that
OP=
1 1
, , 6
3 4
OB AQ AB OP x and = = 2 OA y =
(a) Express in terms of x and y
(i) ( ) AP ii OQ
[4marks]

(b) (i) Given that , AR hAP = state AR in terms of h, x and y
(ii) Given that , RQ k OQ = state RQ in terms of k, x and y [2marks]
(c) Using AR and RQ from (b) , find the value of h and of k. [4marks]


Diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD. AED and EFC
are straight lines.

It is given that
1
20 , 8 , 25 24 ,
4
AB x AE y DC x y AE AD = = = =
and
3
5
EF EC =
(a) Express in terms of x and y
(i) ( ) BD ii EC [3marks]
(b) Show that the points B,F and D are collinear
[3marks]
(C) if 2 3 x and y = = , find BD [2 marks]
18


4.














5,











[(a)(i) y x BP 6 2 = (ii) y x OQ 3 4 + = (b)
5
4
5
2
, = = k h (c) 24.08 unit]










Diagram shows a trapezium ABCD.
It is given that
2
2 , 6 ,
3
AB y AD x AE AD = = = and
5
.
6
BC AD =
(a) Express , AC in terms of x and y
[2marks]
(b) Point F lies inside the trapezium ABCD such that 2 , EF mAB = and m is a
constant.
(i) Express AF , in terms of m, x and y
(ii) Hence, if the points A,F and C are collinear, find the value of m
[5marks]

[ans : 5x+2y, 4x+my, m=8/5]
Diagram shows triangle AOB. The point P lies on OA
and the point Q lies on AB. The straight line BP
intersects the straight line OQ at the point S.
It is given that
OA: OP = 4:1, AB : AQ = 2 : 1, 8 , 6 OA x OB y = =
(a) Express in terms of x and y :
(i) BP
(ii)OQ
[3marks]

(b) Using OS hOQ = and BS k BP = , where h and k are constants, find the value of h and
of k.
[5marks]
(c ) Given that 2 , x units y = =3 units and ZAOB =90

, find AB
[2marks]

19





6. In the diagram, ABCD is a quadrilateral. The diagonals BD and AC intersect at point
R. Point P lies on AD.










(c) Given that y x k DC = and AC h AR = , where h and k are constants, find the value
of h and of k.
[4 marks]

[Answer : (a)(i) y x DB 3 = (ii) y x AR + =
3
2
(b)
3
4
2
1
, = = k h ]


A
B
C
D
R
-
It is given that AD AP
3
1
= , BD BR
3
1
= , x AB =
and y AP = .
(a) Express in terms of x and y :
(i) DB
(ii) AR
[3 marks]