(General principles and applications)

Jayanti Tokas, PhD

1
; Rubina Begum PhD
1
; Shalini Jain, PhD
2
and Hariom Yadav, PhD
2*
1
Department of Biotechnology, JMIT, Radaur, India;
2
NIDDK, National Institute of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Email: [email protected]
What is a Biosensor?
Biosensor Any device that uses specific biochemical reactions to
detect chemical compounds in biological samples.
Current Definition
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical
transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single
analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
Components of a Biosensor
Detector
Father of the Biosensor
Professor Leland C Clark Jnr
19182005
1916 First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption
of invertase on activated charcoal

1922 First glass pH electrode

1956 Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen
electrode.

1962 First description of a biosensor: an amperometric
enzyme electrodre for glucose (Clark)

1969 Guilbault and Montalvo First potentiometric
biosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia
electrode to detect urea

1970 Bergveld ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)

1975 Lubbers and Opitz described a fibre-optic sensor with
immobilised indicator to measure carbon dioxide or oxygen.

History of Biosensors
1975 First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs
Instruments glucose biosensor)

1975 First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor

1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)

1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases
(Peterson)

1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose

1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
immunosensor

1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor:
ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for glucose
detection


History of Biosensors
1987 Blood-glucose biosensor launched by
MediSense ExacTech

1990 SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore

1992 Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT

1996 Launching of Glucocard

1998 Blood glucose biosensor launch by LifeScan
FastTake

1998 Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche and
Boehringer mannheim

Current Quantom dots, nanoparicles, nanowire,
nanotube, etc
History of Biosensors
1. LINEARITY Linearity of the sensor should be high
forthe detection of high substrate
concentration.
2. SENSITIVITY Value of the electrode response per
substrate concentration.
3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be
minimised for obtaining the correct
result.
4.RESPONSE TIME Time necessary for having 95%
of the response.
Basic Characteristics of a
Biosensor
Analyte
Sample
handling/
preparation
Detection
Signal
Analysis
Response
1. The Analyte (What do you want to detect)

Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar,
metal ion
2. Sample handling (How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive region?)

(Micro) fluidics - Concentration increase/decrease),
Filtration/selection

4. Signal

(How do you know there was a detection)

3. Detection/Recognition

(How do you specifically recognize the analyte?)

Pregnancy test

Detects the hCG protein in urine.
Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients)

Monitors the glucose level in the blood.

Infectous disease biosensor
from RBS

Old time coal miners biosensor
Biacore Biosensor platform

Fluorescence
DNA Microarray
SPR Surface plasmon resonance
Impedance spectroscopy
SPM (Scanning probe microscopy, AFM,
STM)
QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance)
SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)
Electrochemical
Typical Sensing Techniques
for Biosensors
1. Calorimetric Biosensor
2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor
4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor

Piezo-Electric Biosensors
The change in frequency is proportional
to the mass of absorbed material.
Piezo-electric devices use gold to detect the
specific angle at which electron waves are
emitted when the substance is exposed to laser
light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate
under the influence of an electric field.
Electrochemical Biosensors
For applied current: Movement of e- in redox
reactions detected when a potential is applied
between two electrodes.

For voltage: Change in distribution of
charge is detected using ion-selective
electrodes, such as pH-meters.


Optical Biosensors
Colorimetric for color
Measure change in light adsorption


Photometric for light intensity
Photon output for a luminescent or
fluorescent process can be detected
with photomultiplier tubes or
photodiode systems.
Calorimetric Biosensors
If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic,
two thermistors may be used to
measure the difference in resistance
between reactant and product and, hence,
the analyte concentration.
Electrochemical DNA
Biosensor
Steps involved in electrochemical
DNA hybridization biosensors:
Formation of the DNA recognition layer
Actual hybridization event
Transformation of the hybridization event
into an electrical signal
Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis
and genome mutation detection

Types DNA Biosensors
Electrodes
Chips
Crystals

DNA biosensor
Wearable Biosensors
Ring Sensor
Smart Shirt
Biosensors on the Nanoscale
Molecular sheaths around the nanotube are developed that
respond to a particular chemical and modulate the
nanotube's optical properties.

A layer of olfactory proteins on a nanoelectrode react with
low-concentration odorants (SPOT-NOSED Project).
Doctors can use to diagnose diseases at earlier stages.

Nanosphere lithography (NSL) derived triangular Ag
nanoparticles are used to detect streptavidin down to
one picomolar concentrations.

The School of Biomedical Engineering has developed an anti-
body based piezoelectric nanobiosensor to be used for
anthrax,HIV hepatitis detection.
Clinical diagnostics
Food and agricultural processes
Environmental (air, soil, and water) monitoring
Detection of warfare agents.



Food Analysis
Study of biomolecules and their interaction
Drug Development
Crime detection
Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)
Environmental field monitoring
Quality control
Industrial Process Control
Detection systems for biological warfare agents
Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement
organs
Application of Biosensor
Biosensors play a part in the
field of environmental quality,
medicine and industry mainly
by identifying material and the
degree of concentration
present