KRT Planing Information-Data

KSB Know-how, Volume 7
KRT Planning Information

More space for solutions.
> DN
2
+150
C
CW
C
W
C
O
C
O
C
O
C
B
A
C
Cp
2 D
i
D
i
0,75 D
i
1
Page
Contents 3
1. General Pump Selection 4
1.1 Planning parameters / design data 4
1.2 Developed head 6
1.3 NPSH value 8
1.4 Input power 10
1.5 Pumping task 11
1.6 Pump selection 13
1.6.1 Characteristic curves 13
1.6.2 Pump characteristic curve 15
1.6.3 System characteristic curve 15
1.7 Permissible pump operating limits 16
1.7.1 Operating point 16
1.7.2 Operating limits Q
min
and Q
max
16
1.7.3 Special aspects of waste water transport 17
1.8 Pump operating mode 19
1.8.1 Single-pump operation 19
1.8.2 Control by throttling 19
1.8.3 Adjusting the impeller diameter 20
1.8.4 Speed control 20
1.9 Parallel operation of pumps of identical sizes 21
1.10 Parallel operation of pumps of different sizes 22
1.11 Series operation 22
1.12 Assigning pumps to different operating ranges / conditions 23
1.13 Concept of wet-installed pumps 24
2. Configuration and Installation 27
2.1 Selecting the optimum impeller geometry 27
2.2 Matching materials to the application 29
2.3 Shaft seal 31
2.4 Rotor and bearings 33
2.5 Installation 34
3. General Description of the Motor 36
3.1 Motor sizes 37
3.2 Type of construction 37
3.3 Mode of operation 38
3.4 Enclosure 38
3.5 Type of protection and temperature classes 38
3.6 Electrical design data 38
3.7 KRT motors with frequency inverter 40
3.7.1 Selecting a frequency inverter 40
3.7.2 Explosion-proof drives 40
Contents
2
3.8 Design details of the motor 40
3.9 Cooling 41
3.10 Monitoring equipment 41
3.11 Connection and description of monitoring equipment 44
3.12 Power and control cables with cable entry 48
3.13 Power cables 49
3.14 Tefzel cable (TEHSITE) 50
3.15 Shielded rubber-sheathed cable 51
3.16 Quality assurance and test logs 52
4. Piping and Valves 53
4.1 Planning the piping 53
4.1.1 Piping 53
4.1.1.1 Dimensioning 53
4.1.1.2 Piping layout 56
4.1.1.3 Pipe fasteners / brackets 59
4.1.1.4 Wall ducts 61
4.1.1.5 Pipe materials 61
4.1.1.6 Fitting measuring devices at the pipes 62
4.2 Selecting valves 63
4.2.1 General 63
4.2.2 Selection criteria 63
4.2.2.1 Fluids handled 63
4.2.2.2 Valve design 63
4.2.2.3 Installation position and direction of flow 64
4.2.2.4 Materials 64
4.2.2.5 Nominal diameter 64
4.2.3 Table Suitability of valve types for types of waste water 65
4.2.4 Installation 66
4.2.4.1 Installation type 66
4.2.4.2 Installation position 66
4.2.4.3 Technical solutions for installing and removing valves 67
5 Structural Design 69
5.1 General 69
5.2 Screens 71
5.3 Formation of scum in waste water pumping stations 74
5.4 Installing benching in pump sumps 75
5.5 Splitters preventing submerged vortices 77
5.6 Dimensions for the pump sump and pump installation 77
5.7 Pump sumps with major pollution loads 79
5.8 The necessity of model testing 80
5.9 Test set-up 81
5.10 Assessing results 82
5.11 The significance of CFD simulation 82
Drawings and Diagrams 88
3
Introduction
This know-how brochure
has been created to assist
consultants and operators
in selecting the most suitable
submersible motor pump from
the Amarex KRT series.
It further contains detailed
advice on dimensioning and
operating these pump sets.
KSB designed these submersible
motor pumps as a safe, reliable
and energy-efficient solution for
all centrifugal pump applica-
tions in municipal and indus-
trial waste water applica tions.
One of our aims was to provide
maximum versatility by offer-
ing the pump in a multitude of
materials, with a range of
robust sensors and flexible
installation options. Specially
adapted hydraulic systems with
wide free passages achieve
optimum reliability and make
for the optimum economic
handling of diverse fluids.
Explosion-proof versions are
available for potentially
explosive atmospheres.
Protection against excessive
temperature rise in the motor
winding, absolutely water-tight
cable entries, a special shaft seal
and bearings dimensioned to
give long service lives are
features which provide for long
and trouble-free pump
operation.
4
1.
General
Pump Selection
1.1
Planning parameters /
design data
When planning or dimensioning
a pump or a pumping station
determining the flow rate and
the corresponding head is of
paramount importance.
Regarding the head, unequivocal
assumptions can be made about
the losses to be expected.
The flow rate is influenced by
a number of additional factors
which are explained in the
following sections.
Pump flow rate
The pump flow rate (also referred
to as capacity Q, measured in [l/s]
or [m/h], for example) is the
useful volume of fluid delivered
by a pump to its discharge nozzle
in a unit of time. The useful
volume does not comprise any
internal flows such as leakages
or barrier fluids.
The required / actual flow rate
needs to be determined as
accurately as possible in order to
correctly dimension the pump(s)
as well as the pumping station.
The daily inflow of a waste
water pumping station is
significantly influenced by the
following factors:
- The type of drainage system
(combined or separate sewer
lines for waste water and
storm water)
- Size and structure of the area
covered by the treatment
plant
- The number of buildings
(and inhabitants) connected
to the waste water system
- The number and type of
industrial and commercial
areas connected to the waste
water system (expressed in
equivalent population
The inflow can be illustrated
in a load curve which shows the
flow rate of the determined /
typical waste water inflow over
a day. Significant differences
might become apparent not
only in the 24-hour load curve,
but also when comparing the
total inflow of workdays with
that of public holidays or
weekend days. In the event of
precipitation, the inflow is
expected to rise.
This factor is of particular
importance in combined sewer
systems (which serve to
transport both waste water and
storm water to the treatment
plant).
The load curve forms an
important basis for selecting
the type and number of pumps,
assigning pumps to different
operating ranges / conditions,
deciding on the pump drives
(e.g. fixed or variable speed)
and, last but not least,
determining the required
operating points of the
individual pump sets.
Fig. 1: Example of an inow load
curve for mathematical modelling
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
Time t in s
Example of a 24-hour load curve
F
lo
w
r
a
t
e
Q
o
f t
h
e
in
f
o
w
in
I/
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
Y
1
3
,6
0
0
7
,2
0
0
1
0
,8
0
0
1
4
,4
0
0
1
8
,0
0
0
2
1
,6
0
0
2
5
,2
0
0
2
8
,8
0
0
3
2
,4
0
0
3
6
,0
0
0
3
9
,6
0
0
4
3
,2
0
0
4
6
,8
0
0
5
0
,4
0
0
5
4
,0
0
0
5
7
,6
0
0
6
1
,2
0
0
6
4
,8
0
0
6
8
,4
0
0
7
2
,0
0
0
7
5
,6
0
0
7
9
,2
0
0
8
2
,8
0
0
8
6
,4
0
0
Enlarged view in the appendix
1
5
General Pump Selection
Q
in
(t)= Y1 + Y1 sin (t-21600)
21600
( )
1
2
Q
in
(t)= 1.1 Y1
if 0 t 54000 oder t 64800
if 54000 < t < 64800
on the basis of volumes.
Formula (1) for the inflow rate is
now used to calculate the inflow
volume V
in
for a specified time
interval. Hence:
To determine the nominal flow
rate (Q
R
= flow rate specified in
the pump order for a rated speed
n
R
, rated head H
R
and specified
fluid) it can be advantageous for
the calculation to be continued
Y1 + Y1 sin (t-21600)
21600
( )
1
2
V
in
(t)= dt
if 0 t 54000 v t 64800
if 54000 < t < 64800
V
in
(t)= dt
( )
3600
3600
1.1 Y1
V
P
. The pump volume V
P
[1.5]
can be calculated as follows:
The specified limits of minimum
submergence and maximum
permissible fluid level must be
observed for all pump volumes
If the inflow volume V
in
, the
pump volume V
P
transported in
the specified interval and the
sump geometry are given, the
new fluid level can be calculated
by adding to the previous fluid
level the volume difference
divided by the cross-section
of the sump:
The 24-hour load curve reaches
its maximum at variable Y1
multiplied by 1.5. The popula-
tion equivalent is defined in
EN 752-6. In Germany, for
example, the maximum inflow
of 4 l /s is equivalent to a
population of 1,000.
20-second intervals. The
calculation is based on the
assumption that the load curve
is continuously cyclical from
commissioning through to
decommissioning. The variable
factor Y1 describes the varying
magnitude of the load curve.
Given the large fluctuations of
waste water inflow Q shown in
the 24-hour load curve, the
factor time needs to be taken
into account. The example of
the 24-hour load curve in Fig. 1
is expressed as a mathematical
function (1). Discrete
calculations can be made for
(1)
(2)
d
2
sump
(V
in
- V
p
)
1
4
Level = Level
old
+
(3)
V
p
= dt [1.6]
3600
Q
(4)
1
6
1. 2
Developed head
The developed head H of a
pump (e.g. expressed in [m])
is defined as the useful me-
chanical energy transferred to
the flow per weight of the fluid
handled, taking into account
the local gravitational constant.
The density of the fluid
handled ( = m / V [kg/m], ratio
of mass m to a specified volume
V of the fluid) does not have any
impact on the developed head of
a centrifugal pump. It will,
however, influence the pump
input power.
The kinematic viscosity of the
fluid handled ( = / [m/s] or
[cSt], expressing the ratio of
dynamic viscosity or factor of
proportionality for shear stress
and change of velocity to the
density of the fluid handled)
only influences the developed
head, flow rate and pump input
power if it exceeds a specific
value. Fluids with a kinematic
viscosity equal to or greater than
40 m/s will affect the pumps
operating data. Such fluids are
also referred to as viscous.
In waste water engineering,
viscous fluids are only found in
the sludge treatment processes
of sewage treatment plants.
To determine the total head H
of a pump station or a pump,
the following information needs
to be known:
- The height AOD (Above
Ordnance Datum) of the
invert of the inlet channel or
pump sump floor
- The cut-in and cut-out points
of the pumps (which equal the
minimum submergence and
the maximum permissible
fluid level in the pump sump)
- The terrain (distance and
heights) between the pumping
station and the pumping
destination
- The valves, fittings and pipes
installed, including their
nominal diameters DN and
their resistance coefficients
- The height AOD of the
discharge point.
The basic correlation between
the pressure and flow velocity
of a fluid in a pipe is described
in Bernoullis equation.
Expressed in words the
Bernoulli principle states:
The total pressure of the fluid
flowing through a frictionless
pipe is the sum of static and
dynamic pressure and is
constant at all points. [1.8].
This principle applies to the
steady, frictionless flow of
incompressible fluids. In real
life, however, we are dealing
with transient flows of
incompressible fluids which
are affected by friction.
For this reason, Bernoullis
equation must be expanded to
include friction and change in
velocity. Pressure is generally
expressed as developed head H
in metres of fluid.
For submersible motor pumps
only the height differences, also
referred to as geodetic head
H
GEO
, and the sum of all losses
H L have to be considered. The
total developed head H can be
described using the simplified
equation (6) [1.9]:
v
2
+ p = const
1
2
(5)
1
7
H = H
GEO
+ H
L
using the equation H
L
= H
LI
+ H
LIND
+ H
LD
Please note:
KSB supplies Piping Calculator
software together with its
selection program. The Piping
Calculator serves to calculate
the required heads. Any
combination of valves, fittings
and pipes can be entered (with
nominal diameters and loss
coefficients) to calculate the
rated head of the planned
pumping station [1.12].
Reference literature: KSB
publication: Selecting
Centrifugal Pumps [1.10]
Legend:
H
GEO
Geodetic head,
measurable height difference
between the fluid level (height
above MSL) on the inlet side and
on the discharge side
H
L
Total head loss, equals the
manometric head H
man
H
LI
Head losses of valves,
fittings and pipes on the inlet
side of the pump not
applicable for wet-installed
pumps such as KRT and
Amacan
H
LIND
fittings and pipes on the
discharge side of the pump
for multiple pump systems the
losses of individual lines up to
the common discharge main
H
LD
fittings and pipes on the
discharge side of the pump in
the common discharge main
The head loss H
L
for straight
pipes is calculated to [1.10]:
For valves and fittings the head
loss H
L
is calculated to [1.11]:
H
L
=
2 g
v
2
d
L
H
L
=
2 g
v
2
(6)
(7)
(8)
1
8
1. 3
NPSH value
The NPSH value (Net Positive
Suction Head) is significant in
assessing the suction
characteristics of a centrifugal
pump: It describes the minimum
inlet pressure required by each
centrifugal pump for reliable
and cavitation-free operation
[1.13]. We need to distinguish
between the permissible
cavitation, which causes the
developed head of the pump to
drop by 3 percent (also referred
to as NPSH
r
= required) and the
NPSH value of the system (also
referred to as NPSH
a
=
available).
Cavitation-free pump operation
generally requires the following
condition to be met:
The safety allowance is defined in
accordance with ATV (German
Association for Water, Waste
Water and Waste) and HI
(Hydraulic Institute) as 30 % of
NPSH
3%
of the pump. NPSH
a
can
be calculated using equation (10a).
This equation can be simplified
for an open system installed at
altitudes up to 1000 m AOD and
a fluid temperature of 20 C:
To be able to document the
NPSH
3%
value of a pump in the
sales literature, pump manufac-
turers conduct a test run in a test
field using a special dry pump
installation. In a wet installation
this NPSH the value is
practically impossible to measure.
As the NPSH
3%
value changes
in relation to the flow rate it is
entered as a function of the
flow rate NPSH
r
= f(Q). This
value describes the pressure head
in metres required above the
vapour pressure of the fluid at
the impeller inlet (reference
point for NPSH = intersection
of pump shaft axis and the
perpendicular plane through
the extremities of the vane
leading edge, sometimes
referred to as the impeller eye,
see Fig. 1.3).
Fig. 1.3: Position of the reference point Ps for various impeller types (Source: KSB
publication Selecting Centrifugal Pumps)
P
S
'
P
S
'
P
S
' P
S
'
P
S
'
P
S
'
NPSH
a
= z
e
+ + - HI

pe + p
b
- pD
g 2 g
v
e
2
(10a)
NPSH
a
= z
e
+ 10 m
(10b)
NPSH
a
^ NPSH
r
,

NPSH
r
= NPSH
3%
+ safety allowance
(9)
1
At the intersection of NPSH
a
and
NPSH
r
the condition of equation
(9) is not fulfilled; to the right of
the intersection the flow rate of
the fluid no longer rises and the
head drops rapidly. This type of
curve is referred to as a head
breakdown curve. Prolonged
operation in this condition will
damage the pump components
(impeller, bearings, shaft seal,
etc). To re-adjust operation to
operating point B, NPSH
a
can be
increased (e.g. by increasing the
fluid level in the inlet tank).
9
(see damage shown in Fig. 1.5).
The formation and sudden
implosion of vapour bubbles
is called cavitation.
Cavitation can lead to severe
negative conditions, from a drop
in developed head and efficiency
through to flow separation,
rough running, vibrations and
loud noise emissions to pitting
due to erosion on the impeller or
internal pump parts. Cavitation
is therefore only acceptable
within permissible limits.
The permissible cavitation for
each individual case also
depends on the operating
conditions, the period of time
the pump is operated outside
the permissible range, the fluid
handled and, particularly, the
materials of the wetted parts
(especially the impeller).
Fig.1.4 illustrates the points at
which the permissible cavitation
is exceeded.
The NPSH
3%
value can be
influenced by the pump
manufacturer defining the
impeller type and design
(impeller eye diameter, number
of vanes and design of the vane
leading edge) as well as the rated
speed of the pump.
The most critical area is the
inlet of the vane passage at the
impeller, which is the narrowest
passage to be passed by the fluid
downstream of the suction line
for dry-installed pumps and
downstream of the pump inlet
for wet-installed pumps. The
flow around the vane leading
edges leads to an unavoidable
local pressure reduction in this
area. If the pressure falls below
the vapour pressure, vapour
bubbles develop.
These bubbles are transported
along with the flow and implode
suddenly when the pressure in
the vane passage rises again
Fig. 1.4: Impact of NPSH
a
on the
constant speed curve of the pump
(Reference: KSB Centrifugal Pump
Lexicon)
Fig. 1.5: Impeller showing cavitation
damage (Source: KSB Centrifugal Pump
Lexicon)
Q1 Q2 Q
H
NPSH
H/Q curve
H
A
NPSH
av (2)
NPSH
av (1)
NPSH
req
A
1
A
2
B
1
10
1. 4
Input power
The input power P
2
of a centri-
fugal pump is the mechanical
power delivered by the drive to
the pump shaft or coupling.
It can be calculated using
equation (11) [1.15]:
p
efficiency of pump or
coupling
The dry solids content TS
and any other substances in
the fluid handled increase the
power requirements at the
pump shaft. (The motor must
be sized with sufficient power
reserve) [1.7]. The input power
P
2
must not be confused with
the power available at the drive
(referred to as drive rating or
rated motor power P
R
). The
rated motor power is indicated
by the motor manufacturer on
the rating plate.
On submersible motor pumps
only the power P
1
consumed by
the motor can be measured.
This value includes the internal
motor losses indicated by the
motor efficiency
M
. In this case
the pump input power can be
calculated from equation (12).
When specifying the drive
rating for a pump, power
reserves to EN ISO 9908 must
be added. The reserves will
generally compensate for any
constructional tolerances
and fluctuations in the fluid
properties of waste water.
For further details and
information on motors in
general, refer to the section
General Description of the
Motor.
P
2
= [kW]
Q H g
1000
p
P
1
= [kW]
P
2
M
motor efficiency
(11)
(12)
1
11
1. 5
Pumping task
It is very common to name
pumps after their purpose of
use. The designations are often
self-explanatory, relating to the
role within the system (e.g.
main/booster/base load/peak
load pump), the application
(e.g. irrigation or drainage
pump, circulator, chemical,
process, rainfall or dry weather
pump) or the fluid handled
(e.g. drinking water, seawater,
water, waste water, faeces,
liquid manure, sludge or solids-
handling pump).
Waste water engineering almost
exclusively uses centrifugal
pumps and positive displace-
ment pumps. Positive
displacement pumps are mainly
employed in sludge processing
(e.g. in digesters where fluids
with large dry solids content
(> 10 %) need to be transpor-
ted). Centrifugal pumps cover
almost any task in waste water
transport and sewage treatment
plants.
Centrifugal pumps are
characterised by their design
features, especially their
impeller type, direction of flow
and type of installation. An
important parameter describing
the behaviour of different
impellers is the specific speed
nq (also referred to as type
number K, or N in the USA).
This number, which is based on
the affinity laws, can be used to
compare impellers of different
sizes in combination with
various operating data (Q and
H at best efficiency point and
impeller speed) to determine an
optimum impeller type and map
its characteristic curves. The
specific speed is calculated as
follows:
Fig. 1.6 and 1.7 show the
correlation between the specific
speed and the impeller type as
well as the corresponding
characteristic curves.
The specific speed of impellers
used in waste water applications
lies within the range of n
q
~ 45 to
200 rpm. Impellers with nq ~ 45
to 90 rpm are mainly used for
transporting waste water in and
to effluent treatment plants (e.g.
main and intermediate pumping
stations, effluent plant inlet,
return sludge, through to effluent
plant discharge).
The entire range is covered by
submersible motor pumps of the
KRT series, equipped with
various impellers.
The activation processes of an
effluent treatment plant
generally favour large flow
rates and low heads (requiring
propellers of n
q
~ 160 to 200
rpm). Propeller pumps are also
used for extracting water from
rivers, for transporting cooling
water and for flood control, for
example. Circulating water for
leisure park rides is another
task performed by propeller
pumps.
Please note:
A separate publication focuses
on the selection of propeller
pumps and planning of the
corresponding intake structures
(KSB Know-how, volume 6,
0118.55 10/07: Planning
Information Amacan
Submersible Pumps in
Discharge Tubes).
n
q
= n [rpm]
H
opt

(13)
Q
opt
1
12
Q/Q
opt
1
1
Q/Q
opt
1
1
H
H
opt
P
P
opt
Q/Q
opt
1
1
Q/Q
opt
1
1
opt
NPSH
NPSH
opt
Operating limit for
low drive rating
for high drive
rating
300
150
70
40
25
300
150
70
40
25
300
150
70
40
25
25
300
300
150
70
40
25
300
25
Fig. 1.6: Impellers and their specic speed nq (rpm) Source: KSB Centrifugal Pump Lexicon
Fig. 1.7: Characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps at various specic
speeds. Presented in proportion, based on the best efciency point (Source:
KSB publication: Selecting Centrifugal Pumps)
High head
impeller
n
q
up to 25
Medium head
impeller
up to 40
Low head
impeller
up to 90
Mixed flow
impeller
up tp 160
Propeller
140 to 400 rpm
1
13
water transport such as the
operating conditions and fluid
composition.
For detailed information on
matching impellers to a variety
of fluids and on the impellers
application limits refer to the
section Configuration and
Installation.
1.6.1
Characteristic curves
When centrifugal pumps are
operated at constant speed,
their flow rate Q increases as
their head H decreases. In the
characteristic head versus flow
curve, also referred to as H/Q
curve, the head H is plotted
against the flow rate Q. Apart
from the H/Q curve, a pump is
characterised by its efficiency
curve, its NPSH
r
or NPSH
3%
curve and its input power curve,
all as a function of the flow
rate. When selecting a pump all
of these characteristic curves
must be considered.
This is illustrated with an
example in Fig. 1.8 showing the
characteristic curves for a pump
with a three-channel impeller
with a specific speed nq ~ 80
rpm (low head impeller).
1.6
Pump selection
Pump selection is primarily
determined by the specification
of operating conditions in
other words, the operating
properties the pumps will be
supplied for. The operating
conditions primarily comprise
data on the fluid handled (e.g.
temperature, density, viscosity,
dry substance content, sand
content or other substances in
the fluid), the expected flow
rate and the required head, the
suction behaviour and the speed
of the centrifugal pump. Also
required is information on the
drive size and rating, the
operating mode, the expected
frequency of starts as well as
any factors determined by the
system or environmental
regulations such as the
maximum permissible noise
emission, permissible vibrations,
pipeline forces and potential
explosion hazards (indication of
ATEX zones).
Submersible motor pumps of
the KRT series and their waste
water specific impeller types
(cutter, free flow impeller, one/
two/three channel impeller and
open single-vane impeller) are
specially designed for the
particular requirements of waste
All hydraulic data has been
determined to the applicable
EN ISO 9906 standard,
assuming that clean water is
handled. The characteristic
curves depend on the specific
speed (also see Fig. 1.6). We
distinguish between flat and
steep curves. For a given change
of developed head the flow rate
changes much less in a steep
curve than in a flat curve.
Pumps with steep head versus
flow curves are advantageous
for flow rate control.
1
14
Fig. 1.8: Characteristic curves for a three-channel impeller nq ~ 80 rpm at a pump speed of
n = 960 rpm (Source: KSB selection program)
Baureihe-Gre
Type-Size
Modle
Tipo
Serie
Tipo
Nenndrehzahl
Nom. speed
Vitesse nom.
Velocit di rotazione nom.
Nominaal toerental
Revoluciones nom.
Laufrad-
Impel ler dia.
Diamtre de roue
girante
Waaier
rodete
Projekt
Project
Projet
Progetto
Projekt
Proyecto
Pos.-Nr.
Item No.
N de pos.
N pos
Pos. nr.
N de art
Angebots-Nr.
Quotation No.
N de l'offre
N offerta
Offertenr.
N oferta
KSB Aktiengesellschaft
Postfach 200743
06008 Halle (Saale)
Turmstrae 92
06110 Halle (Saale)
Laufradaustrittsbreite/Impeller outlet width/Largeur la sortie de la roue
Luce della girante/Waaier uittredebreedte/Anchura de salida rodete
Amarex KRT 300-400K 960 1/min 408 mm
115 mm
115 mm
Aus Kurve K41819/5 gerechnet
H331-Ha, Hahn Ralf, 2010-11-02
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 US.gpm
0 2000 4000 6000 IM.gpm
0 100 200 300 400 500 l/s
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 m/h
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 m/h
Frdermenge/Flow/Dbit/Portata/Capaciteit/Caudal
50
20
90
ft
10
20
4
28
m
Frderhhe
TDH
Hauteur
Prevalenza
Opvoerhoogte
Altura
65
70
hp
48
50
52
46.5
53.5
kW
Leistungsbedarf
Power Input
Puiss. abs.
Potenza ass.
Opgenomen
vermogen
Potencia nec.
20
10
30
ft
5
10
2
m
NPSH
R
0
50
100
%
Eta
[%]
Qmin
408/A01
85.2
408/A01
408/A01
1
15
While friction losses rise
continuously with increasing
flow rates, shock losses rise
with both decreasing and
increasing flow rates, i.e. when
the pump does not run at its
rated flow rate or capacity
(also referred to as Qshock-
free). Fig. 1.9 shows a propor-
tional representation of
hydraulic losses.
From zero flow to Q opt
(~ Qshock-free), the efficiency
curve (Q/ curve) rises to a
maximum value and then drops
again. The efficiency curve
reflects the internal pump losses
and demonstrates the flow rate
range in which the pump should
1.6. 2
Pump characteristic curve
Generally, the curve referred to
as the pump characteristic curve
is the characteristic head versus
flow curve (H/Q curve). As no
pump can be operated without
losses the internal hydraulic
losses of the pump must be
subtracted from the theoretical,
loss-free head versus flow curve
used for selection. The internal
hydraulic losses are composed
of friction and shock losses.
Both loss values can be defined
as a function of the flow rate.
be operated for optimum energy
efficiency. The curve has been
plotted in Fig. 1.10.
Fig. 1.11 and Fig. 1.12 show
the curves of NPSH
3%
and the
pump input power P2. The
NPSH
3%
curve presents the
suction characteristics of the
pump (also see the section
NPSH value). The pump input
power curve is used to
determine the required motor
rating.
1.6. 3
System characteristic
curve
The system characteristic curve is
also plotted as a function of the
flow rate. As shown in Fig. 1.13
the system characteristic curve is
composed of a constant static
component and a dynamic
component which is quadratically
proportional to the flow rate
(note: this only applies if the
dependence of the pipe friction
on the Reynolds number is not
taken into account).
Fig. 1.9: Characteristic head
versus ow curve and its reduction
by internal hydraulic losses.
Proportional representation based
on the best efciency point.
Fig. 1.10: Efciency curve =f ( Q ).
Proportional representation based
on the best efciency point.
Fig. 1.11: NPSH
3%
characteristic
curve, NPSH
3%
= f (Q). Proportio-
nal representation based on the
best efciency point.
Fig. 1.12: Electrical pump input
power P
2
= f (Q). Proportional
representation based on the best
efciency point.
H
Q
H/Qcurve
Loss-free characteristic urve
Frictionlosses
Shock losses
Q
bep
H
bep
Qshock-free
Q
H H/Qcurve
Q
bep
H
bep
Qshock-free
Q
eff
characteristic curve
H p
Q
H/Qcurve
Q
bep
H
bep
Qshock-free
P2/Qcurve
H
Q
H/Qcurve
Q
bep
H
bep
Qshock-free
Q-NPSH3%

1
Enlarged view in the appendix Enlarged view in the appendix
Enlarged view in the appendix Enlarged view in the appendix
16
For wet-installed submersible
motor pumps the geodetic head
component Hgeo equals the
measurable height difference
between the fluid level on the
suction side and on the
discharge side. The dynamic
head component is composed
of the total head losses of any
planned or installed valves,
fittings and pipes between the
discharge side of the pump and
the actual discharge point at the
fluid level of the discharge-side
water body. The section
Developed head contains
detailed information on this
topic.
1.7
Permissible pump
operating limits
Every centrifugal pump comes
with recommended application
or operating limits. They denote
the maximum and minimum
points at which the pump can
be used for design, system and
drive reasons. Operation within
these limits is preliminary for
the pump to be able to fulfil
its pumping task for the entire
duration of its planned service
life. The key application and
operating limits are discussed
in the following sections.
1.7.1
Operating point
The operating point or duty
point of a pump system is
defined by the intersection
(Fig. 1.13) of the system
characteristic curve and
pump characteristic curve
(the characteristic head versus
flow curve of the pump shall
hereinafter be referred to as
pump characteristic curve, the
commonly used short form).
This point defines the resulting
head and the corresponding
flow rate. If the operating point
needs to be changed, either the
system characteristic curve or
the pump characteristic curve
have to be changed. For further
details refer to the section
Pump operating mode.
1.7. 2
Operating limits Q
mi n
and
Q
max
The (hydraulic, mechanical and
acoustic) operating characteris-
tics of a centrifugal pump are
mainly defined by the position
of the operating point with
respect to the point Q
opt
.
A pump should be selected with
its operating point near the best
efficiency point (Q
OP
appro-
ximately 0.8 to 1.2 x Q
opt
), if
possible. Operation within this
range will not only keep down
the energy and maintenance
costs but also the hydraulic
excitation forces. In daily
practice, however, certain pro-
cesses may require the pump set
to be run in off-design condi-
tions. The further the operating
point from the best efficiency
point the less favourable the
approach flow at the impeller
vanes and the diffuser (casing).
If the relative flow can not keep
up with the vane profile on the
suction side (low flow) or on
the discharge side (overload),
areas of flow separation will
develop, which will increasingly
interfere with the energy
transfer to the fluid. The
hydraulic forces (radial and
axial forces) will increase, and
so will mechanical vibration,
noise and also cavitation,
leading to visible/audible effects.
Pump manufacturers define the
permissible range for continu-
ous operation of their pumps by
specifying the limits Q
min
and
Q
max
(if no limits are given, the
end of the illustrated pump
characteristic curve is
considered Q
max
).
Fig. 1.13: System characteristic
curve Sum of static and dynamic
head components
H
Q
1
Pumpcharacteristic curve
Systemcharacteristic curve
H
static
or H
geo
H
dynamic
Q
OP
H
OP
Operatingpoint of the pump
1.7. 3
Special aspects of waste
water transport
A centrifugal pump can only be
as good as the waste water
treatment plant it is integrated
in. The pump can only be
operated reliably if the
peripheral systems of the
plant, the fluid to be handled
(properties and composition),
the control system and the
operating mode match the
characteristics of the centrifugal
pump and its hydraulic system.
In this context please beware of
the popular euphemism non-
clogging hydraulic system
It is only a matter of load
before every hydraulic system
becomes clogged. It would be
more accurate to speak of a
low-clogging hydraulic
system.
Drawing on our experts
practical experience we have
compiled some special aspects
of waste water transport. These
should be taken into account
when planning a waste water
treatment plant to make sure it
has a high operating reliability
(low-clogging operation).
Usually, the permissible
operating range indicated lies
between appro ximately 0.3 and
1.4 x Q
opt
.
For centrifugal pumps with high
specific speeds of approximately
nq = 140 rpm or higher, the Q
min

limit can be significantly
higher at approximately 0.6 to
0.7 x Q
opt
.
When operating pump sets
outside of the permissible
operating range, excessive
loads and early wear of pump
components must be expected.
Such conditions will void the
manufacturers warranty.
- Operating point near best
efficiency point. The Q
OP
~ 0.8
to 1.2 x Q
opt
range is not only
the most favourable operating
range from an energy point of
view, but also the range in
which the substances contained
in the fluid are transported at
higher velocities. The range is
marked in Fig. 1.15. Especially
under low flow conditions
between Q
min
and 0.8 x Q
opt
,
the transport of substances in
the fluid is more or less
restricted due to the low
flow rates (low flow velocity).
Continuous operation of the
pumps in this range can lead to
clogging of the impeller channel
or to hardened deposits in the
clearance between impeller and
casing. This characteristic of
centrifugal pumps is significant
when defining the control and
operating range and adjusting
the operating point accordingly.
Keywords in this context: speed
control, change of geodetic head
between cut-in and cut-out fluid
level in the pump sump, and
parallel operation.
17
Fig. 1.14: Operating limits Q
min

and Q
max
Illustration of the
permissible range for continuous
operation of a centrifugal pump
(Q
min
approx. 0.3 * Q
BEP
and Q
max

approx. 1.4 * Q
BEP
)
H
Q
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Pumpcharacteristic
curve
OP
Q
max
Permissible continuous operatingrange
1
18
- Flow velocities in the pipes
and the control regime for
operation with frequency
inverter. These days, pumps
are increasingly controlled via
frequency inverters (FI). This
makes them more energy-
efficient and enables continuous
waste water treatment pro-
cesses. The control ranges are
generally independent of the
design or engineering character-
istics of the pump and drives;
they always need to be
determined individually with
consideration given to the
minimum flow velocity for
handling solids and fibres.
Experience in this field has
shown that the flow velocity
of waste water should not be
below 2 m/s in vertical
discharge lines; a minimum of
1 m/s is usually sufficient for
horizontal lines. At low pump
speeds it must be ensured that
any substances in the fluid are
transported out of the pump
and discharge line. The circum-
ferential speed at the outer
diameter D2 of impellers used
for waste water applications
should not be below 15 m/s.
The start ramps of centrifugal
pumps should generally be as
short as possible to allow the
pumps to quickly reach their
highest possible speed.
The speed is then reduced to
meet the operating point.
The frequency inverter should
- Make sure the motor has
sufficient power reserve. All
hydraulic pump data supplied
by the manufacturer have been
determined with reference to
the applicable EN ISO 9906
standard, assuming that clean
water is handled. It is im-
possible for a consultant to
predict precisely the actual
waste water properties; the
trend is towards ever increasing
solids and fibre contents in
waste water. Operating
reliability should be given
priority over investment costs
(see recommended reserves in
ISO 9908).
- Select a suitable impeller.
Submersible motor pumps of
the KRT series and their waste
water specific impeller types
(cutter, free flow impeller, one /
two / three channel impeller and
open single- vane impeller) are
specially designed for the par-
ticular requirements of waste
water transport such as the
specific conditions and fluid
compositions. For detailed
notes refer to the section
Configuration and Installation.
not be allowed to operate the
pump at the natural frequency
of the system (foundation/
pump/piping) and must not
occur in continuous operation.
In parallel operation all pumps
should be operated at the same
frequency, if possible, to prevent
the flow rate of individual pump
sets from decreasing until the
pump is operated under
impermissible low flow
conditions. The swing check
valves must open completely at
every operating point of the
pump to minimise the surface
which can be attacked by
substances in the fluid and to
prevent clogging.
- Approach flow conditions
and structural design. Smooth
pump operation at the agreed
operating data requires hydrau-
lically optimised app roach flow
conditions (see the section
Structural Design for further
explanations). For submersible
motor pumps of the Amarex
KRT series relatively small
sumps with inclined sump floors
are suitable as they will provide
a continuous flow of pollution
load along with the fluid
handled. At relatively short
start-up intervals this sump
design prevents the
concentration of deposits so
that the sumps remain clean.
Fig. 1.15: Preferable or optimum
operating range for waste water
transport
H
Q
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Pumpcharacteristic
curve OP
Q
max Optimum
operatingrange
Permissible continuous operationrange
1
19
1. 8.1
Single-pump operation
The system characteristic curve
can be adjusted by altering the
geodetic head component. The
geodetic head can be altered by
means of the fluid level in the
suction chamber for example,
as illustrated in Fig. 1.16. The
operating range of the pump on
the H/Q curve lies between the
two operating points pump cut-
in and pump cut-out.
Please note:
Make sure the operating point
is near the best efficiency point,
i.e. within the optimum
operating range.
1. 8. 2
Control by throttling
The system characteristic curve
can generally be adjusted in two
ways. The flow resistance in the
piping can be increased or
decreased. This will be the
intended result of controlling a
throttling element or using a
different pumping route (pipes
with different nominal
diameters and lengths) or the
consequence of unplanned pipe
deposits, corrosion or
incrustation.
1. 8
Pump operating mode
The pump operating mode
depends on many factors. The
operating point can be moved
by adjusting the impeller
diameter or speed, or by
changing to parallel or series
operation. In this context, the
system conditions must also be
taken into account, such as the
fluid levels in the inlet tank, the
inlet conditions and the NPSH
available. The fluid properties
are also of major importance,
for example its composition,
density, viscosity and tempera-
ture. These factors will be
explained in detail in the
following sections.
When closing the gate or
throttle valves of a centrifugal
pump, some of the pump input
power which has been
converted into the developed
head is knowingly destroyed
(or more accurately: wasted
without use). From the point
of view of conserving energy,
this is the least favourable
control option. In waste water
engineering in particular, this
option should be avoided (apart
from start-up and shut-down
processes) to prevent the
increased risk of clogging at or
downstream of the valves.
Fig. 1.16: Shifting the operating
point of the pump at xed speed
by altering the geodetic head
between the suction-side cut-in
and cut-out level
H
Q
OP
(on)
System
at cut-out level
H
geo,max
Q
min
Q
opt
H
geo,min
OP
(off)
System
at cut-inlevel
point of the pump by changing the
pressure losses in the piping, e.g.
the nominal diameter of pipes, the
pumping route or length, or the
deposits and incrustations in the
piping
H
Q
OP1
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
OP2
OP3
Constant speedcurve 2
Systemcharacteristic curve 1
Constant speedcurve 3
1
20
1. 8. 3
Adjusting the impeller
diameter
A relatively easy and
hydraulically very efficient (but
irreversible) measure to reduce
both the flow rate and the head
at an unchanged speed is to
adjust the impeller diameter D
2

by turning down the impeller or
cutting back the impeller vane
tips (Fig. 1.18). As this measure
modifies the vane length or the
width and angle of the vane
trailing edge, its effect on flow
rate, head and efficiency depend
on the impeller type (specific
speed nq). As a rough rule of
thumb, the lower the specific
speed nq, the more the impeller
can be turned down without
major efficiency losses.
Pump manufacturers indicate
the possible diameter reduction
range for their impellers in the
form of a selection chart in the
documentation / characteristic
curve booklets. Within this
range the correlation between
impeller diameter, flow rate and
head can be shown by using
equation (14).
1. 8. 4
Speed control
Speed-controlled or variable
speed pumps will always
produce the flow rate / head
which is actually required. This
is the most energy-efficient type
of control. It also keeps the load
on the pump components to a
minimum. In addition, reducing
speed on the suction side makes
the system NPSH
available
more
dependable. The correlation of
speed, flow rate and head is
described by the special affinity
laws for centrifugal pumps,
assuming unchanged density
and constant pump efficiency:
The corresponding values for
Q and H are positioned along
an imaginary straight line which
passes through the origin of the
H/Q coordinate system (Fig.
1.18). The new operating point
of the pump set is the resulting
intersection of the characteristic
curve of the pump with reduced
(trimmed) impeller diameter
and the unchanged system
characteristic curve.
Please note: Make sure the
operating point is near the best
efficiency point, i.e. within the
optimum operating range. Also,
observe a minimum
circumferential speed at the
impeller outlet of approximately
15 m/s, if possible.

= =
Q
2T
Q
2max
H
2T
H
2max
D
2T
D
2max
( )
2
H
Q
Fig. 1.18: Trimming or adjusting the
impeller diameter to meet the
required operating point of the
pump
D
2max
OP Systemcharacteristic
curve
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Trimmeddiameter D
2T
D
2min
(14)
(15)
=
Q
1
Q
2
n
1
n
2
=
H
1
H
2
n
1
n
2
( )
2
=
P
1
P
2
n
1
n
2
( )
3
1
21
The corresponding values for
Q and H are positioned along
an imaginary parabola which
passes through the origin of the
H/Q coordinate system,
illustrated by the dashed line in
Fig. 1.19. The new operating
point of the pump set is the
resulting intersection of the
characteristic curve of the
pump with reduced speed and
the unchanged system
characteristic curve. For system
characteristic curves with a
small static component the new
operating point remains near
the best efficiency point. The
following effect is proportional
to the static component of the
characteristic curve: Speed
reduction will cause the pump
to operate with small flow rates
in a range of poor low-flow
efficiencies, and speed increase
will cause the pump to operate
with poor overload efficiencies.
Please note:
operating range. If using a
control regime with frequency
inverter operation observe the
flow velocities in the pipes, also
observe a minimum
15 m/s. If possible provide
sufficient motor power reserves
for frequency inverter
operation.
1.9
Parallel operation of
pumps of identical sizes
Parallel operation of two or
more centrifugal pumps with a
shared suction/collecting line is
particularly suitable for flat
system characteristic curves.
The smaller the dynamic head
component, which is quadrati-
cally proportional to the flow
rate, the larger the attainable
increase in flow rate. This
correlation is illustrated in
Fig. 1.20. If the pump sets are
identical, the total flow rate is
composed of equal parts of the
individual flow rates of each
pump at a given head. The
heads of each individual pump
have to be added to by the
dynamic component of head
losses occurring in the
individual lines up to the
collecting line. The system
characteristic curve of the
collecting line only contains the
head losses upstream of the
point where the individual lines
join.
Please note:
operating range. Observe the
flow velocities in the pipes.
When selecting a pumping
station for parallel operation
of two or more identical pump
sets, single-pump operation in
the collecting line might have to
be excluded if the individual
pump characteristic curve does
not intersect the characteristic
curves of the system.
point of a centrifugal pump by
changing the speed
H
Q
n1
OP1
Systemcharacteristic
curve
Pumpcharacteristic
curve
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
OP2
OP3
n2
n3
Fig. 1.20: Parallel operation of
two identical centrifugal pumps.
Losses of individual lines (head
losses up to the collecting line)
have been taken into account in
the reduced pump characteristic
curve
H
Q
Pumpset 1 or 2
Pumpsets 1 &2
Reducedcurves
OP
curve,
collectingline
Headlosses individual lines
pumpset 1 or 2
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Pumpcharacteristic curve minus
losses inthe individual line
1
22
1.10
Parallel operation of
pumps of different sizes
In principle, the parallel
operation of two or more
centrifugal pumps of different
sizes is in analogy to that of
pumps of identical sizes (Fig.
1.21). The pump sets will work
together smoothly if they have
stable H/Q characteristic curves
(the shutoff head is higher than
the head at Q
min
). Preferably, the
pumps should have identical
shutoff heads.
The total flow rate is composed
of the flow rates of the indivi-
dual pumps at a given head.
The heads of each individual
pump have to be added to by
the dynamic component of head
losses occurring in the indivi-
dual lines up to the collecting
line. The system characteristic
curve of the collecting line only
contains the head losses
upstream of the point where the
individual lines join.
Please note:
operating range. The pump set
with the smaller shutoff head
can very quickly be subjected to
small flow rates when the total
head changes
(H
geo max
, throttling, etc).
Observe the flow velocities in
the individual lines. When
selecting a pumping station for
parallel operation of two or
more different pump sets, single-
pump operation might have to
be excluded if the individual
pump characteristic curve does
not intersect the characteristic
curves of the system.
1.11
Series operation
Series operation of two or more
identical centrifugal pumps with
a shared collecting line is par-
ticularly suitable for steep
system characteristic curves.
In combination with flat pump
characteristic curves the result-
ing flow rates only change
within a slim margin even
when the head changes
drastically (e.g. the geodetic
head component H
geo
). The total
head is composed of the heads
of the individual pumps at a
given flow rate.
This correlation is shown
in Fig. 1.22.
This operating mode is very
rarely used for waste water
transport.
Please note:
operating range. Observe the
flow velocities in the pipes. The
second pump set (downstream
of the first one) must be suitable
for the pressure increase and an
inlet pressure equal to the
discharge pressure of the first
pump set. Observe the required
strength and pressure class of
the casings.
Fig. 1.21: Parallel operation of two
different centrifugal pumps. Losses
in individual lines (head losses up
to the collecting line) have been
taken into account in the reduced
pump characteristic curve.
H
Q
Pumpset 1
Pumpset 2
Pumpset 1 &2
Reducedcurves
OP
curve, collectingline
Headlosses
individual lines pumpset 1 or 2
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
H
Q
Fig. 1.22: Series operation of two
identical centrifugal pumps
Pumpsets 1 &2
OP
curve
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Pumpset 1 or 2
1
Pumpcharacteristic curve minus
losses inthe individual line
23
1.12
Assigning pumps to
different operating
ranges/ conditions
Pumping stations which are
integrated in larger networks
cover a variety of pumping
routes at different times and
are subject to major fluctua-
tions often require a solution
that goes beyond varying the
operating modes and control
options of one or several
identical centrifugal pumps.
In Fig. 1.23 different pumps are
assigned to different operating
ranges/conditions. In this
example the pumping routes /
characteristic curves are
subdivided into the three
operating conditions rainfall,
day time and night time.
All pumps can be adjusted
to the current flow rate and
pumping route by means of
speed control. Each pump is
assigned an identical stand-by
pump. In addition, the day
time pumps are backed up by
another set of identical pumps.
The day time pumps can also
be operated in parallel. During
rainfall and day time the waste
water can be expected to be
diluted sufficiently to be
handled by suitably sized
centrifu gal pumps with multi-
vane impellers (number of vanes
z = 2 or 3). The night time
pumps are fitted with single-
vane or free flow impellers as
the small flow rates may entail
a high concentration of solids in
the fluid handled.
Please note:
operating range. If using a
control regime with frequency
inverter operation observe the
flow velocities in the pipes, Also
observe a minimum
15 m/s. If possible provide
sufficient motor power reserves
for frequency inverter
operation.
Rainfall pumps 1+1
Q/Qopt = 0,8
Q opt
Q/Qpot = 1,2
n1
n2
n3
Day time pumps 2+1
Night time pumps 1+1
Fig. 1.23: Assigning rainfall, day
time and night time pumps to
different pumping routes for
different uid levels and events
1
24
1.13
Concept of wet-installed
pumps
The most straightforward
concept for a pumping station is
the installation of wet-installed
pumps. The pumps are installed
directly in the suction chamber
and completely or partly
surrounded by waste water
during operation. The pumps
can either be operated with a
vertical shaft driven by a motor
mounted above the fluid level,
or the entire pump sets can be
used under water as submersible
motor pumps.
In practice wet-installed pumps
were mainly used in smaller
pumping stations (flow rates up
to approximately 100 l/s); they
are called packaged pumping
stations [1.17; 1.18].
The benefits of a wet instal-
lation are also increasingly
employed in large pumping
stations (flow rates up to ap-
proximately 16,000 l/s). The
advantages and disadvantages
of this arrangement are listed in
Table 1.1 [1.19].
To prevent clogging, the
narrowing the pipes in the
direction of flow must
absolutely be avoided. The
inside diameter of the discharge
lines must be equal to or greater
than the inside diameter of the
discharge nozzle [1.20]. Use
pipe con nections without
narrowing
and make sure that open valves
do not obstruct the flow [1.21;
1.22]. Calculate the optimum
diameter based on the mini-
mum flow velocity and use the
next largest pipe diameter
available. For longer discharge
lines measures to reduce surge
pressure have priority over
measures to maintain the
minimum flow velocity. For
discharge line lengths of up to
500 m a maximum velocity of
2.5 m/s applies [1.23].
The piping material must be
suitable for the waste water to
be transported. Make sure it is
corrosion-resistant (hydrogen
sulphide!). This also applies to
the material of the pipe
supports, which need to be
closely spaced. The piping must
be fastened without
transmitting any forces to the
pump. The pipes should have a
smooth inner surface, be able to
withstand cyclical loads and be
selected, depending on the
discharge head, for an
operating pressure of 6 to 10
bar. The discharge line from the
pump must be connected to the
main line with a horizontal
section. Avoid abrupt changes
of direction. Pipe connections
and fittings must comply with
the relevant product standards.
Butterfly valves are unsuitable
as isolating valves in the waste
water sector (see overview in
Fig. 4.2.3a). We recommend
soft-seated isolating gate valves
with external thread, body
made of GGG, stem made of
1.4571, stem nut and seat rings
made of 2.1060. Choose
actuators whose maximum
actuation force cannot damage
the gate valve [1.24].
Especially suitable as non-
return valves are swing check
valves with lever and weight.
The body material we recom-
mend is lamellar graphite cast
iron (GGL) or nodular cast iron
(GGG) [1.25]. For low flow
velocities, non-return ball
valves can be used [1.26].
The non-return valve should
be arranged vertically and as
high as possible above the
pump to allow the rising fluid
level to release the air it
displaces in the pump. If this
condition is met, a venting
device for the pump is not
required [1.27].
according to ISO CuSn12Ni2
according to ASTM (USA) C91700
1
GGG nodular cast iron
GGL lamellar cast iron
1.4517 Stainless steel
2.1060 tin bronze

25
Notes regarding the
Reynolds number
The flow velocity v is not
constant across the pipe cross-
section A. Newtonian (viscous)
fluids stick to the pipe wall
where the flow velocity equals
zero. The maximum flow
velocity can be found along
the pipe axis. The flow velocity
over the cross-section can be
divided into laminar and
turbulent flow (Fig. 1.24)
[1.35].
The type of flow depends on the
average flow velocity , the pipe
diameter d and the kinematic
viscosity of the fluid. These
variables are expressed by the
Reynolds number. KSB AG uses
Reynolds number 2320 to
distinguish between turbulent
and laminar flow.
The inlet line of the (minimum
of two) [1.28] pumps should be
installed with a downward
slope, allowing the water to
freely enter the pumps
(suction head operation) [1.29].
Operation in the unstable
zone must be avoided.
Cavitation should be limited to
the permis sible range
(NPSH
available
/ NPSH
req
1.3)
[1.30]. The pumps must be
suitable for the waste water to
be handled and for the pumping
task [1.31]. According to
European Standards motors
without explosion protection
can be used. In Germany,
however, national regulations
require Ex dII B T3 explosion
protection; as the suction
chambers of waste water
pumping stations are classified
as potentially explosive
atmospheres [1.32].
Operating status messages are
to be displayed individually.
Individual fault messages are to
trigger a visual alarm and
general fault messages an
acoustic alarm [1.33]. It is
further recommended to install
measuring devices for the fluid
level, discharge pressure and
flow [1.34].
Notes on the volume of the
suction chamber
For fixed speed pumps the
available volume in the suction
chamber is calculated as follows
to worksheet ATV-DVWK-A
134 (German Association for
Water, Waste Water and Waste):
Standardised values have been
defined for domestic waste
water quantities. In Germany
for example, the standardised
waste water quantity used per
inhabitant in a day equals 150
to 300 l (without allowing for
infiltration); the peak flow
equals 4 to 5 l per 1000
inhabitants per second
(including an allowance
for infiltration) [1.36].
Fig. 1.24: Laminar and turbulent
ow
V = 0,9
Q
P
Z
(16)
1
26
Literature
[1.1] Additional literature: ATV-DVWK A 134
[1.4] Mathematical expression of the presentation by
Turk, W.I. (1954), page 144
[1.5] See PWSIM 02 source code, line 353
[1.6] Mathematical expression of the presentation by
Turk, W.I. (1954), page 144
[1.7] Additional literature: KSB Centrifugal Pump
Lexicon
[1.8] Hahne, E. (2000), page 397
[1.9] Additional literature: KSB publication: Selecting
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
[1.12] Additional literature: KSB Piping Calculator,
Selection Software
[1.13] Additional literature: Brochure Europump 1974
NPSH bei Kreiselpumpen Bedeutung,
Berechnung, Messung (NPSH for centrifugal
pumps significance, calculation, measurements)
[1.14] Additional literature: Brochure Europump 1974
NPSH bei Kreiselpumpen Bedeutung,
Berechnung, Messung (NPSH for centrifugal
pumps significance, calculation, measurements)
[1.15] Additional literature: KSB Centrifugal Pump Lexicon
[1.16] See KSB AG (1989)
[1.17] See ATV e.V. (editor) (1982), page 443f.
[1.18] See Weismann, D. (1999), page 100ff.
[1.19] Weismann, D. (1999), S.104F.
[1.20] See ATV-DVWK-A 134 (2000), page 20
[1.21] See EN 752-6 (1998), page 6
[1.24] See ATV-DVWK-A 134 (2000), page 21ff.
[1.28] See EN 752-6 (1998), page 4
[1.31] See EN 752-6 (1998), page 6
[1.35] See Hahne, E. (2000), page 395ff.
[1.36] See EN 752-4 (1997), page 14f.
Advantages Disadvantages
Little structural and civil engineering required (some pump sets
available as packaged pumping stations)
Internal parts in the suction chamber can lead to deposits
Little space required Poor accessibility
Little investment required Unhygienic servicing conditions
Simple systems engineering
Large NPSH
available
Table 1.1: Advantages and disadvantages of pumping stations with wet-installed pumps (Source: Authors
own presentation based on Weismann, D. (1999), page 104 f).
1
27
2.
Configuration and Instal-
lation
2.1
Selecting the optimum
impeller geometry
The number of different impeller
types for centrifugal pumps in
waste water transport exceeds
that of any other application
(Fig. 2.1). All these impeller
types serve a particular purpose.
The most important
criterion in impeller selection
is the operating reliability.
This is why the ATV guideline
(DVWK-A 134) stipulates a free
passage of 100 (76) mm. Also
pump efficiency has gained in
significance over the last few
years.
Factors to be considered for
reliable operation are, in
particular, the gas content, the
fibre content, the size of solid
particles, the dry substance
content and the sand content.
Table 2.1 shows KSBs expected
values for common fluids in
waste water treatment.
For gas, sand and dry substance
content the limits of each
impeller type can be defined
reasonably accurately; for fibres
and other solids in the fluid,
quantities are harder to define.
The composition of waste water
can also change over time. The
operators experience should be
considered when selecting an
impeller.
The overview in Table 2.2 shows
the application limits of each
impeller type
High gas content and relatively
high fibre content are best
matched with open impellers,
especially free flow impellers.
For pre-screened waste water,
closed K impellers are recom-
mended due to their excellent
efficiency. The only suitable
impeller type for small and
medium sized pumps handling
fluids with larger solids are free
flow impellers and single-vane
impellers as they provide the
required free passage.
Fluids containing long fibres
(textiles, cleaning and hygiene
products, plant matter)
jeopardise the operating
reliability of closed impellers
(with impeller shroud) affecting
the vane leading edge and the
suction-side clearance between
impeller and casing.
Due to the flow of leakage
volume through the clearance
between impeller and pump
casing fibres can accumulate in
this area (Fig. 2.2) and form
hardened deposits (Fig. 2.3).
This risk is reduced by a narrow
clearance. Wear-resistant
materials are used to ensure the
clearance gap remains
unchanged, which has the added
benefit of maintaining a stable
efficiency.
Fig. 2.2: Problematic areas for uids
containing bres
Fig. 2.3: Hardened deposits
Fig. 2.1: Impeller types
2
28
Configuration and Installation
Gas content
vol%
Fibre content Size of solids
Dry substance
content (%)
Sand content
(g/l)
Storm water and surface water - Low Small - 0 - 3
Waste water
- Municipal waste water
- Domestic waste water 0 - 2 Medium Medium - 0 - 3
- Commercial waste water 0 - 2 High Large - 0 - 3
- Industrial waste water 0 - 2 High Large 0 - 5 0 - 3
Water containing a large proportion of sand - - - - 8 - 10
Sludge
- Activated sludge 2 - 4 Low Small 1 - 2 -
- Primary sludge 2 - 4 Low Small 2 - 6 -
- Secondary sludge 2 - 4 Low Small 2 - 3,5 -
- Sludge from thickener 3 - 6 Low Small 2 - 5 0 - 2
- Stabilised sludge - Low Small 5 - 10 -
- Dewatered sludge - Low Small 20 - 30 -
- Dry sludge - Low Small 30 - 50 -
Table 2.1: Expected values of fluids in waste water treatment
* Provided the impeller is made of suitable material
Table 2. 2: Application limits of different impeller types
Gas content
vol%
Fibre content Size of solids
Dry substance
content (%)
Sand content
(g/l) *
Cutter - Medium - 2 -
Free flow impeller (F impeller) 8 High Large < 8 10
Closed single-vane impeller (E impeller) 2 Medium Large 6 6
Open single-vane impeller (D impeller) 4 High Large 13 4
Closed two-vane impeller (K impeller) - Low Medium 3 4
Open two-vane impeller 4 High Medium 6 6
Multi-vane impeller (K impeller) - None Small 5 6
account. In some applications
pumps run for more than 4000
hours per year; in others, such as
domestic pumped drainage or
storm water tanks, the operating
time of a pump is often far below
100 hours per year.
To evaluate pump efficiency
simply comparing the best
efficiency is insufficient. Instead
we need to look at the efficiency
at the actual operating points.
For evaluating the total power
input over the pump life cycle,
the expected service life of the
pump must also be taken into
This means that, apart from
general requirements for
operating reliability, the key
criteria for selecting a waste
water pump differ. For
continuous operation efficiency
is of major importance whilst
the focus for pumped drainage
is on investment costs.
2
29
2. 2
Matching materials to the
application
Grey cast iron, especially
JL1040, has proven very
successful for all main
components of wet-installed
submersible motor pumps in
municipal water and waste-
water applications.
This material has several
benefits: Its great chemical
resistance in neutral and
alkaline environments matches
its resistance against hydro-
abrasive wear. Remarkably, the
properties of the casting skin
which contains large amounts
of carbon, iron oxides and
silicon oxide provide great
protection against wear and
corrosion. Modern designs
keep machining to a minimum
in order to preserve the casting
skin as much as possible.
The materials low modulus of
elasticity dampens vibrations at
the casing parts and the duck-
foot bend. At a reasonably low
price per kilogram, manu-
facturers can offer a stable and
reliable design without any risk
of the pump lifting off the
duckfoot bend even at relatively
high pressures.
As a material for the motor
housing, grey cast iron has very
good thermal conductivity
compared to stainless steel, for
example. Grey cast iron is the
first choice in more than 90 %
of applications.
Highly abrasive fluids
In sand traps or in areas where
large amounts of sand are present
in storm water being transported
to the waste water system, the
impeller and even the pump
casing might have to be made of
a material which is particularly
resistant to abrasive wear. We
recommend high-alloy grey cast
iron 0.9635. A comparison in a
model wear test showed that the
linear material loss rate of
JL1040 is 20 times higher than
that of 0.9635
For casing parts, coatings have
also proved successful in the last
few years. Select a coating
method which is compatible with
the material to be coated. Also
make sure that the coating
medium can handle the type and
concentration of solids in the
fluid. Coatings are not
recommended for impellers as
the coating life would be too
short.
2
30
Pumps for corrosive fluids
Duplex stainless steels such as
1.4517 and 1.4593 have proven
successful many times over. Pure
austenitic steel such as 1.4408
are not as wear-resistant and
are unsuitable for seawater
applications.
Duplex stainless steels with an
austenite/ferrite ratio of 1:1 not
only offer excellent corrosion
resistance but also outstanding
mechanical properties, such as
strength and elongation at
fracture, as well as adequate
wear resistance. If a very long
service life is required, pumps
for seawater applications need
to be made of a material with
a so-called PREN value of 35
or even 38 (Fig. 2.4).
The effect of coatings is limited
in combination with corrosive
fluids such as seawater. Even the
slightest damage to the coating
will lead to uninhibited spreading
of the corrosion process under-
neath the coating.
Special coatings combined with
cathodic protection by anodes
have resulted in remarkable
resistance. Based on this solution,
several pumps with JL1040
casings have been in operation in
pumping stations at the Red Sea
for more than 5 years without
displaying any visible signs of
corrosion. Prerequisites for this
solution are proper maintenance
and regular anode replacement
(every 1 to 2 years). Electric
conductivity between the pump
and other components with large
surfaces such as pipes or grids
must be prevented during
installation. Otherwise the anode
would be used up early due to an
unfavourable anode/cathode
ratio, which would impair the
pump protection.
Fig. 2.4: KRT for seawater applica-
tions, completely made of duplex
stainless steel
2
31
Casing wear rings (K and E
impellers) / wear plate (D
impellers)
The clearance between the casing
wear ring and the impeller with
or without an impeller wear ring
determines the flow rate of the
leakage volume. The flow rate of
the leakage volume significantly
influences the pump efficiency.
If the clearance remains constant,
pump efficiency generally
remains constant too. If wear
causes the clearance to widen,
leakage reduces the effective
volume flow rate of the pump,
thus reducing pump efficiency.
A larger clearance also increases
the risk of hardened deposits as
described in the section Selecting
the optimum impeller geometry.
As K impellers are normally
only used for fluids with a low
solids content, JL1040 is
usually an adequate casing ring
material. Materials of higher
wear resistance are required for
more demanding fluids. As an
option, KSB offers wear rings
made of semi-austenitic cast
CrNi steel (VG 434) for K
impellers.
Material 1.4464 has comparable
properties. Even high-alloy grey
cast iron (0.9635) can be used for
the casing wear rings of E
impellers. The materials on offer
for wear plates for D impellers
are similar. In addition to
JL1040, KSB offers high-alloy
grey cast iron 0.9635 as an
alternative for higher wear
resistance. To increase the wear
resistance of edges and surfaces
of casing wear rings and
impellers under high loads, parts
made of JL1040 are successfully
hardened to a depth of several
millimetres.
Shaft
KSB shafts are made of ferritic
chromium steel (1.4021) as a
standard. This material is of
good mechanical strength.
It is corrosion-resistant in more
than 90 % of all applications.
Highly corrosive fluids such as
seawater require duplex
stainless steels with a suitable
PREN value. In this case, for
reasons of magnetisation 2-
and 4-pole motors might
require friction welded shafts
with the motor section being
ferritic.
2. 3
Shaft seal
Sealing the shafts of
submersible motor pumps with
two mechanical seals in tandem
arrangement (Fig. 2.5) has been
the established solution for
many decades.
For this arrangement, 85 to
90 % of the space between the
two mechanical seals has to be
filled with a suitable liquid. The
remaining air volume prevents
temperature rises leading to
excessive pressure increase in
the reservoir which could push
the inboard mating ring out of
its seat. The liquid exclusively
serves to form a lubricating film
between the rotating and
stationary seal faces of both
mechanical seals. Lubrication is
crucial for keeping wear of the
seal faces to a minimum.
2
32
Submersible motor pumps in
waste water applications can
always be affected by dissolved
gases in the fluid coming out of
solution in the pump casing.
Gas always accumulates in the
lowest pressure zone, which is
around the mechanical seals.
Without separate lubrication
the mechanical seals would
have a very short service life.
As a standard, rotating and
stationary seal faces are made
of silicon carbide / silicon
carbide (SiC/SiC). This material
has relatively poor anti-seizure
properties but is highly resistant
to the effects of solids.
NBR or Viton are used for the
elastomer elements of the me-
chanical seals as EPDM is
incompatible with oil. PTFE
is only required for extreme
applications.
The mechanical seals are
usually designed as rubber
bellows -type seals with a
single spring (Fig. 2.6 a).
Low investment costs are not
the only advantage of bellows
-type mechanical seals. The
bellows also completely
compensate for shaft deflection
caused by radial forces in the
pump without any relative
motion on the shaft. The shaft
is thus protected against wear,
and no shaft sleeve is required.
For pump sizes with shaft
diameters larger than 100 mm
bellows-type mechanical seals
with a single spring are no
longer feasible for assembly.
Balanced mechanical seals with
stationary seat are recommen-
ded for these sizes (Fig. 2.6 b).
The stationary seat is located in
the seal housing with the
rotating face being pressed up
to it by covered springs that are
not in contact with the fluid
handled.
Mechanical seals with covered
springs are also required for
smaller pump sizes if the fluid
handled contains long fibres or
sharp components, for example
pumps handling swarf in
machining applications.
KSB uses light, non-toxic, bio-
degradable oil as a lubricant.
A water/glycol mixture is used
in pumps where the lubricant
for the mechanical seals also
serves as a coolant.
Fig. 2.5: Typical tandem arrangement
of mechanical seals with oil reservoir
Fig. 2.6 b: EagleBurgmann HJ
mechanical seal
Fig. 2.6 a: EagleBurgmann MG1
bellows-type mechanical seal
Fig. 2.7: Balanced mechanical seal
with stationary head
2
33
2. 4
Rotor and bearings
It is essential that the shaft
and bearings are correctly
dimensioned for the loads in
the permissible operating range.
Operation under off-design
conditions may not only
damage the mechanical seals
but also especially the bearings
as well as the shaft. The various
reasons for the operating limits
are described in detail in the
section General Pump
Selection.
The system conditions may not
allow the exclusion of pump
operation against a closed gate
valve. Apart from high bearing
forces this will also lead to
forces on the impeller resulting
in severe shaft deflection.
Shaft deflection can in turn
lead to the impeller rubbing
against the casing wear ring.
Prolonged operation at this
condition will widen the
clearance between impeller
and casing wear ring.
For submersible motor pumps
with drive ratings of 4 kW and
above the bearings are generally
dimensioned for a calculated
minimum bearing life of 25,000
hours within the operating
limits Q
min
and Q
max
. The bear-
ing life will be normally
significantly longer if the pump
set is operated within these
operating points.
Smaller pumps have a shorter
calculated bearing life. If small
pumps are intended for
continuous operation, this
should be mentioned in the
specifications.
The bearings are usually grease
lubricated. The bearings of
pumps with a small to medium
pump power output (< 65 kW)
are generally lubricated for life.
Pumps with a higher pump
power output often need their
bearings to be re-lubricated.
Such pumps are fitted with a
special re-lubrication system.
For the required grease quality,
quantity and re-lubrication
intervals refer to the operating
manual for the pump.
2
34
are not standardised.
Heavy pumps might need to be
fastened to the concrete floor
with foundation rails. The
duckfoot bend or foundation
rails are fastened with chemical
anchors (composite anchor
bolts) approved for structural
engineering. The chemical
anchors need to be set in a
concrete floor of sufficient
strength (minimum C25/C30
to DIN 1045) (Fig. 2.11 a+b).
Observe an adequate height of
the pumps suction inlet above
the tank floor. For details
please refer to the section
Structural Design. Prior to
installing the pump, the com-
plete discharge line and the
guide arrangement for the
pump have to be fitted.
For notes on the piping also
refer to the section Structural
Design. Two different guide
arrangements are available:
guide wire and guide rail (Fig.
2.12 a+b + 2.13). A comparison
(Table 2.3) shows that the guide
wire arrangement has many
advantages.
2. 5
Installation
The following three types of
installation are common for
submersible motor pumps:
installation of transportable
models (Fig. 2.8), stationary
wet installation (Fig. 2.9) and
vertical dry installation
(Fig. 2.10)
For transportable models the
pump must be firmly positioned
in the pump sump; suitable
hoisting tackle is required to lift
the pumps.
Stationary wet installation is
effected via a duckfoot bend
fastened to the tank floor.
The duckfoot bend has to be
matched to the permissible load
of the pump and the mating
dimension of the claw fastened
to the discharge nozzle of the
pump. The mating dimensions
Fig. 2.8: Installation of a
transportable waste water pump
Fig. 2.9: Stationary wet
installation of a waste water pump
Fig. 2.10: Vertical dry installation
of a waste water pump
Fig. 2.11 a+b:
Fastening the duckfoot
bend or foundation
rails
2
35
For this reason KSB prefers the
guide wire arrangement as a
standard; guide rail
arrangement is offered as an
alternative.
The upper brackets of the guide
arrangement are suitably
fastened to a concrete wall or
ceiling with chemical anchors.
Spacers need to be fitted on
guide wire arrangements for
large installation depths.
For the guide rail arrangement
the installation of intermediate
supports every 6 m is recom-
mended. The intermediate
support brackets are either
clamped to the discharge line or
mounted directly to the wall of
the pump sump.
Dry installations will not be
explained in detail in this
brochure as it corresponds to
the installation of dry-installed
pumps in general.
Guide wire arrangement Guide rail arrangement
Easy and convenient to transport Rails difficult to transport
Fast to install, saving costs Inflexible regarding structural deviations
Compensation of structural tolerances without extra work/costs Very costly for large installation depths
Allows installation with inclined angle of up to + 5 Corrosion problems of guide rails
Flexible and reliable adaptation to different installation depths
down to 85 m
Corrosion-resistant rails are very costly
Guide wire made of corrosion-resistant stainless steel 1.4401 (316) Problems with sealing (metal-to-metal or shearing of rubber gasket)
at the duckfoot bend
Guide wire included in KSBs scope of supply Access to valves obstructed by inflexible rails
Problems with contamination in cases where powerful flow patterns
or floating sludge is present in the pump sump.
Less sensitive to fluids containing fibres
Table 2. 3: Comparison of guide wire arrangement and guide rail arrangement
Fig. 2.12 a:
Guide wire arrangement
Fig. 2.12b:
Guide wire arrangement
Fig. 2.13:
Guide rail arrangement
2
36
3.
General Description
of the Motor
KRT motors are water-tight,
three-phase asynchronous
squirrel-cage motors, especially
designed and selected to drive
submersible motor pumps (Fig.
3.1 and Fig. 3.2). The motor is
available as a non-explosion-
proof or as an explosion-proof
model where a flameproof
enclosure is specified. Pump
and motor have a common
pump / motor shaft and form
an inseparable unit. No defined
electrotechnical standards exist
for these special pump motors
described below; however, the
requirements of DIN EN 60034
are complied with as far as
possible.
KSB submersible motor pumps
are floodable, non-self-priming
close-coupled pump sets, which
are normally operated com-
pletely submerged. They can
be operated unsubmerged for
a short period of time, during
which the permissible motor
temperature is monitored by a
temperature sensor installed in
the motor.
The minimum fluid level
indicated in the operating
manual generally has to be
observed.
A motor variant with a cooling
jacket is available for applica-
tions which require the pump
set to permanently operate with
the pump set partly unsubmer-
ged. The cooling jacket provides
sufficient motor cooling
regardless of the fluid level
in the pump sump.
Fig. 3.1: Sectional drawing of a
KRT 4 to 60 kW
Fig. 3.2: Sectional drawing of a
KRT > 60 kW
3
37
General Description of the Motor
3.1
Motor sizes
Standard rated power (depending on the number of poles): 4 to 480 kW
also up to 880 kW
Standard number of poles (depending on the rated power): 2 to 10 poles
Standard rated voltages: 400/690 V, 50 Hz
460 V, 60 Hz
Note: 1) For 60 Hz rated voltages are available in the range from 200 to 575 V.
2) Higher rated powers and different rated voltages (also high voltage) on request.
3) For the individual motor size refer to the motor data sheets
(included with the project documentation or available on request).
3. 2
Type of construction
The type of construction of KRT motors is similar to that of IM V10 (to DIN EN 60 034-7).
Motor installation
The motor and the pump are
installed directly in the pump
sump as a close-coupled unit.
During operation the motor is
submerged in the fluid to be
handled. It can be operated
outside the fluid for a short
period of time during which the
permissible motor temperature
is monitored by a temperature
sensor installed in the motor. The
minimum fluid level indicated in
the operating manual generally
has to be observed. For large
submersible motor pumps the
minimum fluid level is usually
determined by hydraulic
parameters (e.g. air-entraining
vortices, NPSH). Fluid
temperature: maximum 40C as
a standard.
For operation with fluid
temperatures > 40 C and
< 60 C a hot water variant is
available. Operation with fluid
temperatures > 60 C on request.
Sizes
The dimensions for standardised
motors to IEC 72 are not
applicable for integrated sub-
mersible pump sets. Nevertheless,
the electrical sheet steel
laminations correspond with the
so-called IEC dimensions or sizes
common on the market.
Immersion depth
KRT submersible motor pumps
can be operated up to an
immersion depth of 30 m
without requiring any special
measures to be taken.
3
38
type of protection to DIN EN
60079-0 / DIN EN 60079-1 and
they are suitable for use in zone
1. The following codes are used
in the motor designation: X
T3 and Y T4.
3.6
Electrical design data
Rating
To ensure a long motor life it is
recommended to observe a mains
voltage tolerance of 5 % and
mains frequency tolerances of
2 % (Design A) in accordance
with DIN EN 60034-1.
Other than that, the power
output of Amarex KRT motors
in a submerged condition is only
restricted by a mains voltage
tolerance of 10 % and a mains
frequency tolerance of 2 %
compared to the rated values.
Voltage and frequency
KRT motors are fully func tional
as defined in DIN EN 60034-1
section 12.3 given a mains
voltage fluctuation of
10 % and a mains frequency
fluctuation of up to -5 % /+ 3 %
compared to the rated values.
They correspond with Design B
to DIN EN 60034-1.
Current and starting current
Depending on the motor size the
starting current at the motor
terminals equals 4 to 9 times the
rated current at rated voltage.
For individual starting current
values refer to the motor data
booklet or project
documentation.
Start-up and starting method
KRT motors can be started up
using either the star-delta or the
DOL starting method.
The winding ends are supplied
wired for both star and delta
operation as standard. If the
starting current ratio is limited
by the operator, KSB will supply
calculated starting curves for the
motor (M/ n curves) to facilitate
selection, dimensioning and
parameter setting of a soft starter
or autotransformer as an
alternative to star-delta starting
at 400 V mains voltage.
When a soft starter is used,
the requirements on electro-
magnetic compatibility to EN
50081 and EN 50082 must be
met. When selecting a soft
starter observe the information
provided by the manufacturer
and the electrical motor data,
especially the rated current.
3. 3
Mode of operation
KRT motors without a cooling
system (installation type S)
are designed for continuous
operation S1 (to DIN EN
60034-1) in a submerged
condition. If the motor is
operated unsubmerged and
dry running is detected,
a bimetal switch in the motor
winding switches the mode of
operation to S3.
KRT motors with a cooling
system (installation types K and
D) are designed for continuous
operation S1 (to DIN EN
60034-1) at all fluid levels.
3. 4
Enclosure
KRT motors comply with the
requirements of enclosure IP 68
to DIN EN 60 034-5. The
pump set also complies with the
requirements of enclosure IP 68
to DIN EN 60 529.
3. 5
Type of protection and
temperature classes
Explosion-proof Amarex KRT
motors comply with the
requirements of Ex II2G Ex d
IIB T3 and, in some cases, T4
3
39
Run-up time
The run-up time of Amarex
KRT submersible motor pumps
on DOL starting at rated
voltage should be less than 1.5
seconds.
Permissible locked rotor time
The permissible locked rotor
time at rated voltage equals:
For cold start-up: 25 s
For warm start-up: 5 s
Moments
For complete pump sets such as
submersible motor pumps the
moments of inertia, start-up
and pull-out torque for the
motor do not normally need to
be defined. However, for an
optimum soft starter setting the
corresponding curves can be
supplied on request.
Configuration
On KRT motors the six ends of
the stator winding strands are
always wired to the outside
with suitable cables , regardless
of the starting method. They
can be connected in delta (e.g.
400 V / 50 Hz or 460 V / 60
Hz) or star (e.g. 690 V / 50 Hz)
configuration, depending on the
voltage. The motor wiring is
included in the project docu-
mentation or will be made
available on request.
Frequency of starts
To prevent excessive thermal
loads on the rotor as well as
mechanical loads on the
bearings and electrical loads on
the insulation the defined
frequency of starts per hour
must not be exceeded (Table
3.1). In this context, the cor-
relation between flow rates and
pump sump volume needs to be
considered. It is recommended
to limit the frequency of starts
to 5000 per year.
Direction of rotation
The shaft must rotate counter-
clockwise, seen from the free
shaft end.
It is highly recommended to
check the direction of rotation
prior to installing the pump (see
operating manual).
Individual motor data
Individual motor data such as
the load -dependent efficiencies,
power factor, rated current, etc.
can be found in the motor data
sheets, including load curves,
which are provided on request
or together with the project
documentation.
Name plate
A name plate for the complete
submersible pump set is shown
in Fig. 3.3.
Motor rating Maximum frequency of starts
Up to 7.5 kW 30/h
Above 7.5 kW 10/h
Fig. 3.3: Name plate
3
40
3.7
KRT motors with frequency
inverter
When operating KRT motors
with a frequency inverter
observe KSBs notes on
operating submersible motor
pumps with a frequency
inverter or the relevant
EUROPUMP papers.
KRT motors are suitable for
frequency inverter operation.
Select any commercially
available IGBT frequency
inverter with DC link.
Any make can be used, even
for explosion-proof pumps.
The motor insulation is suitable
for pulse voltages of up to
1600 V. Higher pulse voltages
are frequent if the rated voltage
exceeds 500 V. In this case,
fit a dV/dt filter to the
frequency inverter or use
motors with a special insulation
(available on request).
To minimise the risks involved
in freely matching frequency
inverters to motors KSB
recommends an additional
power reserve of 5 %. This
power reserve will definitely be
able to compensate for any
increased losses caused by
harmonics in the output voltage
of the frequency inverters.
3.7.1
Selecting a frequency
inverter
When selecting a frequency
inverter observe the
manufacturers information and
the electrical motor data.
Consider the rated current of
the motor rather than the rated
power of the motor, especially
for motors with a high number
of poles and low cos phi.
3.7. 2
Explosion-proof drives
The following conditions must
be met when operating
explosion-proof KRT motors
with a frequency inverter:
- The individual operating
points must be within a range
of 50 to 100 % of the rated
frequency. Operation above
the rated frequency is
excluded in the available type
test certificates.
- The current limiter of the
frequency inverter must be set
to 3 x l
N
as a maximum.
- The thermistor tripping unit
must bear the PTB 3.53 -
PTC/A conformity mark.
3. 8
Design details
of the motor
KRT submersible pump sets
are fitted with a water-tight,
three-phase asynchronous
squirrel-cage motor, especially
designed and selected to drive
submersible motor pumps.
Pump and motor have a
common pump/motor shaft and
form an inseparable unit.
Stator
The stator of the KRT motor
consists of a stator core into
which a three-phase current
winding made of copper wire
has been inserted. High-quality
enamelled wire and insulating
materials (in the slot and end
windings) combined with
polyester resin impregnation
provide high mechanical and
electrical strength.
Insulation materials and
thermal class
The insulation system of the
motor is exclusively made of
market-proven components of
well known manufacturers.
All insulation materials comply
with the requirements of
thermal class H. A variety of
binding methods is available for
the winding ends. Within the
rated conditions the motor
winding temperatures comply
with thermal class F.
3
Rotor
The rotor is a squirrel-cage
motor. The cage in the rotor
core is either made of die-cast
aluminium or of soldered
copper bars and rings,
depending on the motor size.
Bearings
The drive end and non-drive
end are fitted with rolling
element bearings. Up to pump
size 280 the bearings are
greased for life; the bearings of
pump sizes 315 and above come
with a re-lubrication system.
The lubricants used are high-
temperature lithium soap base
greases. The grease quality is
defined in the operating
manual.
3.9
Cooling
The motor is primarily cooled
with air. Inside the motor the
air is circulated in a closed
system by fan blades on the
two ends of the rotor. The
heat generated in the motor is
dissipated via the casing to the
water which acts as a secondary
coolant. EN 60034-6 code: IC
4 A 1 W 8
41
3.10
Monitoring equipment
Overcurrent protection
The motor must be protected
from overloading by a thermal
time-lag overcurrent relay in
accordance with DIN VDE
0660 / IEC 947 (Fig. 3.5).
The relay has to be set to the
rated current of the motor as
indicated on the name plate
(see the section Name plate
or the project documentation,
or place a request).
Anti-condensation heater
The motors of KRT submersible
motor pumps do not require an
anti-condensation heater (see
the section Moisture protection
of the motor). The water-tight
design prevents condensation
inside the motor. Any residual
humidity in the air is absorbed
by silica gel sachets.
Sensors in the motor pump set
Winding temperature
monitoring without explosion
protection (installation types S
and P / wet)
The windings of KRT motors
are protected by a temperature
monitoring circuit. Two bimetal
switches connected in series or
three PTC thermistors
connected in series monitor the
temperature. They trip the
pump when the permissible
winding temperature is
exceeded and automatically re-
start the pump once the
windings have cooled down.
For this purpose they have to be
wired directly into the control
circuit of the motor contactor.
Winding temperature
monitoring with explosion
protection (installation types S
and P / wet)
Explosion-proof KRT motors
have to be monitored by two
independent temperature sensors
in the winding.
- Two bimetal switches
connected in series monitor
the temperature. They trip the
pump when the permissible
winding temperature is
exceeded and re-start it
automatically once the
windings have cooled down.
The bimetal switches protect
the motors against
overloading and dry running.
- In addition, three PTC
thermistors connected in series
(with a tripping temperature 20
Kelvin above the maximum
winding temperature) are fitted.
In the event of a failure of the
bimetal temperature sensors,
these additional thermistors
will trip the pump before the
permissible temperature limits
for explosion protection at the
surface of the motor housing
are exceeded.
3
42
For explosion-proof KRT
pumps the additional
thermistors must be connected
and fully functional. Automatic
reset and start-up is not
permitted. For this purpose a
commercially available
thermistor trip device with
manual reset must be integrated
in the control circuit of the
motor contactor.
The winding temperature of
dry operated submersible motor
pumps (installation types K and
D) is exclusively monitored by
PTC thermistors.
Moisture protection of the
motor
A conductive moisture sensor is
fitted to check the motor space
for integrity. If any moisture
penetrates into the motor space
a current will flow through the
sensor to the earth conductor.
The sensor can be combined
with any commercially available
electrode relays which trigger
an alarm when the electrode
resistance falls below 6 k.
For small pumps, a com-
mercially available 30 mA FI
RCD can be used as an
alternative.
Bearing temperature
monitoring
The temperature of the motor
bearings is monitored as
follows, depending on the
motor size:
- Motor rating > 30 kW:
monitoring of pump-end
fixed bearing optional
- Motor rating > 60 kW:
monitoring of pump-end
fixed bearing as standard,
monitoring of motor-end
radial bearing optional
Each monitored bearing is
protected by a temperature
monitoring circuit (Table 3.2).
The temperature is monitored
by PT100 temperature sensors
installed in the bearing housing.
The sensors change their
resistance proportionally with
temperature.
Calculation formula:
Monitoring of mechanical seals
The mechanical seals of motors
with ratings > 60 kW are
monitored as standard. An
integrated float switch (NC
contact) opens when water
penetrates into the leakage
chamber as a result of defective
mechanical seals. The contact
may either trigger an alarm
signal or shut down the motor.
The NC contact is suitable for a
maximum of 250 V a.c./ 1.5 A.
Monitoring of the vibration
velocity
Motors with a rating of 60 kW
and above can be fitted with a
sensor at the upper bearing to
monitor the effective vibration
velocity. The sensor transmits
an analog 4 20 mA measuring
signal. It must be supplied with
a voltage of 15 to 32 V d.c.
For KSB submersible motor
pumps with multi-vane impel-
lers (K impellers) observe the
limits in Table 3.3.
On submersible motor pumps
with single-vane impeller (E
impeller) higher vibration
velocities of up to 17 mm/s can
be caused by hydraulic
imbalance, depending on the
operating point. Pumps of this
variant are always fitted with a
shielded control cable.
R = 100 1 + 0.00383
T
C
( )
(17)
1 1,2
10
100
1000
10000
10 l / l Rating
2h
T
r
ip
p
in
g
t
im
e
in
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
Fig. 3.5: Tripping curve for class
10 thermal time-lag over-current
trips to EN 60947-6-2
3
43
20C 107.7 Test
110C 142.1 Warning
130C 149.8 Stop
Special lubricant
130C 149.8 Warning
150C 157.0 Stop
Table 3. 2: Bearing temperature monitoring
Vrms Vrms Vpeak Output current Comment
mm/s inch/s inch/s mA
0 0.00 0.00 4.0 Sensor min.
9 0.35 0.50 11.2 Preferably lower
11 0.43 0.61 12.8 Alarm
14 0.55 0.78 15.2 Stop
20 0.79 1.11 20.0 Sensor max.
Table 3. 3: Vibration velocity limits for submersible
motor pumps with multi-vane impellers
(Also see EUROPUMP-Leitfaden / Schwingungen bei Kreiselpumpen
[Europump Guidelines / Vibrations of Centrifugal Pumps],
Table A.1 / Flexible installation, vertical)
3
44
Thermal motor monitoring
Brief description of the sensors
Connection for motor ratings up to 4 kW
(For submersible motor pump type Amarex N only)
Sensors for motor ratings > 4 kW
(installation types S and P)
Bimetal Bimetal
20 21 22
21 22
Bimetal
10 11
PTC
Bimetal switch
Temperature-sensitive miniature contact
Glued into the motor winding
Volt-free NC contact, 250 V ~, 2 A
Closed Temperature O.K.
Open Temperature too high
PTC thermistor
Temperature-dependent semiconductor resistance
with positive temperature coefficient
Glued into the motor winding
Maximum voltage 30 V
R < 1250 Temperature O.K.
R > 4000 Temperature too high
20 21
21 22
10 11
3.11
Connection and description
of monitoring equipment
20 21
21 22
20 21
21 22
Motor version U / W
No direct connection to the control circuit required;
connect to dummy terminal
Motor version Y
ATEX
To be wired directly into the control circuit
Connection via thermistor tripping unit with
manual reset
20 21
10 11
20 21
10 11
Motor version U / W / UN / WN
No direct connection to the control circuit required;
connect to dummy terminal
Motorversion X / Y / XN
ATEX
To be wired directly into the control circuit
manual reset
3
45
Connection for motor ratings > 30 kW
(installation types K and D)
Monitoring by moisture protection
electrode (in the motor space)
Connection for all motor types
9
Moisture protection
electrode
M 3
10 11
10 11
9 MP
Leakage sensor
Conductive sensor
Screwed to the lower bearing bracket
For motors >65 kW additionally at the upper bearing
bracket
A.c. voltage sensors shall be used to prevent the formation
of insulation layers.
Maximum voltage 250 V
To be triggered at a leakage resistance of approximately 6
k.
Motor version U / X / Y / W / UN / XN / WN
With and without ATEX
Connection to an electrode relay with the following
parameters
Sensor circuit 10 - 30 V~
Tripping current 0,5 - 3 mA
Motor version UN
manual reset
Motor version XN
ATEX
manual reset
9 MP
10 11
PTC
3
46
Thermal bearing monitoring
Connection for motor ratings
> 30 kW
PT100 PT100
15 16 17
PT100 ball bearing
PT100 resistance thermometer
M8 thread in the bearing housing
Analog, continuous temperature signal
Maximum voltage 6 V
Lower bearing
Upper bearing (motors >65 kW optional)
15 16
16 17
15 16
16 17
15 16
16 17
Motor version U / X / Y / W
With / without ATEX
Connection to a PT100 switching relay with
the following parameters
Alert temperature: 110C
Cut-out temperature: 130C
Motor version UN / XN / WN
With / without ATEX
Connection to a PT100 switching relay with
the following parameters
Alert temperature: 130C
Cut-out temperature: 150C
3
47
Monitoring of mechanical seal
with float switch
Connection for all motor types
3 4
Float switch
M 3
3 4
Float switch
Volt-free NC contact, 250 V ~, 2 A
Closed Leakage chamber empty
Open Leakage, check mechanical seal
Motor version U / X / Y / W / UN / XN / WN
With / without ATEX
Connection for alarm and cut-out
3 4
3
48
3.12
Power and control cables
with cable entry
Amarex KRT submersible
motor pumps are supplied fitted
with flexible cables suitable for
use in waste water. The special
cable glands are connected in
the motor as follows:
- For motor ratings < 60 kW
with plug-type connections or
crimp connections
- For motor ratings > 60 kW
with terminal board and
cable shoes
Cable gland
The cable glands are absolutely
water-tight when submerged up
to 30 m with multiple safety
provided (Fig. 3.7):
1) Long rubber gland
2) Resin-embedded cable sheath
3) Individual cores stripped,
tinned and sealed in resin
The power and control cables
are suitable for use in waste
water and are of especially high
mechanical strength.
Depending on the operating
conditions the following cable
types are available for selection:
- S1BN8-F / standard
- S07RC4N8-F / shielded
version optional
- Tefzel with ETFE cable sheath
/ optional for chemically
aggressive fluids
For the number of conductors
and cross-sections refer to the
project documentation or motor
data sheet, or request details.
Benefit:
Long service life of the motor
due to an absolutely water-
proof design (also see the
section Shaft seal). Only high
quality flexible cables are used
for submerged operation to
ensure reliable continuous
operation of submersible motor
pumps and a long service life.
Together with a renowned cable
manufacturer KSB has
developed cables optimised for
waste water applications.
1 Long rubber gland
2 Outer cable insulation
3 Individual core insulation sealed in
resin
4 Individual cores stripped, tinned and
sealed in resin
1
2
3 4
Fig. 3.7: Cable gland of a KRT
3
3.13
Power cables
49
Technical data
Finely stranded class 5 copper
conductors to DIN VDE 0295
EPR insulation
Inner sheath made of rubber
Special outer sheath made of
synthetic rubber, colour: black
Continuously permissible
conductor temperature
Permissible conductor
temperature with short circuit
(up to 5 seconds)
Fire protection to DIN EN
50265-2-1
Resistant to UV radiation,
weather and ozone
Oil resistant to DIN VDE
0473-811-2-1, part 10
Flexible
Laying and transport
temperature: -25 to + 80 C
0.6/1 kV: green/yellow
conductor identification
For application in water / not
drinking water
Brief description
OZOFLEX (PLUS) S1BN8-F rubber-
sheathed cables have been developed
for KSBs standardised and explosion-
proof pumps. They are designed to
flexibly connect KSB submersible
motor pumps up to a cable cross-
section of 50 mm.
Given the variety and changing
composition of waste water the cables
must only be used in easily accessible
and controllable areas.
If aggressive water or water of special
composition is handled, the resistance
of the cables must be checked in each
individual case.
The cables can be used indoors,
outdoors, in potentially explosive
atmospheres, in areas with a high fire
risk, in industrial plants, in
commercial and in agricultural
facilities.
The regulations stipulated in
DIN VDE 0298-300 must
generally be observed.
Design based on
DIN VDE 0828-16
VDE Reg. No. 7586
90C
200C
3
50
3.14
Tefzel cable
(TEHSITE)
Technical data
TE400 insulation
Inner sheath made of silicone
TE-400 outer sheath,
colour: black
Continuously permissible
conductor temperature
(up to 5 seconds)
Fire protection to
DIN EN 50265-2-1
weather and ozone
Oil-resistant / general
chemical resistance
Flexible
450/750 V: green/yellow
For application in water / not
drinking water
Brief description
TEHSITE cables (TEFZEL) are
resistant to heat and chemical
components. They are designed to
flexibly connect KSBs submersible
motor pumps if the temperature of the
fluid handled and/or the ambient
temperature exceed 60 C or if high
chemical resistance is required.
The scope of application is defined in
the corresponding VDE report of 30
November 1983 and its amendment of
14 October 1987.
Due to their design and materials
TEHSITE cables are less flexible than
rubber-sheathed cables.
DIN VDE 0298-300 must generally
be observed.
Design based on DIN VDE 0828-16
135C
270C
3
51
3.15
Shielded rubber-sheathed
cable
Technical data
EPR insulation
Inner sheath made of rubber
Braided shield made of tinned
copper wires
Special outer sheath made of
synthetic rubber,
colour: black
temperature
(up to 5 seconds)
Fire protection to
DIN EN 60332-1-2
weather and ozone
Oil-resistant to
DIN EN 60811-2-1
Flexible
Laying and transport
temperature: -25 to + 80 C
450 / 750 V: green/yellow
Application in water / not
drinking water
DIN VDE 0282-16 HD 22.16
Brief description
OZOFLEX (FC+) S07RC4N8-F
rubber-sheathed cables have been
developed to flexibly connect
submersible motor pumps to frequency
inverters. They meet the requirements
of the EMC directive and can be
supplied up to a cable cross-section of
50 mm.
Given the variety and changing
composition of waste water the cables
must only be used in easily accessible
and controllable areas.
If aggressive water or water of special
composition is handled, the resistance
of the cables must be checked in each
individual case.
The cables can be used indoors,
outdoors, in potentially explosive
atmospheres, in areas with a high fire
risk, in industrial plants, in
commercial and in agricultural
facilities.
DIN VDE 0298-300 must generally
be observed.
Design based on DIN VDE 0282,
part 16
90C
250C
3
52
Piping and Valves
3.16
Quality assurance and
test logs
Standard routine test
Standard routine tests of KRT
motors are conducted to KSBs
works standards, which
comprise:
- Winding resistance test
- Insulation resistance test
- High-voltage test on the
winding
- Earth conductor check
- Check of monitoring devices
- No-load current
- Direction of rotation check
Sample type test
In addition to the above routine
tests a type test composed of the
tests listed below is conducted
for one sample of each motor
type in accordance with the
works standard:
- Measurement of winding
resistances
- Motor temperature rise test to
DIN EN 60034
- Short circuit test to determine
the starting current at
reduced voltage (alternative
DOL starting with
oscillographic measurement)
- Efficiency determined by the
loss summation method to
DIN EN 60034
Optionally, pumps can be
supplied with a so-called 2.2
certificate of a motor of the
same design.
3
53
Piping and Valves
4.
Piping and Valves
General
Detailed planning is a
prerequisite for proper
installation and maintenance,
trouble- free operation and a
high availability of technical
equipment. This also applies to
the piping and valves within and
outside the pumping station.
The discharge lines transport the
fluid handled from the pump to
the pumping destination.
The pump and discharge line
should be seen as a technical/
hydraulic unit. Correlations of
this unit can be graphically
illustrated as pump and system
characteristic curves, also
referred to as pipe characteristic
curves.
We will refer to the piping inside
the pumping station as inner
piping. The discharge lines
outside of the pumping station
right up to the actual discharge
will be referred to as outer
discharge lines
In general, the inner piping of a
pumping station consists of
suction lines and discharge lines.
Suction lines do not apply to
submersible waste water motor
pumps which are generally
operated as a stationary wet
installation, like the KRT.
In the field the outer discharge
lines are also called waste water
discharge lines or transport
lines. They are usually laid
underground in frost free
conditions. When planning the
piping layout extreme high and
low points should be avoided in
the waste water discharge lines,
if possible. If any constraints
require such high and low
points, additional technical
measures must be taken, such as
fitting flushing connections and
drains at low points, and vent
valves at high points.
To reliably transport municipal
waste water a free passage of
100 mm is recommended
through the pump impeller,
the valves and the discharge line.
The inside diameter of the piping
should measure 80 mm as a
minimum.
4.1
Planning the piping
4.1.1
Piping
4.1.1.1
Dimensioning
Starting parameters for the
dimensioning of discharge lines:
Flow rate
Operating pressure
The dimensioning or cal culation
of the inner (nominal) diameter
depends on the:
Flow velocity
If the nominal diameter is
known, the following
parameters can be calculated for
a specified flow rate:
Head losses or pipe friction
losses
Head loss of the piping
The formula geodetic head +
head losses = manometric head
can be used to determine the
Operating pressure
A transient flow analysis can be
used, if required, as an approach
to calculate the operating
pressure, nominal pressure and
conduct static calculations of the
pipes (see the relevant section
below for further details).
4
54
Piping and Valves
This section explains the
selection parameters in further
detail.
Determining the flow velocity
and selecting the nominal
diameter
Based on the required or
planned flow rate, the nominal
diameter is directly dependent
on the flow velocity. The pipe
friction losses can be derived
from the flow velocity.
From an economic point of
view (investment and operating
costs) the following aspects
need to be taken into account
when specifying the flow
velocities and nominal
diameters of the pipes.
Flow velocities below the
specified minimum can lead
to failures (clogging, etc).
Flow velocities above the
specified maximum can also
lead to operational failures.
In addition, they generate high
pipe friction losses, consuming
unnecessary energy.
Nominal diameter / inside
diameter of the pipes
The nominal diameter of the
discharge line can be derived
from the maximum planned
flow rate, the piping length
and the fluid handled with
consideration of the reference
values mentioned above.
The selection of an optimum
nominal diameter should be
based on a profitability analysis,
i.e. the investment costs should
be compared to the operating
costs and the energy costs in
particular. Small nominal
diameters with high flow
velocities will cause high flow
losses in longer pipes. As a result,
pumps with a higher head and
higher pump input power
(Fig. 4.1.1.1a) will be required.
The nominal diameter of the
pipes should be equal to or
greater than the nominal
diameter of the corresponding
pump connection.
For small pumping stations
the pumps must not only be
dimensioned for the inflow;
resistance to clogging and the
minimum speed also have to be
considered. If the recommended
flow velocity in the vertical
discharge line is not reached,
measures should be taken to
prevent clogging (e.g. a flushing
connection).
A special case is the drainage
of individual properties (e.g.
pumped drainage) that are to
be connected to a central waste
water system. If pumps with
cutters are used smaller diameter
pipes can be selected.
Flow velocities
Waste water pipes differ con-
siderably from drinking water
pipes as they need to reliably
transport a large variety of sub-
stances and fluid compositions,
including fibres, mineral solids
of various sizes (sand, grit and
stones) and organic contami-
nants.
4
Fig. 4.1.1.1a: Cost structure for
designing and operating a piping
system
Investment costs
for the piping
Total costs
Pipe diameter
C
o
s
t
s
Energy costs
55
Piping and Valves
For this reason, the minimum
flow velocities must be
observed. The following aspects
need to be considered:
Different flow velocities for
vertical and horizontal pipes
Inside diameter of the pipe,
considering that larger
diameters require higher flow
velocities
Fluid composition (analysis of
fibre content, solids content
and particle size)
Operating mode of the piping
(discontinuous or continuous)
Total length of the piping
KSB conducted some research
on the transport of substances
contained in waste water at the
Berlin Technical University.
The results are documented in
the diagram Minimum flow
velocities (Fig. 4.1.1.1b). The
nominal diameter range of DN
100 to DN 250 was examined in
more detail and the nominal
diameter range of DN 500 to
DN 1000 was extrapolated.
The substances in the fluid
handled are those commonly
contained in waste water, such
as fibre, gravel 0/4, gravel 16/32
and granite gravel 2/5.
Surge analyses
In water supply and waste water
systems any change in the
operating conditions also leads
to dynamic changes of pressure
and flow. These transient
processes in piping systems for
the extraction, treatment,
transport and distribution of
water have to be taken into
account and examined when
planning a pumping station as
they can cause significant
damage to pipes, valves and
other internal parts. Transient
operating conditions can have
many causes and are generally
unavoidable. They can be the
result of pump failure, start-up
or shutdown of pumps, cutting
in or cutting out of pumps in
addition to already operating
pumps, also of variable speed
pumps or of closing/opening
valves, control valves, pressure-
reducing valves, etc. Given the
complexity of surge pressure,
the use of the numerous
proximation calculation
methods should be avoided as
their scope of validity is very
limited and cannot be applied
in general. The use of such
methods outside their scope of
validity can lead to significant
dimensional errors.
In this context we would like to
refer to the DVGW booklet,
technical rules, worksheet W
303 Dynamic pressure
variations in water supply
systems and to the KSB Know-
how volume 1 Water
Hammer. We recommend
consulting experts in this field
to assess the surge pressure and
define preventive measures.
4
0
1
2
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Horizontal
Vertical
2.4
1.4
F
lo
w
v
e
lo
c
it
y
m/s
DN (mm)
Fig. 4.1.1.1 b: Minimum flow
velocities n
56
Piping and Valves
Static calculation of the
piping
The pipes must be able to
continuously and reliably
withstand the internal and
external pressures acting on
the system. This includes the
pressures of transient processes
(e.g. surge pressure), unless
preventive measures have
been taken.
For calculating, the required
wall thickness of the piping
the required pressure class, the
external loads and the material
must be considered.
Check the necessity of
conducting a static calculation
of the pipes for each project.
The static calculation of the
piping comprises:
- Primary loads (internal
pressure, weight of pipe/
valves/water fill)
- Secondary loads (stresses or
forces caused by the impacts
of temperature differences in
relation to the design
temperature)
- Occasional loads (for example
wind, ice, snow)
- Dynamic loads
- Stress analysis
- Vibration behaviour (showing
excitation and natural
frequencies)
- Earthquake stability
The calculation helps
determine, for example:
- Required pipe wall thickness
for the selected material
- Forces and moments for
planning the construction or
supporting structures (for
wall penetrations,
foundations and other
fastening points)
- Type (fixed bearings, plain
bearings, guides) and position
of pipe fixtures
- Forces and moments for pipe
fixtures (bearing loads for
fixed bearings, plain
bearings, guides)
- Design details for pipe
fixtures (selection of fixed
bearings, plain bearings,
guides)
Note:
Secondary loads (forces and
moments), also called thermal
loads, are often larger than
primary loads (weight and
pressure), especially if the
piping is rigidly connected
between two anchorage points.
This often leads to the
permissible force limits in parts
of the structure (e.g. wall ducts)
being exceeded. Additional
preventive measures must be
taken, such as fitting bellows
or other expansion joints.
The piping layout can also be
adjusted to reduce stresses and
forces. In a straight piping
layout between two wall
penetrations the pipe cannot
give way unlike an angled
piping layout, where stresses
and forces are much lower.
It is also important to properly
select and arrange plain and
fixed bearings as well as guides.
4.1.1. 2
Piping layout
Inner piping
For installation in the pump
sump the submersible waste
water motor pump is supplied
with a duckfoot bend, a guide
arrangement (guide wire or
guide rail) and a lifting chain
or rope.
4
57
Piping and Valves
The discharge line is connected
to the duckfoot bend which is
fastened to the floor of the pump
sump. The discharge line consists
of a vertical riser with a horizon-
tal discharge line branching off.
If the pumping station consists of
several pumps with the same
pumping destination, each pump
has its own discharge line. For
longer pipe lengths the individual
discharge lines are united in one
or several collecting discharge
lines (sometimes called the
discharge manifold).
The discharge line coming from
the pumping station should be
laid with a rising slope towards
the discharge (termination).
If the topographic conditions
require the piping to be laid with
distinct high and low points, air
could collect at the high points,
or sediments could accumulate
at the low points. If this is the
case the flow velocity needs to be
checked. Air accumulation leads
to increased pressure losses. This
could reduce the volume flow
rate of the pump and its self-
venting capacities might need to
be looked at.
If self-venting is restricted or
excluded vents and aerators must
be fitted at the high points and
drains and flushing connections
at the low points. Aerators and
vents are also effective vacuum
breakers, should an undesired
and uncalculated siphon effect
occur.
The valves are either arranged
vertically in the risers in the
pump sump or horizontally in a
separate valve pit.
When installing the valves in
the risers, install them in the
upper part of the pump sump.
Benefit: The valves are more
easily accessible and the risk of
solids depositing on the check
valve is reduced. If the valves are
instal led in a lower position
a minimum distance to the duck-
foot bend must be observed
otherwise air pockets could lead
to problems when starting up the
pump. When installing the shut-
off valves make sure that the
position of the operating elem-
ents (e.g. handwheel) allows the
pump to freely draw in the fluid.
Risers above the swing check
valve should be kept as short as
the site conditions allow to
prevent possible solid deposits.
Risers must always be integrated
into the collecting discharge lines
(discharge manifold) in the hori
zontal axis. Their integration
should be designed to be as
hydraulically optimised as
possible. Depending on the site
conditions, saddle connections,
weld-in elbows, Y-pipes and
specific connecting angles can
be used (Fig. 4.1.1.2 c).
Fig. 4.1.1.2 b: Valve chamber
Fig. 4.1.1.2 c: Integration of the
individual discharge lines in the
direction of flow
4
Fig. 4.1.1.2 a: Valve pit
58
Piping and Valves
If the cross-section needs to
be increased, select suitable
expansion tapers (referred to as
reducers in piping contexts).
Choose the smallest possible
diffuser angle. In the riser use
eccentric reducers to allow the
pump to freely draw in the fluid.
If an absolutely tight seal is
required to guide the discharge
line through the wall of the
structure, a flanged wall pipe
(sometimes referred to as a
puddle flange) or a flexible wall
duct can be used. When sealing
the wall penetration with a
modular seal, make sure that the
pipe is correctly centred and
fastened in the opening.
Expansion and dismantling
joints or bellows expansion
joints should be installed in the
piping as required to allow for
proper installation without
stresses or strains, compensation
of length tolerances and
dismantling for any repair work.
These tasks can usually also be
covered by flanged pipe bends
installed in a suitable position
in the piping layout.
The number of flanged con-
nections should be kept to a
minimum to facilitate assembly
and repair of the piping. Provide
the required flanged connections
for repair and to install prefab-
ricated piping units. Keep weld-
ing at the site to a minimum.
Select suitable flanged
connections for the fluid
handled, the chosen pipe
material and the maximum
system pressure. Gaskets of
DN 200 and larger should be
selected with a steel insert.
When using fasteners made of
stainless steel, use bolts of
quality V2A and hexagon nuts
of quality V4A.
If space is at a premium, the
collecting line can also be
installed outside the civil
structure.
A separate structure for the gate
valve structure (also referred to
as valve chamber or valve pit)
might be a useful option for
space or operating reasons
(Fig. 4.1.1.2 a + b).
If high points in the pumping
station cannot be avoided,
a venting option must be pro-
vided. Waste water treatment
plants should generally be fitted
with a vent as gas emissions are
to be expected. If the external
piping is laid with a downward
slope, an automatic aeration and
vent valve should be fitted at the
highest point of the pumping
station. If switching off the
pump causes a siphon effect,
start-up problems of the pump
caused by entrapped air cannot
be excluded.
If required, provide drain
options and flushing connections
(e.g. nozzle, ball valve or Storz
coupling with blind cap).
If the pumping station is to be
installed as an open structure
(tank), frost protection measures
must be taken as necessary.
4
59
Piping and Valves
Outer piping
The outer pipes must comply
with the legal requirements and
the recommendations of the
specialist associations (see ATV
worksheet 134). Significant
high points must be vented.
Air pockets in the pipes can
lead to reduced flow rates and
operating faults such as sudden
valve closure and vibrations in
the piping.
Note:
The problem of deposits must
be taken into account when
planning to fit a pipe joint at the
transition from the inner to the
outer piping, which is the point
immediately upstream of the
outer wall.
4.1.1. 3
Pipe fasteners / brackets
General
Pipe fasteners/brackets:
- Double pipe clamps
with floor support
with wall bracket
suspended from the ceiling
- Saddle bearings with and
without pipe clamp
- Special structures
With the static calculation of the
pipes in mind, fixed bearings or
plain bearings should be selected
for the pipe brackets.
Fasteners / brackets in KRT
pumping stations
The risers are directly and
tightly fastened to the duckfoot
bends. The duckfoot bend is
used as an anchorage point
within the load limits indicated
by the manufacturer. Duckfoot
bends are designed for higher
permissible vertical forces, as
indicated, to handle the weight
of the pipes. The weight of the
riser pipe can usually be
accommodated by the duckfoot
bend. The permissible forces and
moments must be observed also
during operation.
Pipe brackets should be closely
spaced and particularly stable.
The fasteners should be suitable
for the weight of pipes and fluid.
They should also prevent any
impermissible loads (forces and
moments) at the connecting
points as well as any
impermissible vibrations.
Impellers with a small number
of vanes which are fitted in
waste water pumps cause
a pulsation of the fluid.
Excitation frequency =
speed x number of vanes
The most critical hydraulic
vibrations occur in pumps
with single -vane impellers.
The excitation frequencies equal
25 Hz at 1500 rpm, and 17 Hz
at 1000 rpm.
The natural frequencies of steel
pipes often fall within this range.
4
60
Piping and Valves
Pulsation in the flow causes
the discharge line of the pump
to vibrate. Resonance must be
avoided and occurs when the
excitation frequency of the pump
equals the natural frequency of
the piping. Resonance will lead
to maximum vibration
amplitudes and very high forces
acting on the bearings (supports).
To reliably rule out resonance
make sure that these two
frequencies differ from each
other by at least 10 % of the
excitation frequency.
The excitation frequency can
usually not be changed (as this
would mean changing the pump
speed by more than 30 %).
For this reason it is the natural
frequency of the pipe which has
to be adjusted.
The natural frequency of the
piping depends on:
The mass distribution within
the system (valve position,
wall thickness, material)
The bracket concept
The bracket concept influences
the natural frequency decisively.
Unfavourable natural
frequencies can be adjusted by
changing the position of or
adding individual bearings
(supports) preferably near valves,
outlets, etc. The position of large
individual masses (valves) also
has an impact on the natural
frequency.
The exact bearing (support)
positions and their natural
frequencies can only be
determined by a special static
calculation of the pipes.
To a lesser extent the natural
frequency can also be influenced
by the wall thickness. Thicker
walls cause higher natural
frequencies than thinner walls
assuming the same pipe material
(elasticity) and excitation.
The vibration forces acting on
the bearings (supports) can be
derived from the harmonic
excitation.
The natural frequencies can
only be determined by a static
calculation of the pipes. Select
robust pipe brackets which are
able to safely transmit the forces
to the structure.
4
61
Piping and Valves
4.1.1. 4
Wall ducts
If pipes are to be laid through
internal and external walls of the
civil structure, one of the
following two types of wall
ducts must be used.
Rigid wall ducts
Rigid wall ducts consist of the
pipe transporting the fluid (wall
pipe) and a puddle flange which
is welded on to the pipe in the
centre of the wall penetration
and integrated into the wall.
This type of wall duct serves as
an anchorage point. Determine
the forces at this point by means
of a static calculation of the
pipes and verify them against the
permissible forces for the
structure. Rigid wall ducts can
be designed as either:
Wall pipes with weld ends
Wall pipes with flanged ends
Wall pipes with weld ends need
to protrude from the wall
cladding. In special cases, wall
pipes can be retrofitted in a wall
penetration. In this case, they
need to be grouted with a second
concrete pour. If this option is
chosen, discuss the structural
details with the construction
consultant. Wall pipes with
flanged ends can be either flush
with the wall or protruding from
the wall. When wall pipes are
fitted flush with the wall,
their installation between wall
reinforcement and wall cladding
requires utmost precision
regarding the height of the pipe
axis and the horizontal
alignment of the pipes.
Flexible wall ducts
A flexible wall duct is composed
of a pipe sleeve with puddle
flange; the pipe containing the
fluid handled is guided through
this flexible wall duct. The space
between the pipe sleeve and the
fluid pipe can generally be sealed
by either:
Modular seals, or
Compression-type gasket
inserts
Instead of using a pipe sleeve
a core hole can be drilled into
the reinforced concrete wall.
Core holes are uncommon for
larger diameters. If axial thrust
has to be prevented when using
flexible wall ducts, a pipe
bearing/bracket must be fitted as
an anchorage point (axial thrust
protection) in a suitable position
upstream of the wall duct.
4.1.1. 5
Pipe materials
The pipes within the pumping
station should preferable be
made of steel. With consideration
of corrosion resistance the steel
pipes are designed with thick
walls and either coated (e.g. hot-
dip galvanised or a coating
system) or made of stainless steel
(material number 1.4571 / V4A).
When using cast pipes, the
availability of fittings and the
weight have to be taken into
account.
For any other materials, e.g.
plastic, especially when used for
industrial waste water, particular
attention should be paid to
providing sufficient pipe
fasteners and separate supports
for fittings such as valves.
4
62
Piping and Valves
Pipe materials for the inner
piping:
Steel
(e.g. coated or galvanised)
Stainless steel
(e.g. 1.4301 or 1.4571)
PE-HD
Cast (bitumen or EKB coated)
The selection of material for
pipes outside of the pumping
station depends on the local
conditions (ground, corrosion),
design criteria for the structure
and piping technology as well
as economic aspects.
Pipe materials for the outer
piping:
Cast (bitumen or EKB coated,
lined with cement mortar)
PE-HD
GFRP
Bitumen -coated steel
Steel lined with cement
mortar
A technically and dimensionally
matching joint/adapter has to
be fitted between the inner and
the outer piping of the pumping
station.
4.1.1.6
Fitting measuring devices
in the pipes
Measuring devices have to be
fitted in the discharge lines
(usually the inner piping) in
accordance with the monitoring
and control concept.
Devices fitted directly in the
piping
The only measuring devices
which are generally fitted in the
pipes are
Magnetic-inductive flow
meters (MID)
Devices fitted at or integrated in
the pipes
Devices which are fitted at the
pipes measure the following:
Pressure (pressure gauge or
transmitter)
Flow (flow switch as dry
running protection)
Temperature (uncommon in
waste water pipes)
Flow measurements using
ultrasonic sensors
Please note
In this context we would like to
mention that in practice
additional measurements are
required for controlling the
pumping station, such as the
fluid level in the pump sump and
possibly also at the outlet. These
measurements are not linked
with the piping system.
Notes on the position of MID
measuring points
When fitting or positioning
MIDs:
- Provide sufficient pipe lengths
upstream and downstream of
the MID to calm the flow.
Observe the information
provided by the corresponding
manufacturer.
- Select the installation position
in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions.
E.g. provide inverted siphons
to completely fill the
measuring section of devices
which are unsuitable for
partially filled pipes
Notes on the position of
measurement points for pressure
measurement, flow switches and
ultrasonic measurement
Always select pressure
measurement points on the sides
of the pipe at the level of the pipe
axis. Measurement points should
always be located in pipe
sections with a calm flow.
Avoid measurement points at
reducers, adapters, diversions,
fittings, etc. Also avoid pipe
inverts or crowns as conta-
mination and entrapped air
can lead to inaccurate results.
4
4. 2
Selecting valves
4. 2.1
General
Valves are a functional part of
the piping system and required
to implement the pumping
process. They mainly fulfil the
following functions:
Shutting off and opening the
pipe passage
Preventing backflow
Controlling the flow
(problematic in waste water
applications)
Aerating and venting the
piping
The valve industry offers the
following valves for the above
functions:
Gate valves (wedge gate
valves, slide gate valves), shut-
off butterfly valves, globe
valves
Control gate valves (piston
valves, spectacle valves, slide
gate valves)
Swing check valves (with lever
and weight or with internal
stem), check valves (with
diaphragm or discs), ball
check valves
63
Aeration and vent valves of
various designs
4. 2. 2
Selection criteria
Key criteria for selecting a
valve:
Fluid handled
Compatibility of design and
function with the fluid
handled
Compatibility of materials
with the fluid handled
Nominal diameter depending
on the flow velocity and the
resulting head losses
4. 2. 2.1
Fluids handled
When handling waste water the
operating conditions depend on
the type of waste water:
Storm water
Pre-screened surface water
Industrial waste water
Grey water without any stringy
substances
Domestic waste water with
stringy substances
Raw sludge
Return sludge
Excess sludge
Clean waste water without
contamination
Service water
See the table Suitability of valve
types for types of waste water
(Fig. 4.2.3 a).
4. 2. 2. 2
Valve design
The use of valves in waste water
applications requires a design
which is suitable for handling
fluids contaminated with coarse
or clogging material as well as
abrasive and other substances.
Such contamination requires
the following design features,
among others:
Flow cross-section of the
valves as clear as possible
Clogging when the valve is
actuated should be ruled out
or largely prevented
Suitable constructional
features such as sealing
design and material
Piping and Valves
4
64
Piping and Valves
4. 2. 2. 3
Installation position and
direction of flow
The direction of flow and the
installation position often
depend on the particular design
of a valve. For swing check
valves and all other check valves,
for example, the design implies
the direction of flow. In many
cases valves are designed for
either vertical or horizontal
installation. Observe the
manufacturers information
(e.g. installation and operating
instructions) right from the
planning stage.
4. 2. 2. 4
Materials
Select suitable materials for the
types of waste water described
above. Materials are usually
indicated by the valve
manufacturers for each part,
such as body, disc, seat, seal,
shaft, nuts and bolts/screws, etc.
Coated grey cast iron is suitable
for surface water / storm water
and municipal waste water.
Electrostatic plastic coating is
particularly suitable. Highly
abrasive fluids require hard cast
materials with a special coating.
Choose suitable elastomers for
the seals. EPDM and NBR are
generally suitable for municipal
wastewater. For industrial
wastewater Viton (FPM) may
be necessary.
Depending on the industrial
waste water, stainless steel valves
could be required. Always select
materials for use with industrial
waste water for each individual
case, based on the information
provided on substances
contained in the fluid handled.
Valve manufacturers or
distributors should always
be informed of the substances
contained in the fluid handled so
they can match the valves to the
operating conditions.
4. 2. 2. 5
Nominal diameter
As with pipes the nominal
diameter of valves depends on
the flow velocities (see section
4.1.1.1). Usually, pipes and valves
have matching nominal
diameters. Please note that
nominal diameters smaller than
DN 80 are unsuitable for waste
water applications.
When selecting the nominal
diameter for a valve, pay
particular attention to the head
losses through the valve.
Swing check valves in particular
can have such high loss
coefficients that the next size up
should be selected for the
nominal valve diameter. The
pipe selection has to be adjusted
accordingly.
4
Table Suitability of valve types for types of waste water
65
Piping and Valves
Shut-off valves
Ball and plug valves
Ball valve with reduced port
Ball valve with full port
Drain ball/plug valve
Ball/plug valve with tapered seat
Ball/plug valve with cylindrical seat
Globe valves
Horizontal seat globe valve
Slanted seat globe valve
Angle globe valve
Annular piston valve
Gate valves
Metal-seated gate valves
Round body gate valve
Oval body gate valve
Slide disc valve
Wedge gate valve
Soft-seated gate valves
Wedge gate valve
Slide gate valve
Penstock valve (sluice gate valve)
Shut-off butterfly valves
Centred-disc butterfly valve
Offset-disc butterfly valve
Diaphragm shut-off valves
Straight-through diaphragm valve
Weir-type diaphragm valve
Diaphragm pinch valve (hydraulic or pneumatic)
Diaphragm valve with annular diaphragm
Check valves
Non-return valves
Spring-loaded non-return valve
Foot valve with inlet and suction strainer
Nozzle check valve
Swing check valves
Swing check valve with/without lever and weight
Multiple swing check valve
Slanted-seat swing check valve with/without lever and weight
Check valve
Ball check valve
Dual-disc check valve
Wafer-type check valve
Diaphragm check valves
Nozzle check valve
Diaphragm non-return valve
Other valves
Discharge valve with float switch
Vent/aeration valve
Vent/aeration valve for waste water applications
Safety valve
Minimum flow valve
Discharge and end-fitting valve, backflow trap
Key
Not suitable
Partly suitable
Suitable
Suitability of valve types for types of waste water
V
a
l
v
e

t
y
p
e

,

T
y
p
e

o
f

w
a
s
t
e

w
a
t
e
r
S
t
o
r
m

w
a
t
e
r
,

p
r
e
-
s
c
r
e
e
n
e
d

s
u
r
f
a
c
e

w
a
t
e
r
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l

w
a
s
t
e

w
a
t
e
r
,

g
r
e
y

w
a
t
e
r

w
i
t
h
o
u
t

s
t
r
i
n
g
y

s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s

D
o
m
e
s
t
i
c

w
a
s
t
e

w
a
t
e
r

w
i
t
h

s
t
r
i
n
g
y

s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,

r
a
w

s
l
u
d
g
e
R
e
t
u
r
n

s
l
u
d
g
e
,

e
x
c
e
s
s

s
l
u
d
g
e
C
l
e
a
n

w
a
t
e
r

w
i
t
h
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,

s
e
r
v
i
c
e

w
a
t
e
r
Fig. 4.2.3 a: Overview
4
66
Piping and Valves
4. 2. 4
Installation
4. 2. 4.1
Installation type
For the direction of flow and the
suitability for vertical and/or
horizontal installation, please
refer to section 4.2.2.3.
4. 2. 4. 2
Installation position
The installation position is
determined by:
The function of the valve
Functional framework
conditions
Accessibility and operability
These three criteria are of equal
importance when selecting an
installation position for a valve.
All of them have to be taken into
account for an acceptable project
solution.
Function of the valve
The first point to consider when
selecting an installation position
for a valve is its operational
function.
The following examples serve to
illustrate this point:
The gate valve at the discharge
side of the pump serves to
close the pipe if the pump or
swing check valve need to be
repaired. It should ideally be
located immediately
downstream of the pump and
swing check valve. However,
the functional framework
conditions (maximum fluid
level in the pump sump) and
the operability require a
different (higher) position.
The swing check valve should
ideally be located directly
downstream of the pump, as
mentioned above. Again, the
fluid level and accessibility
demand a more practical
location in the piping.
The position of the aeration
and vent valve should always
be selected from an
operational point of view,
which is at the highest point of
the piping. Suitable structures
to provide accessibility must be
provided.
Functional framework
conditions
The installation position can be
determined by functional
framework conditions.
For example:
Installation criteria provided
by the valve manufacturer
(vertical/horizontal)
Routing of the discharge line
If the discharge line has a long
vertical section, the swing
check valve must not be
installed at a low position in
the vertical pipe axis as the
function of the swing check
valve will be impaired by
deposits of contamination
(sand, stones, sludge). Stones
falling back down onto the
valve could also cause some
direct damage. In this case, the
swing check valve should to be
fitted in a horizontal pipe
section which has to be
planned for in the piping
layout.
Maximum fluid level
Individual discharge lines
joining collecting lines
4
Accessibility and operability
Accessibility is a very important
issue for the operators to ensure
operability as well as access for
maintenance and repair work.
The applicable occupational
safety and accident prevention
regulations also need to be
considered at the planning
stage.
Operability and accessibility
can generally be achieved as
follows:
Position the valve in a part of
the structure which allows
easy operability.
Install ladders and platforms.
Design the access structure to
ensure easy operability and
maintenance.
Suitable structural solutions for
accessibility and operability:
Valve pits
A prefabricated pit can be
provided for the valves, so that
they are separated from the
pump sump. With the correct
positioning of the access covers
installation and replacement
will be straightforward.
67
Valve chambers
Valve chambers are a practical
solution for large pumping
stations with large nominal
pipe and valve diameters.
Valve chambers provide
favourable working conditions
as they accommodate the
complete piping including
individual and collecting
(manifold) lines as well as
all valves and measuring
equipment.
4. 2. 4. 3
Technical solutions for
installing and removing
valves
The initial design should provide
ease of installation and possible
later removal plus maintenance.
The installation of expansion
and dismantling joints next to
valves or groups of valves should
to be considered.
Installation without expansion
and dismantling joints
If pipe bends are included in the
piping upstream and/or
downstream of the valve or valve
group generally expansion and
dismantling joints will not be
necessary. Dismantling the pipe
bend will make the
corresponding pipe section
accessible for valve replacement.
Installation with expansion
and dismantling joints
In many cases the piping layout
obstructs the fitting and
dismantling of pipe elements and
valves. If this is the case,
expansion and dismantling joints
should be installed next to the
valve or valve group. Expansion
and dismantling joints come
with a length adjustment range
to enable fitting and dismantling
of the valve or valve group
without transmitting any stresses
and strains.
Piping and Valves
4
68
Piping and Valves
The main types of joints are:
Expansion and
dismantling joints with
lockable length adjustment
This type of expansion and
dismantling joint can generally
be supplied:
- with continuous threaded
rods
- with discontinuous threaded
rods
joints without lockable length
adjustment
joints with discontinuous
threaded rods are particularly
installation-friendly as the joint
length is very easy to adjust.
joints without lockable length
adjustment can be used as
expansion joints as well as
dismantling joints.
Pipe coupling as a
fitting / dismantling aid
Using a pipe coupling might be
a straightforward solution.
A pipe coupling is a steel collar
which connects two pipe ends
with a small clearance. For small
to medium nominal diameters
the clearance can be sufficient to
allow fitting or dismantling a
pipe section and to replace
valves. Pipe couplings are
available as tension-proof
and non tension-proof
models.
4
5
Structural Design
5.1
General
The structural requirements of
a pumping station are largely
determined by its purpose.
Alongside purely structural
and mechanical requirements
consideration must also be
given to hydraulic aspects (fluid
dynamics) in the planning and
execution of the construction
work. The hydraulic areas to
be designed start with the inlet
upstream of the pumping
station, followed by the pump
sump contours if required and
the actual pump(s) arrange-
ment, ending with the discharge
line or discharge system.
The pump manufacturers aim is
to specify in his technical product
literature the dimensions (e.g.
geometry of the structure)
required for installing centrifugal
pumps. These reference values
are essential for the planning
process, in particular for
establishing the main dimensions
of the pumping station.
Successful planning of a pumping
station is a complex task. Apart
from specifications such as the
minimum clearance between
pumps and between pump and
floor or the dimensions of the
floor contour, the planning phase
69
also encompasses the design of
the area between the intake and
the pump(s).
If the requirements regarding
the dimensions, minimum fluid
levels or geometry of hydraulic
areas within the pumping
station are not met, i.e.
deviations occur during the
planning or construction phase,
proper functioning of the entire
station can no longer be
guaranteed. In such a case it is
irrelevant whether these
problems are caused by single
or multiple deviations. The
conditions for pump operation
have not been met due to these
modifications or deviations and
the problems arising as a result
are reflected in either the
operating behaviour or the
performance of the centrifugal
pump.
If the pump manufacturers
specifications for the hydraulic
and mechanical design aspects
of the pumping station are
taken into account in the
overall layout at an early stage,
malfunctions such as falling
short of the required
performance data or operating
problems can be eliminated.
According to Prosser [5.1],
the criteria for an unsatisfactory
pumping station design can be
clearly defined and assessed.
Poorly performing pump sumps
can arise from the following:
1) Undersized control gates
and valves
2) Abrupt changes in flow
direction (e.g. sharp corners)
3) Submerged high velocity
flow areas (e.g. diffusers
with an excessive angle of
divergence)
4) Steep slope
5) Weirs with no provision for
dissipating the energy of the
falling fluid
6) Blunt pillars, piers and
guide vanes
7) Any design or mode of
operation which leads to
asymmetric distribution of
the flow in the sump
8) Sump inlet above fluid level
Structural Design
5
70
Structural Design
Items 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 may cause
swirls at the pumps inlet. Air-
entraining surface vortices and
submerged vortices may form in
extreme cases (Fig. 5.1). Items 4,
5 and 8 can lead to air intake in
the fluid handled, and items 3, 4
and 5 may cause transient flow
conditions within the sump.
The purpose of a pump sump is
to store fluid in order to provide
good conditions for the flow
approaching the pump. The
following undesirable hydraulic
conditions must be avoided:
1) Jets (high flow velocities)
discharging into stagnant
or slowly moving fluids
(as these form large,
transient eddies as
downstream wakes)
2) Areas affected by flow
separation
3) High flow velocities
(v > 2 m/s)
4) Transient flows
5) Large surface waves
6) Free falling fluids
Observing the above criteria at
the planning and construction
stage is an important step
towards creating a smoothly
functioning pumping station.
KSBs dimensions compare
favourably with those specified
in the literature of other pump
manufacturers and inter-
nationally recognised research
institutions. The geometries
suggested in KSBs type series
booklets and software tools
allow smaller pumping stations
to be built, thus reducing
building costs.
Fig. 5.1: Air-entraining vortex at a model pump
5
5. 2
Screens
The installation of screening
equipment is required for
trouble-free pump operation.
Depending on the type and
origin of the fluid handled it is
desirable to install coarse screens
(the distance between bars
should be between 5 and 30 cm)
and/or fine screens (the distance
between bars should be between
5 and 20 mm). Shingle traps
should be mounted upstream
of the screens, if needed. The
screens and traps should be
cleaned automatically during
pump operation using
appropriate mechanical
equipment. In applications
extracting surface water from
rivers, lakes and canals as well as
in storm water pumping stations
the installation of screening
equipment is an absolute must.
The fact that river water in
particular contains shingle and
sediment is often overlooked.
Under conditions of long-term
operation, however, failure to
fit the appropriate screening
equipment upstream of a
pumping station will lead to
sand accumulation and
considerable sedimentation in
stagnation zones at and within
the structure.
71
It further leads to increased
centrifugal pump wear.
Mechanical damage to the
impeller and other pump parts
cannot be ruled out.
The location of the screens in the
pumping station concept is
selected by the plant consultant.
The screening equipment is
either mounted upstream of the
pumping station or pump sump
to prevent coarse material from
entering the structure, or single
screens can be fitted at the
individual pumps. A sufficiently
large distance between the screen
and the suction nozzle(s) of the
pump(s) must be maintained as
the screen slightly reduces the
free cross-section and material
trapped in the screen can lead to
rather uneven flow downstream
of the screen. If the screen bars
are free from trapped material,
the velocity distribution
downstream of the screening
equipment developing across the
flow cross-section should be even
and therefore favourable for
pump operation.
When establishing the minimum
fluid level t
1
in the pump sump, it
is also necessary to take into
account that a screen filled with
trapped material creates flow
resistance resulting in different
fluid levels upstream and
downstream of the screen. The
fluid level downstream of the
screen must not fall below the
permissible minimum fluid level
t
1
for the pumps operating point
(Fig. 5.2 a).
Structural Design
Fig. 5.2 a: Screen with automatic
cleaning system
5
72
A value of 0.3 to 0.5 times the
impeller free passage should be
used as a reference value to
determine the permissible
maximum distance between the
screen bars. This value can be
taken from the corresponding
pump characteristic curve (see
type series booklet or selection
software).
To evaluate the screens
influence on the fluid level
directly upstream of the pumps
it is advisable to use Hagers
simplified calculation [5.2],
if a detailed screen selection
procedure is not being
undertaken (Fig. 5.2 b).
Applying this calculation will
result in the lowering H of the
fluid level downstream of the
screen as expressed in the
equation:
Here v
0
is the flow velocity
upstream of the screen. The total
loss coefficient
RE
is a function
of the angle of inclination of the
screen
RE
in relation to the
horizontal position as well as of
the correction factor for the
cleaning method c
RE
and the
coefficient
RE
. For a clean screen
this correction factor is 1, with
mechanical cleaning it ranges
between 1.1 and 1.3 and with
manual cleaning between 1.5
and 2. The coefficient
RE

comprises the shape of the screen
bars and the ratios between the
free flow area a
and the area

between the bar centrelines b

(Fig. 5.2 c).
Hence:
The following values can be
assigned to the different shapes
of screen bars (Fig. 5.2 d):
L
is the length of the screen bar

profile, a is its width. If the
ratio L
/ a
5 and the condition

> 0.5 is met, the formula
for
RE
can be simplified as
follows:
In order to compensate for the
losses H occurring as the flow
passes through the screen, the
floor of the intake structure or
channel is often lowered by the
value z downstream of the
screen.
(Fig. 5.2 e):
Form 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RE
1 0,76 0,76 0,43 0,37 0,3 0,74
a
b
Structural Design
Fig. 5.2 b: Flow through screen,
without lowered oor
Re
v
o
H
Fig. 5.2 c: Screen layout drawing
.
.
.
.
.
b
v
o
Fig. 5.2 d: Different shapes of screen bars
4 1 2 3 5 6 7
L
0
,
6
L
0
,
3
L
d
5
P1
M
H

=
RE
x
(18)

RE
=
RE
x
RE
x c
RE
x sin
RE
(19)
RE
=
RE
x

x c
RE
x sin
RE
7
3
[
1
]
3
4
a
b
(20)
H = z
The values for losses through
screens usually range between
approx. 5 cm for mechanical
cleaning to approx. 10 cm for
manual cleaning
For detailed screen selection the
method according to Idelchik
[5.3, S. 504 ff] is recommended.
73
This method is most appropriate
when the influence of oblique
flow to the screen is also to be
taken into account or if the
screen bars are markedly
different from those
illustrated in Fig. 5.2 d.
Screens are often planned to be
in the direct vicinity of the
suction nozzle. The distance
between the screening equipment
and the suction nozzle should
be at least Y = 4 x D for simple
straight screens (D = outside
diameter of the suction nozzle).
The use of differently shaped
screening equipment can lead to
jet formation downstream of the
screen. In this case the minimum
distance should be Y = 6 x D to
be verified in detailed model
testing, if necessary.
Cleaning of the screen
should preferably take place
automatically. To activate the
cleaning process it is possible
to make use of the difference
in fluid levels upstream and
downstream of the screen.
This ensures that the cleaning
process is activated when
required.
Manual cleaning is not favoured
for pump systems in continuous
operation as the fluid level has
to be regularly checked and the
screen cleaned by the operating
staff. Timer controlled cleaning
is not sufficiently reliable.
The decision on fitting a screen
upstream of the pumping station
or pumps and the required
spacing of screen bars also
needs to be checked against the
impeller type and size as well as
against the type of fluid handled.
Structural Design
v
o
H
Re
z
Fig. 5.2 e: Flow through screen
with lowered oor
5
(21)
74
5. 3
Formation of scum in
waste water pumping
stations
Layers of scum frequently occur
when operating waste water
pumping stations. This process
is caused by the substances
contained in the waste water.
Substances which are lighter
than water rise to the surface
and collect in areas with low
flow velocities. Substances
whose density is similar to that
of water will initially be
suspended. This suspended
condition can, for example be
changed by air intake caused by
falling water. In this case small
air bubbles will form a
compound with the suspended
solids. These compounds also
rise to the surface. Substances
whose density is considerably
higher than that of water sink
to the floor of the pump sump.
Depending on the composition
of the sedimentation flow
velocities far exceeding the
usual 0.7 to 0.8 m/s might be
required to break the
sedimentation [see section 5.5].
If the waste water remains in
the inlet tank for a prolonged
period of time and a surface
layer of scum is formed, the
waste water will be closed
off from any oxygen supply.
This will end the aerobic
oxidation process and
accelerate anaerobic digestion.
The reaction products from the
digestion process should be
considered as very problematic.
Hydrogen sulphide compounds
are a particular nuisance. They
are hazardous to health,
flammable, corrosive and
malodorous. Substances
contained in waste water such
as faeces, oils, greases, hair and
other fibres contribute towards
the formation of scum.
To prevent the formation of
sulphides in waste water the
oxygen intake at the boundary
layer between air and waste
water should equal the oxygen
consumption. This condition
will only be met if the waste
water surface is largely kept free
from floating solids or if the
formation of a layer of scum is
prevented by appropriate
means.
Measures to prevent or reduce
layers of scum:
- Prevent floating solids in the
waste water, if possible.
- Critically assess the effects of
waste water falling into in a
pump sump.
- Manually remove any
incrustations (with a high-
pressure water jet).
- Coat the surfaces (prevent
corrosion of concrete).
- Optimise (reduce) the period
the waste water remains in
the pump sump, maximum of
6 to 8 hours, with consid
eration of the 24-hour load
curve.
- Break any forming layers of
scum by creating turbulences
at the water surface (with
flushing lines or mixers).
Structural Design
Fig. 5.3: Formation of a layer of
scum in the pump sump
5
- Avoid using control systems
to achieve a constant fluid
level as it will create
favourable conditions for the
formation of layers of scum.
- Optimise the pump selection.
If possible do not use pumps
with cutters as cutters
upstream of the pump will
suppress suction-side
turbulences. Also set the cut-
out point to low flow
operation as inlet recirculation
will generate a good mixing
process of the fluid in the
sump.
- Define flushing cycles for the
pump sump, using the installed
duty pumps if possible.
- Optimise the pump sump
geometry (smallest free surface
in relation to the maximum
sump volume).
- Make maximum use of the
pump sump volume as a
switching volume for the
pumps.
Additional devices such as
collecting devices for clogging
material, mixers or screens
always increase maintenance and
investment costs. The proper
disposal of any separated
material also needs to be taken
care of.
75
5. 4
Installing benching in
pump sumps
As waste water and surface
water usually do contain solids,
the transport of these solids
should also be addressed when
planning a pump sump.
When the fluid leaves the inlet
line the flow velocity decreases.
Depending on the velocity
distribution in the structure
sedimentation might occur.
The pump or pumps cannot
draw in sediment and transport
it out of the structure together
with the water.
If the structure has not been
fitted with suitable slopes
(benching), sedimentation will
continue and can eventually
change the flow through the
structure and/or clog the
pump(s). This situation can be
prevented by fitting sufficiently
large areas of sloping floor
and/or benching (structures
along the sides). The angles can
vary depending on the surface
finish of the structure. Angles
of around 60 degrees are
recommended according to
worksheet ATV-DVWK-A 134.
Please note that this will
considerably increase the
building costs as the structure
will become much deeper for the
same inlet tank volume. Smaller
angles are sufficient if the
surfaces are coated, which
reduces the required depth of the
structure (see recommendations
by the Hydraulic Institute 9.8,
1998).
If the floor of the pump sump
has a very flat design
consideration can be given to
providing a flow gulley (possibly
by using internal fittings) to
ensure sufficient flushing.
Varying the cross-section at
some points, for example, will
increase the flow velocities so
that solids/sediment are
transported with the fluid.
Rule of thumb: Fill all areas
of low flow or no flow (dead
volume) with concrete to
generally prevent deposits.
Structural Design
5
76
To prevent any deposits in low-
flow areas suitably designed
benching can be used to close
the area between the duckfoot
bend of the pump and the wall
of the structure (in the direction
of the approach flow) (Fig. 5.4
a). When installing benching in
this location, provide for later
installation work around the
duckfoot bend (allow enough
space for aligning and bolting
down).
Coating the concrete contours
not only improves the gliding
behaviour of solids in the waste
water, but also protects the
structure against so-called
concrete corrosion. This issue is
of major significance, but will
not be covered in further detail
in this brochure.
KSB commissioned
comprehensive research on this
topic at the Berlin Technical
University. The results
demonstrate the impact of the
inclination angle of variously
coated benching on the gliding
behaviour of individual
substances contained in the
fluid (Fig. 5.4 a).
If established flow velocities in
the pump sump are assumed for
Fig. 5.4 b, the inclination angle
might be able to be reduced
without any sedimentation
forming in the floor area.
This would again influence the
costs for the structure. A more
precise prediction of the situa-
tion in the pump sump can be
made by means of a CFD
simulation (see section 5.11
The significance of CFD
simulations). Surface deterio-
ration (increased roughness) by
solids contained in the waste
water or increased gliding
resistance (sticking) of greases
and oils were not part of the
research conducted. These
factors have to be estimated
depending on the local
composition of the waste water.
Structural Design
Fig. 5.4a: Model for a waste water
pumping station with benching
and bottom ow splitters
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
Stones Plastic Gauze
bandage
Paper
tissue
Gravel Sand
Ceramic 1
Ceramic 2
Epoxy resin anthracene oil
Epoxy resin, hardened
Polyurethane
in degrees
Fig. 5.4 b: Gliding angle of various
solids contained in waste water
combined with various coatings
(without considering the ow)
5. 5
Splitters preventing
submerged vortices
When installing pumps,
unfavourable approach flow
conditions can lead to the
formation of submerged vortices,
which have a negative effect on
the performance or smooth
running of the pumps. This can
be taken care of at the planning
stage of the pumping station:
Fitting (bottom) flow splitters
between the pumps will actively
prevent the formation of such
vortices (Fig. 5.5 a). Bottom flow
splitters fitted underneath the
suction cross-section (inlet) will
directly influence the formation
of vortices in the inlet flow.
Flow splitters are intended to
prevent the formation of
submerged vortices between the
pumps. The required geometric
dimen sions can be derived from
the geometry of the selected
pump size. The bottom flow
splitters have to be fitted absolu-
tely symmetrical in relation to
the inlet section of the pump;
otherwise the approach flow
towards the impeller will be
asymmetrical, causing well-
known effects. Adjust the
calculated dimensions to the
shape of the pump sump or
increase them, depending on
77
benching and wall contours.
This will reduce the occurrence
of impermissible low flow
velocities in the direct vicinity of
the pump and prevent undesir-
able deposits.
The flow splitters can either be
made of concrete or of (stainless)
sheet steel. An advantage of
sheet steel fabrications is that
they can be installed after the
concrete work and pump
installation has been completed.
This makes it easier to fit the
flow splitters symmetrically with
regard to the suction nozzle of
the pump.
The position of the flow splitters
between the pumps is based on
the minimum distances derived
from the required maximum
volume flow rates of the
individual pumps (Fig. 5.5 b).
The visual asymmetry of this
flow splitter arrangement can be
ignored. It is caused by the offset
position of the inlet section in
relation to the volute-shaped
pump casing.
5.6
Dimensions for the pump
sump and pump
installation
The required minimum
dimensions for installing pumps
in a pump sump are a function
of the maximum volume flow
rates of the individual pumps
and the maximum number of
pumps in the pumping station.
The individual volume flow rate
of a pump can be used to
calculate the required distance
between pump and wall,
adjacent pumps and the inlet
channel or line.
Structural Design
5
Fig. 5.5 a: Geometric design of
(bottom) ow splitters
DN3=500
DIN EN 1092-2
DN1
30
1,2xt3
1,5xDN1
45
0,5xt3
1xDN1
45
C cp
60...90
45
C cp/2
X
Fig. 5.5 b: Top view ow splitter
between two pumps
Tight to the benching
78
The given approach flow in
relation to the pump
installation and the height of
the intake are key criteria for
deciding on further procedures
or selecting a structural design.
In addition, the total volume
flow rate of the pumping
station and/or the maximum
individual volume flow rates of
the pump(s) should be assessed
regarding the necessity of model
testing [see section 5.8].
The required minimum
dimensions for the pumping
station can be clearly identified
by means of table 5.1. The
definitions are based on the
terminology of the
internationally renowned
standards of the Hydraulic
Institute H.I. 9.8 1998 [5.6].
Diagrams 5.6 a to 5.6 c provide
the required dimensions
depending on the flow rate of
the individual pumps.
These diagrams only apply
to a maximum number of 5
individual pumps. If this
number of pumps per pump
sump is exceeded, the pump
sump dimensions have to be
validated using CFD and
possibly also model testing.
If more than 5 pumps are
positioned next to each other,
the distribution of the intake
impulse in the pump sump and
its effects are hard to predict,
especially when waste water is
handled.
If the flow approaches the
pump in the precise direction
of the pump installation, the
intake impulse has to be de-
stroyed by means of a curtain
wall with a floor opening.
The height difference between
the pipe invert and the mini-
mum fluid level in the pump
sump can be compensated by
a type of balcony construction.
The inflow cross-section has
to be compatible with the maxi-
mum inlet flow velocity of
2.0 m/s. The length of the inlet
channel should be at least
5 x diameter of the inlet pipe
to compensate for any negative
effects from diversions or
Structural Design
Dimension
variable
Definition
A Distance between the centreline of the suction nozzle of the pump
and the inlet or the opposite wall
C
cp
Distance between the centrelines of adjacent suction nozzles / pumps
C
cw
Distance between side walls and the centreline of the suction nozzle
C
o
Opening in the curtain wall or balcony
C
w
Width of the stilling basin or balcony
C
b
Height of the balcony above the floor of the pump sump
Y Minimum distance from the centreline of the suction nozzle to the
outlet of a screen upstream of the suction nozzle
Inclination angle of the floor upstream of the suction level
Table 5.1:
Definition of
variables and
dimensions
5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
D
im
e
n
sio
n
in
m
m
1800
2000
Volume fowrate Q[l/s]
500,0 1000,00 1500,0 2000,00 2500,0 3000,0 0,0
Cb
C0
Ccw
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Volume fow rate Q [l/s]
500,0 1000,00 1500,0 2000,00 2500,0 3000,0 0,0
D
im
e
n
sio
n
in
[m
m
]
Cw
Ccp
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Volume fow rate Q [l/s]
D
im
e
n
sio
n
in
[m
m
]
500,0 1000,00 1500,0 2000,00 2500,0 3000,0 0,0
9000
10000
A
Fig. 5.6 a - 5.6 c: Minimum
dimensions for the pump sump
fittings upstream of the pump
sump. The same applies to
longitudinal approach flow in
relation to the pump
installation (see examples 5.6.1
a, 5.6.1 b and 5.6.2 c).
79
Wet-installed submersible
motor pumps
The position of the inlet channel
or line is decisive for determining
the minimum dimensions of the
pump sump. Check if the inlet
will be at the same height as the
floor of the pump sump or if an
additional height difference has
to be overcome (water falling
onto a free surface increases the
risk of additional air intake in
the fluid) and the direction of the
approach flow in relation to the
pump installation.
5.7
Pump sumps with major
pollution loads
Temporary or even permanent
high pollution loads can be
handled by todays modern
waste water pumping station
without any major difficulties.
The following conditions need to
be fulfilled as a prerequisite:
The pump sump is correctly
dimensioned in size and shape.
The operating mode will not
overload the hydraulic system
(e.g. concentrated pollution
loads from a storm water
stand-by retention tank
causing a brief peak load of a
few minutes).
The pollution load or the fluid
are not extreme in their
characteristics.
Over the last few years
experience has shown that
problems with retained pollution
loads, solids or sludge occur in
no more than 3 % of all
pumping stations worldwide.
In these cases the use of a small
submersible motor mixer has
proven absolutely successful
(Fig. 5.7).
With regard to time the mixer
can be switched on briefly prior
to the actual pumping process,
if a longer operating period is
not required. This will distribute
the total pollution load over the
total fluid volume to achieve
optimum pumpability. Right
from the start the pollution load
will be transported with the fluid
rather than retained.
Structural Design
Fig. 5.7: Submersible motor mixer
in a pump sump
5
Fig. 5.6.1 a: Example of a KRT
(wet installation) with direct
approach ow and height difference
between pipe invert and pump sump
1.5xC o
C w
A
C
cw
C
cp
A
A
2x inlet pipe diam
eter
C
o
C
o
6xC o
>DN2+150
C o
C
b
45
>5x
0,75 x inlet pipe dia
C w
Fig. 5.6.1 b: Example of a KRT
(wet installation) with longitudinal
approach ow and height difference
C
cw
C
cp
A
A
A
h= 0,06 inlet pipe dia
2 C
o
C o
>
5x
C w (1.25 inlet pipe dia)
C
o
6xC o
>DN2+150
C
b
45
>
0,75 inlet pipe dia
C w (>1.25 inlet pipe dia)
Fig. 5.6.1 c: Example of a KRT
(wet installation) with longitudinal
approach ow and no height
difference between pipe invert and
pump sump
C cw
C cp
A
A
>A/2
>5x
2x C o
C o
6xC o
>DN2+150
45
C o
80
With regard to location, local
deposits can be mixed in by
pointing the jet core of the mixer
directly at them. No action is
required for zones in which
adequate suspension is provided
by the structural design or
approach flow.
The mixer can also be positioned
to mix in floating sludge, so that
it can be transported with the
fluid. Key benefits are:
The mixer can be selected for
the specific situation, e.g. the
fluid composition, and the size
and design of the sump.
The total sump volume can be
covered by one small mixer.
Flexibility (see above)
No reduction of the volume
flow rate of the pump and
complete transport of the
substances without any
additional cleaning procedures.
5. 8
The necessity of model
testing
The object of model testing is to
simulate the flow of a planned
pumping station in a scale
model. It helps identify precisely
where problematic conditions
(vortex action, uneven velocity
distribution, etc.) might arise
and how to then influence these
positively, where necessary. The
high transparency of acrylic
glass makes this material an
excellent choice for the
construction of suitable models.
In order to be able to transfer
the flow conditions to the full-
size structure dimensionless
numbers are applied in the
design of the model. These
characteristic coefficients
describe the forces acting in the
flow. They should be as
identical as possible for both
the model and the full-size
structure. The most relevant
forces are those resulting from
gravity, dynamic viscosity,
surface tension and the inertia
of the fluid in motion. The
dimensionless numbers applied
here are as follows:
Key:
v = flow velocity in m/s
d = hydraulic diameter in m
= kinematic viscosity in m
2
/s
g = gravitational constant
in m/s
2

l = characteristic length (in the
hydraulic system) in m
= surface tension in N/mm
2
.
As these characteristics are to a
degree interdependent it is
impossible to apply them all at
the same time in a scale model.
It is therefore important to find
a compromise that provides an
optimum solution for a given
application.
Model testing is absolutely
necessary when one or more of
the criteria listed below apply to
the intake structure or pump
sump:
The volume flow rate per
pump is higher than 2.5 m
3
/s
or 6.3 m
3
/s for the entire
pumping station.
The inflow is asymmetrical
and/or not uniform.
Alternating pump operation
in multiple pumping stations
involves significant changes in
flow direction.
An existing pumping station
has already created problems.
Structural Design
5
REYNOLDS number Re
v d
=
FROUDE number Fr
v
gl
=
WEBER number We
v
2
l
=
(22)
5.9
Test set-up
The geometry of the model
must correspond to the original
structure, taking into account
the selected scale and the char-
acteristic coefficients mentioned
previously. This applies to the
hydraulic part of the civil struc-
ture and the pumps. Both the
structure of the building and
the pumps are constructed from
transparent material. A model
of the impeller is not required as
the test aims to simulate only the
flow approaching the impeller.
Instead of an impeller a
vortometer is fitted, whose
rotational speed provides
information on the development
of vortices in the intake.
The flow velocities are measured
at reference points across the
model pumps entire suction
cross-section via Pitot tube or
laser. To judge vortex
development the fluid surface as
well as the wall and floor areas
are observed. Vortex intensity in
a given flow cross-section is
visualised by means of dyes.
Their size is measured by the
swirl angle of the vortometer.
81
The following equation is
applicable:
Key:
d
m
= pipe diameter
(here: suction inlet of the
pump) in m
n = revolutions of vortometer
in 1/s
u = axial flow velocity in m/s
According to Hecker, the
surface vortices are classified
into six categories (1 = low,
6 = very high, Fig. 5.9 a) and
the submerged vortices into
three categories (Fig. 5.9 b).
If one were only to look at the
diagrams, these vortex
formations appear relatively
harmless. Vortex formation
observed in model tests give an
idea of what could happen in a
real structure. Unlike
laboratory situations the real
pumping station rarely deals
with clear water and it is
therefore difficult to identify
vortex action as the source of
the problem, especially when
submerged vortices are
involved.
The criteria which apply to this
method of investigation may
vary slightly depending on the
pump type and the size and
design of the pumping station.
Structural Design
Fig. 5.9 a: Classication of surface
vortices according to Hecker
(Types 1 to 6 )
Fig. 5.9 b: Classication of
submerged vortices according to
Hecker (Types 1 to 4 )
Slight surface swirl Surface swirl with
depression
Marked surface
depression whose
core can be
visualised (with dye)
Fully established
core of air leading
into the inlet nozzle
of the pump
Vortex which
separates air bubbles
and draws them into
the pump
Vortex depression
which pulls down
contaminants from
the surface
Type 4 Type 5 Type 6
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Type 1: slight vortex on
floor or side wall
Type 2: vortex on floor
or side wall
Type 3: air-entraining
vortex on floor or side wall
Type 4: vortex on floor
or side wall with vapour core
5
d
m
n
u
=
( )
tan
-1
(23)
82
5.10
Assessing results
Before the design is finalised
the measurement results should
be confirmed by all parties
involved: pumping station
designer, end customer, pump
manufacturer and the insti-
tution which conducted the
tests.
Key criteria:
1. The mean flow velocity at the
defined measuring points of the
suction cross-section should not
deviate from the mean value by
more than 10 %.
2. The swirl angle should not
exceed 5 degrees. A swirl angle
of 6 degrees can be tolerated if
it occurred during less than
10% of the period of
observation.
3. Surface vortices may only
be accepted up to type 2 and
submerged vortices up to type
1. They can be tolerated in
exceptional cases, if they
occurred during less than 10 %
of the period of observation.
In general the following applies:
Occurrences that have a minor
effect in the model may be
considerably more significant in
the full-size structure!
The tests must be concluded
with a detailed report on the
operating conditions
investigated. The vortex
formations and operating
conditions observed (for the
tested fluid levels in the civil
structure) have to be
documented on video and made
available to the party
commissioning the tests.
KSB will support and co-
ordinate project related model
testing upon request.
5.11
The significance of CFD
simulation
Intake structures often have to
be adjusted to the local
conditions, which means they
are hard to standardise. This is
why model testing is frequently
carried out at the planning
stage to ensure reliable
operation of the full-scale
version. The main objectives of
these tests are to exclude any
air-entraining surface vortices
and submerged vortices, and to
secure a reliable velocity
distribution in the intake area
of the pump. As the tests relate
to a flow with free surface,
scaling is based on the affinity
laws defined by Froude.
Detailed local analysis of flow
behaviour is only possible by
means of complex
measurements of the local
velocities or by using dyes. The
often desired evaluation of the
sedimentation behaviour of
solid particles or an overview of
the velocities in any given place
in the intake structure can only
be provided to a limited extent.
KSB offers to examine and
predict any possible problems
which might occur when using
pumps in waste water
applications by means of proven
CFD simulation software.
Structural Design
5
KSB numerically analyses all
model tests conducted at KSB
and their results, thus drawing
on a wealth of experience. The
quality of relevant pump
problems has proven to be
reflected correctly. Such
problems generally include all
types of vortices which occur
under water. The establishing
characteristic type of flow is
generally also displayed
correctly, for example transient
flows in the intake area which
are hazardous to the pumps, the
occurrence of pre-swirl and the
analysis of flow separation
zones.
If flow separation zones affect
the water surface, they can have
a significant impact on an early
occurrence of air-entraining
vortices. The formation and
distribution of these vortices
which often have a large volume
caused by air intake are hard to
determine in numerical studies.
A numerical prediction, however,
is quite possible based on
relevant experience.
83
Even though the free surface is
usually assumed to be a
frictionless wall in the simulation
the reasons for air-entraining
vortices can be detected. In this
context a connection between
the simplified assumption and
the actually occurring air-
entraining vortices is sought.
The objective of the calculations
is met when the conclusions from
the numerical analysis match the
results of model testing also in
the case of extreme approach
flow conditions. If this is
confirmed reliable pump
operation can be guaranteed. In
KSBs experience this has been
shown to work.
Due to their complexity, the
calculation results generally
provide more information on
problematic flow patterns than
model testing. The correct
interpretation of the calculation
result is decisive in distinguishing
between important and
unimportant information and
quantify the risk factors.
Checking the intake conditions
by means of CFD simulation is
an established method these
days. This is reflected by
customers increasingly
requesting such calculations for
their specific intake structures.
To be able to use CFD
calculations effectively the points
to be clarified by the simulation
should be discussed in detail
with the customer prior to
conducting the calculations.
CFD is a reasonably complex
tool and can only be used
efficiently if the problems to be
analysed are clearly defined.
Structural Design
5
84
Benefits of the CFD
analysis
CFD analyses are not primarily
aimed at replacing model tests.
CFD should be used when it is
best suited to the character of
expected operating problems.
Flow patterns of a transient
character or the sedimentation
behaviour in a pump sump, for
example, can be analysed easier
with CFD than with model
testing.
First of all, potential problems
and their character should be
logically analysed. Based on
this analysis a decision can be
made on how best to examine
and prevent the expected
operating problems by means
of model testing, CFD analysis
or both.
Software used
A software program has been
developed to solve the general
Navier-Stokes equations which
describe the flow. This software
is now commercially available.
KSB uses the software from the
provider ANSYS as an efficient
instrument to predict the flow
conditions with relative
precision. The time and costs of
such a simulation depend on:
- The size of the flow area to
be modelled
- The desired geometric
resolution
- The computer performance
- The presentation of results
(report) and scope of results
Methodology
The mathematical description of
fluid flows is based on the
Navier-Stokes equations. They
describe the processes at each
point of a flow by means of
partial differential equations for
the mass, energy and
momentum.
The calculation of each spatial
point in a flow is not feasible as
this would result in an infinite
number of calculations. A grid is
generated instead, whose nodes
are calculated. The grid model is
then processed further to provide
information on the pressure and
velocity distribution, which can
then be subjected to numerical
and/or graphical analysis.
To make the calculations
comparable, a turbulence model
is used which accurately reflects
the real conditions based on
experience.
Structural Design
Fig. 5.11 a: Flow patterns in a
KRT pumping station.
5
Objectives
Model testing is particularly
valuable when diagnosing
surface vortices and swirl values
for various pump inlet positions.
The velocity distribution at the
impeller level can be examined
by thorough testing. Recognising
the flow quality of complicated
inlet chamber geometries in a
model test requires vast
experience.
This is where a CFD analysis is
advantageous. The flow can be
made visible over the entire
volume. The flow quality can
easily be analysed in areas of
constant velocities and cross-
sections.
The following severe problems
can occur in the intake chamber:
Transient flows in the pump
area
Sedimentation in large waste
85
water treatment plants
Air-entraining vortices and
submerged vortices
Swirling approach flows to the
pumps (pre-swirl leads to
increased cavitation or
changed heads)
Air intake (here: air transport
by the flow)
Transient flows are time-
dependent flows. If the flow
quality changes over time the
required acceleration forces have
to be generated by the pump,
which usually causes vibrations.
Pumps with a high specific speed
are especially at risk.
Sedimentation is extremely
detrimental to the operation of
a waste water treatment plant.
Removing deposited sediment
can be very costly. The risk of
sedimentation in the pump
chamber can be analysed by
examining the velocities near
the floor.
Air-entraining vortices caused
by the qualitative flow in the
chamber can be predicted fairly
accurately. An approach flow
tangential to the chamber is
most likely to generate a vortex
in the chamber with an air-
entraining vortex at its centre.
This flow pattern is illustrated
in Fig. 5.11 c.
Swirling flows influence the
developed head and the pump
input power. They also have an
effect on the cavitation
characteristics. The air intake
cannot be calculated, but the
transport of air entering the
structure with the flow can be
estimated by examining the
velocity distribution in the
volume.
f
x
_
1
=
u
z
+w
u
y
+v
u
x
+u
u
t
p
x
+v
[
+
2
u
x
2
+
2
u
y
2
2
u
z
2 ]
f
y
_
1
=
v
z
+w
v
y
+v
v
x
+u
v
t
p
y
+v
[
+
2
v
x
2
+
2
v
y
2
2
v
z
2 ]
f
z
_
1
=
w
z
+w
w
y
+v
w
x
+u
w
t
p
z
+v
[
+
2
w
x
2
+
2
w
y
2
2
w
z
2 ]
Fig. 5.11 b: Navier-Stokes equation system describing the ow
Structural Design
5
Fig. 5.11 c: Structural design
(24)
86
Summary
If any problems are expected
during operation, every possible
option should be used to ana-
lyse these potential problems
and thus prevent the costs they
could incur.
CFD simulation is perfectly
suited to evaluating flows in
intake structures and pump
sumps. The aim is to prevent
any operating problems in the
water system or waste water
treatment plant that is to be
built. A logical analysis of the
plant under consideration is the
basis for efficient model testing
and CFD analyses.
At KSB CFD simulation is a
well-established engineering
tool that has been used for
years. For some pumping
stations it makes sense to use a
combination of CFD simulation
and model testing to optimise
the plant and find the best
solution.
Structural Design
Fig. 5.11 d: Simulation of a pum-
ping station with several pumps
Fig. 5.11 e: Structural design of a
KRT pumping station based on
calculation
5
References
[5.1] M. J. Prosser, The Hydraulic Design of Pump Sumps and Intakes, BHRA, July 1977
[5.2] W.H. Hager, Abwasserhydraulik: Theorie und Praxis (Waste Water Hydraulics: Theory and
Practice), Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55347-9, 1994
[5.3] I.E. Idelchik, Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 3rd Edition,
Research Institute for Gas Purification, Moscow 1994, ISBN 0-8493-9908-4
[5.4] W. Krber, Entwicklung eines Abwasserpumpschachts mit optimierter Strmungsfhrung zur
Verhinderung von Schwimmschlammdecken und Sedimentationen, Diplomarbeit an der TU Berlin
(Development of a Waste Water Pump Sump with Optimised Flow Passage to Prevent Layers of Scum
and Sedimentation, Degree Thesis at the Berlin Technical University), May 1996
[5.5] Norma Kirchheim, Kanalablagerungen in der Mischkanalisation (Deposits in Combined Sewer
Systems), DWA 2005
[5.6] Hydraulic Institute, American National Standard for Pump Intake Design, ANSI / HI 9.8-1998
Authors
Section 1 - Dipl.-Ing. Ralf Hahn
Section 2 - Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Pensler
Section 3 - Dipl.-Ing. Ralf Kurrich
Section 4 - Dipl.-Ing. Gnter Grothe, Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Deutsch
Section 5 - Dipl.-Ing. Peer Springer, Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Kothe
87
References
5
88
Diagrams
Drawings and Diagrams
Fig. 1: Example of an inow load curve for mathematical modelling
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
Time t in s
Example of a 24-hour load curve
F
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

Q

o
f

t
h
e

i
n
f
o
w

i
n

I
/
s
F
a
c
t
o
r

Y
1
3
,
6
0
0
7
,
2
0
0
1
0
,
8
0
0
1
4
,
4
0
0
1
8
,
0
0
0
2
1
,
6
0
0
2
5
,
2
0
0
2
8
,
8
0
0
3
2
,
4
0
0
3
6
,
0
0
0
3
9
,
6
0
0
4
3
,
2
0
0
4
6
,
8
0
0
5
0
,
4
0
0
5
4
,
0
0
0
5
7
,
6
0
0
6
1
,
2
0
0
6
4
,
8
0
0
6
8
,
4
0
0
7
2
,
0
0
0
7
5
,
6
0
0
7
9
,
2
0
0
8
2
,
8
0
0
8
6
,
4
0
0
Fig. 1.4: Impact of NPSHa on the constant speed curve of the pump (Reference: KSB Centrifugal Pump Lexicon)
Q1 Q2 Q
H
NPSH
H/Q curve
H
A
NPSH
av (2)
NPSH
av (1)
NPSH
reg
A
1
A
2
B
89
Fig. 1.9: Characteristic head versus ow curve and its reduction by internal hydraulic losses. Proportional repre-
sentation based on the best efciency point.
H
Q
H/Q curve
Loss-free characteristic curve
Friction losses
Shock losses
Q
BEP
H
BEP
Qshock-free
Fig. 1.10: Efciency curve =f ( Q ). Proportional representation based on the best efciency point.
Q
H
H/Q curve
Q
BEP
H
BEP
Qshock-free
Q
eff
90
Fig. 1.11: NPSH
3%
characteristic curve, NPSH
3%
= f (Q). Proportional representation based on the best efci-
ency point.
Fig. 1.12: Electrical pump input power P
2
= f (Q). Proportional representation based on the best efciency
point.
H p
Q
H
Q
H/Q curve
Q
BEP
H
BEP
Qshock-free
P2/Q curve
H/Q curve
Q
BEP
H
BEP
Qshock-free
Q-NPSH 3%

characteristic
curve
91
Fig. 1.13: System characteristic curve Sum of static and dynamic head components
H
Q
System characteristic curve
H
static
or H
geo
H
dynamic
Q
OP
H
OP
Operating point of the pump
Fig. 1.14: Operating limits Q
min
and Q
max
Illustration of the permissible range for continuous operation of a
centrifugal pump (Q
min
approx. 0.3 * Q
BEP
and Q
max
approx. 1.4 * Q
BEP
)
H
Q
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
OP
Q
max
Permissible continuous operation range
92
Fig. 1.15: Preferable or optimum operating range for waste water transport
H
Q
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
OP
Q
max
Optimum
operating range
Permissible continuous operation range
Fig. 1.16: Shifting the operating point of the pump at xed speed by altering the geodetic head between the
suction-side cut-in and cut-out level
H
Q
OP
(on)
at cut-out level
curve at cut-in level
H
geo,max
Q
min
Q
opt
H
geo,min
OP
(off)
93
Fig. 1.17: Shifting the operating point of the pump by changing the pressure losses in the piping, e.g. the nominal
diameter of pipes, the pumping route or length, or the deposits and incrustations in the piping
H
Q
OP1
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
OP2
OP3
Constant speed curve 3
Constant speed curve 2
System characteristic curve 1
Fig. 1.18: Trimming or adjusting the impeller diameter to meet the required operating point of the pump
H
Q
D
2max
OP
curve
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Trimmed diameter D
2T
D
2min
94
Fig. 1.19: Shifting the operating point of a centrifugal pump by changing the speed
H
Q
n1
OP1
System
characteristic
curve
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
OP2
OP3
n2
n3
Fig. 1.20: Parallel operation of two identical centrifugal pumps. Losses of individual lines (head losses up to the
collecting line) have been taken into account in the reduced pump characteristic curve
H
Q
Pump set 1 or 2
Pump sets 1 &
Reduced curves
OP
System characteristic curve,
collecting line
Head losses individual lines
pump set 1 or 2
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Pump characteristic curve minus
losses in the individual line
95
Fig. 1.21: Parallel operation of two different centrifugal pumps. Losses in individual lines (head losses up to the
collecting line) have been taken into account in the reduced pump characteristic curve
H
Q
Pump set 1
Pump set 2
Pump set 1 & 2
Reduced curves
OP
System characteristic curve,
collecting line
Head losses
individual lines pump set 1 or 2
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Fig. 1.22: Series operation of two identical centrifugal pumps
H
Q
Pump sets 1 & 2
OP
H
geo
Q
min
Q
opt
Pump set 1 or 2
Pump characteristic curve minus
losses in the individual line
96
Rainfall pumps 1+1
Q/Q
opt
= 0,8
Q
opt
Q/Q
pot
= 1,2
n1
n2
n3
Day time pumps 2+1
Night time pumps 1+1
Fig. 1.23: Assigning rainfall, day time and night time pumps to different pumping routes for different uid
levels and events
97
1 1,2
10
100
1000
10000
10
l / l
Rating
2h
T
r
i
p
p
i
n
g

t
i
m
e

i
n

s
e
c
o
n
d
s
Fig. 3.5: Tripping curve for class 10 thermal time-lag over-current trips to EN 60947-6-2
Fig. 4.1.1.1a: Cost structure for designing and operating a piping system
Investment costs
for the piping
Total costs
Pipe diameter
C
o
s
t
s
Energy costs
98
Fig. 4.1.1.1 b: Minimum ow velocities n
0
10
20
30
40
50
Stones Plastic Gauze
bandage
Paper
tissue
Gravel Sand
Ceramic 1
Ceramic 2
Epoxy resin anthracene oil
Epoxy resin, hardened
Polyurethane
in degrees
Fig. 5.4 b: Gliding angle of various solids contained in waste water combined with various coatings (without
considering the ow)
0
1
2
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Horizontal
Vertical
2.4
1.4
F
l
o
w

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
m/s
DN (mm)
99
Fig. 5.5 a: Geometric design of (bottom) ow splitters
DN3=500
DIN EN 1092-2
DN1
t
3
30
1
,
2
x
t
3
1,5xDN1
4
5
0
,
5
x
t
3
1xDN1
4
5
C cp
60...90
4
5
C cp/2
X
DN3=500
DIN EN 1092-2
DN1
t
3
30
1
,
2
x
t
3
1,5xDN1
4
5
0
,
5
x
t
3
1xDN1
4
5
C cp
60...90
4
5
C cp/2
X
100
Fig. 5.5 b: Top view ow splitter between two pumps
Tight to the benching
101
Fig. 5.6 a: Minimum dimensions for the pump sump
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
6
0
0
D i m e n s i o n i n m m
1
8
0
0
2
0
0
0
V
o
l
u
m
e

f
o
w

r
a
t
e

Q

[
l
/
s
]
5
0
0
,
0
1
0
0
0
,
0
0
1
5
0
0
,
0
2
0
0
0
,
0
0
2
5
0
0
,
0
3
0
0
0
,
0
0
,
0
C
b
C
0
C
c
w
102
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
4
0
0
0
V
o
l
u
m
e

f
o
w

r
a
t
e

Q

[
l
/
s
]
5
0
0
,
0
1
0
0
0
,
0
0
1
5
0
0
,
0
2
0
0
0
,
0
0
2
5
0
0
,
0
3
0
0
0
,
0
0
,
0
D i m e n s i o n i n [ m m ]
C
w
C
c
p
Fig. 5.6 b: Minimum dimensions for the pump sump
103
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
V
o
l
u
m
e

f
o
w

r
a
t
e

Q

[
l
/
s
]
D i m e n s i o n i n [ m m ]
5
0
0
,
0
1
0
0
0
,
0
0
1
5
0
0
,
0
2
0
0
0
,
0
0
2
5
0
0
,
0
3
0
0
0
,
0
0
,
0
9
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
A
Fig. 5.6 c: Minimum dimensions for the pump sump
104
Fig. 5.6.1 a: Example of a KRT (wet installation) with direct approach ow and height difference between
pipe invert and pump sump
1.5xC o
C w
A
C

c
w
C

c
p
A
A
2
x

i
n
l
e
t

p
i
p
e

d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
C

o
C

o
6xC o
>DN2+150
C o
C

b
4
5
>5x
0
,
7
5

x

i
n
l
e
t

p
i
p
e

d
i
a
C w
1.5xC o
C w
A
C

c
w
C

c
p
A
A
2
x

i
n
l
e
t

p
i
p
e

d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
C

o
C

o
6xC o
>DN2+150
C o
C

b
4
5
>5x
0
,
7
5

x

i
n
l
e
t

p
i
p
e

d
i
a
C w
105
Fig. 5.6.1 b: Example of a KRT (wet installation) with longitudinal approach ow and height difference between
pipe invert and pump sump
C

c
w
C

c
p
A
A
A
2

C

o
C o
>
5
x


C

o
6xC o
>DN2+150
C

b
4
5
>
0
,
7
5

i
n
l
e
t

p
i
p
e

d
i
a
C

c
w
C

c
p
A
A
A
2

C

o
C o
>
5
x


C

o
6xC o
>DN2+150
C

b
4
5
>
0
,
7
5

i
n
l
e
t

p
i
p
e

d
i
a
106
Fig. 5.6.1 c: Example of a KRT (wet installation) with longitudinal approach ow and no height difference
C

c
w
C

c
p
A
A
>A/2
>
5
x

2
x

C

o
C

o
6xC o
>DN2+150
4
5

C

o
C

c
w
C

c
p
A
A
>A/2
>
5
x

2
x

C

o
C

o
6xC o
>DN2+150
4
5

C

o
Fax order form for the KSB Know-how series
At your request we will be pleased to send you all KSB know-how brochures previously published as
well as any volumes to be published in the future. All we need is your address and confirmation below.
Company address or stamp:
Company:
Attn.:
Street address:
Post or ZIP code / City / Country:
Please send me the following technical brochures: (please tick))
KSB Know-how
Selecting
Centrifugal Pumps
Water Hammer
Boa-Systronic
Planning Information
for Drainage Installations
Pump Control /
System Automation
Pressure Boosting
KSB Know-how, Band 6
Planungshinweise Rohrschachtpumpen
Amacan

Planning Information
Submersible Pumps in
Discharge Tubes
... Fax this form to:
Fax: +49 345 4826-4693
More space for solutions.
KSB Aktiengesellschaft
Turmstrae 92
06110 Halle (Saale)
www.ksb.com
Your local KSB representative:
2
5
5
4
.
0
2
5
-
E
N

/

0
2
.
1
2

/

K
S
B

A
k
t
i
e
n
g
e
s
e
l
l
s
c
h
a
f
t

2
0
1
2

S
u
b
j
e
c
t

t
o

t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l

m
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

w
i
t
h
o
u
t

p
r
i
o
r

n
o
t
i
c
e
.

KRT Planing Information-Data

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KRT Planing Information-Data

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

KRT Planing Information-Data

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KSB Know-how, Volume 7

KRT Planning Information

General Pump Selection

and the area

is the length of the screen bar

5 and the condition

C w (1.25 inlet pipe dia)

C w (1.25 inlet pipe dia)

C w (>1.25 inlet pipe dia)

C w (>1.25 inlet pipe dia)

KSB Know-how, Volume 06

You might also like