MIT Career Development Handbook

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1
/2 W. State Street, Suite C
Geneva, Illinois 60134
630.457.1412
MIT Career Development
Center
Building 12-170, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
Phone: (617) 253-4733
Fax: (617) 253-8457
Web Address: http://careers.mit.edu
Email: [email protected]
Hours: 9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.,
MondayFriday
Global Education Office
Building 12-189
Phone: (617) 253-0676
Fax: (617) 452-2101
Email: [email protected] for Study Abroad or
[email protected] for Fellowships
http://web.mit.edu/geo
Hours: 9:00 a.m.5:00 p.m., MondayFriday
Staff
Executive Director
Melanie Parker
Administrative
Camille Cottrell, Administrative Assistant/Receptionist
Alyssa Tasha, Financial/Information Technology Support
Representative
Career Services
Melissa Ackerman, Coordinator, Employer Relations
Bob Dolan, Career Development Counselor
Rachel Greenberg, Assistant Director, F/ASIP
Kathleen Haggerty, Career Development Counselor
Deborah Liverman, Associate Director, Career Services
Bob Richard, Assistant Director, Employer Relations
Jordan Siegel, Recruiting & Marketing, Employer
Relations
Marilyn Wilson, Senior Career Development Counselor
Preprofessional Programs
Shanell Littlejohn, Administrative Assistant
Shonool Malik, Associate Director, Preprofessional
Advising
Tamara Menghi, Assistant Director, Preprofessional
Advising
Erin Scott, Counselor, Preprofessional Advising
Kimberly Benard, Program Advisor, Distinguished
Fellowships
Jennifer Cook, Program Assistant
Malgorzata Hedderick, Associate Dean
Sarra Shubart, Program Assistant
Brian Wahl, Assistant Dean
The MIT Career Development Handbook
is published once a year, in September,
by the Career Development Center at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Cover Design: Jordan Siegel
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to the Career Development Center
Staff Contact List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction to the Career Development Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Career Development Process
Career Development Pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Self-Assessment: Your Interests, Values and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exploring Your Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Focusing: Job Search Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Job Search Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Internships, Jobs and Networking
Internships: Getting Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CareerBridge Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Informational Interviewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Career Fairs/Company Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Alumni Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Community Service/Volunteering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Professional Associations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Resume and Career Writing
Resume Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Online Resumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Action Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Writing About Your SkillsPAR Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Sample Resumes and CVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Differences Between a CV and Resume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Cover Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Other Career Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5. Interviewing
Preparing for an Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
What Happens During the Interview? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Some Questions to Ask an Interviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Sample Questions Asked by Employers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Behavioral and Case Interviewing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Telephone Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Dress Code for Interviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Site Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Negotiating Salary and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Art of Negotiating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6. Academic Pathways
Choice of Major. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Global Education Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Global Education Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Study Abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Distinguished Fellowships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Graduate School Advising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Prehealth Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Prelaw Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Pre-MBA Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Academic Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Sample Statement of Research Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sample Statement of Teaching Philosophy and Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7. Advertiser Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
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http://careers.mit.edu 3
Introduction to the
Career Development Center
The Career Development Center is a part of the Global Education and Career
Development Center (GECDC) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Our
partner office at the GECDC is the Global Education Office.
MISSION STATEMENT
The Global Education and Career Development Center empowers MIT students and
alumni to achieve lifelong success through seamless access to transformative global
experiences, comprehensive and holistic career serivices and mutually beneficial
connections with employers and graduate schools.
Programs Overview
To take advantage of our services and learn about upcoming events, please visit us in
12-170, call our front desk (617-253-4733) or email us at [email protected]. Also, be sure to
visit our website (http://careers.mit.edu) for current information on events and services.
Our resources include career assessment, online career research tools, Employer
Business Card Directory, information sessions and workshops, fall and spring on-campus
recruiting, counseling appointments, study abroad and distinguished fellowships
advising, preprofessional advising, career panels, study abroad and career fairs,
symposia and other networking opportunities. During the academic year, we hold
Walk-in Hours daily. Please see our website for our Walk-ins schedule: http://web.mit.
edu/career/www/services/walkins.html.
On a recurring basis throughout the academic year, the MIT Career Development Center
presents career workshops. Many are tailored to the specific needs of undergraduates,
graduate students, international students and preprofessional applicants. Current work-
shops are listed at http://web.mit.edu/career/www/services/workshops.html. Online
pre-registration is required. Topics include but are not limited to:
Self-Assessment Job and Internship Search
Networking Researching Companies
Resumes, Cover Letters, and CVs Negotiating Job Offers
Interview Techniques Applying to Graduate School
4 MIT Career Development Center
Career Development Pyramid
The pyramid above presents a model for how to conduct
a successful job search, where successful refers to
getting a job that is genuinely a good fit for you. Although
the process is actually dynamic and there is movement
back and forth among the different stages, the model
suggests that a successful job search encompasses four
basic steps. It begins with Self-Assessmentknowing
who you are and what you want, moves on to Exploration
of whats out there in terms of interesting industries and
occupati ons, progresses to Focusing on specific industries
and companies that appeal to you, and then culminates in
the nuts-and-bolts Job Search stage, involving sending out
resumes, interviewing, and negotiating job offers.
You might find it helpful to look through the following
questionnaire, Testing Your Career Fitness. You can use
this as a checklist to see how ready you currently are to
conduct a successful job search, and as a guide to help you
effectively and confidently prepare for your job search.
Testing Your Career Fitness
Self-Knowledge
1. I know what motivates me to excel.
2. I can identify my strongest abilities and skills.
3. I have several major achievements that clarify a
pattern of interests and abilities.
4. I know what I both like and dislike in work.
5. I have some ideas about what I want to do during the
next [two to three] years.
6. I can list my major accomplishments in action terms.
Knowledge of Employers
7. I know what skills I can offer employers in different
occupations.
8. I can clearly explain to employers what I do well and
enjoy doing.
9. I can specify why an employer should hire me.
10. When Im ready to find an internship or job, I will be
able to identify and target potential employers.
Internship or Job Search Skills/Contacts
11. I can conduct research on different occupations,
employers, organizations and communities.
12. I can write different types of effective resumes,
internship search letters, and thank-you notes.
13. I can produce and distribute resumes and letters to
the right people.
14. I can develop a job referral network.
15. I can prospect for internship or job leads.
Adapted from Jobtrak Job Search Tips where it was reprinted with
permission from Change Your Job, Change Your Life by Dr. Ronald L.
Krannich, T 1995, Impact Publications.
Chapter 2.
Career Development Process
G Self Assessment g
At the base of our model pyramid, providing the essential
foundation for the rest of the job search, is self-assessment,
or knowing yourself. Thoughtful self-assessment streamlines
the remaining steps of the job search, helping you to focus on
organizations and careers compatible with your goals, and
enabling you to market yourself knowledgeably and confi-
dently. Three aspects that are important to consider when
choosing a career are: interests, values, and skills. Being
able to clearly articulate these on a resume and dring an
interview will promote a good fit with potential employers.
The Career Development Center offers specific self-
assessment inventories such as the Myers Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI) and Strong Interest Inventory to students
during counseling appointments, if both student and coun-
selor think its appropriate.
Interests
Our interest in the work we do is a key motivating factor for
work. If we are interested in our work, we will find it more
enjoyable, be more motivated to learn about it, develop
relevant skills, work hard, and persist through difficult
challenges, all of which increase our chances of success
and job satisfaction.
What are your interests? Think broadly when you answer
this questioninclude work, academics, volunteer
and leisure interests. Consider subject areas as well as
activities. For example, subjects might include biology,
architecture, and economics, while activities could be
research, design, and consulting.
Below is a list of questions that may help you identify some
of your interests.
1. What do you love to do?
2. What books do you browse through in bookstores?
3. Which are your favorite courses?
4. If you won the lottery, to which causes/issues would you
give money?
5. If you were a reporter, what kind of stories would you
like to write?
6. What are your favorite objects?
7. What sorts of information do you find most fascinating?
8. Who are your heroes?
9. What did you dream of being when you were 10?
Values
Values are ideals and core beliefs that are important to us;
they give meaning and purpose to what we do. We are most
likely to be comfortable and thrive in work that is compatible
with our own strongly held values. On the other hand,
difficulties may arise when we find ourselves in conflict
with a work situation because it clashes with our values.
Consider the following values as they relate to work. Which
ones are most important to you? Least important? Which
are very deep and clear? Which are more ambiguous?
How do your values impact your career direction and work
decisions?
Skills
Skills are learned abilitiesthings we do well. Most
students have far more skills than they realize, since they
tend to take many of their skills for granted. Do you know
what your skills are? Which skills do you like to use? Just
because we can do something well doesnt mean that we
enjoy doing it. Can you communicate your skills effectively
to potential employers?
It is helpful to think of two types of skills. Here are a few
exercises to help you identify both types.
1) Knowledge-based skills are acquired through
education, training and on-the-job experience,
e.g., you may be knowledgeable about quasars or
JAVA or the plays of George Bernard Shaw. To think
about your knowledge-based skills, ask yourself what
subject areas do you know a lot about? Consider
academic, work and vocational activities. Which do
you enjoy?
2) Transferable skills are actions that can be carried out
in different knowledge areas, e.g., writing, data entry
and project management. Employers especially want to
know what your transferable skills are. To think about
your transferable skills, look at the list of action verbs on
Page 20. These verbs describe skills. How many do you
have? Which do you like to use? Which would you like to
develop? Are there others not on the list?
__ Achievement
__ Advancement
__ Adventure
__ Balance: Work/Family
__ Challenge
__ Competition
__ Contribute to Society
__ Creativity
__ Expertise
__ Flexibility
__ Friendship
__ Helping Others
__ High Salary
__ Independence
__ Inner Harmony
__ Job Security
__ Leadership
__ Leisure
__ Location
__ Personal Growth
__ Physical Activity
__ Pleasure
__ Precision
__ Recognition
__ Responsibility
__ Stability
__ Variety
Once you have evaluated your interests, values, and skills,
how do you put all that information together? Your interests
and values will likely point you to certain industries, compa-
nies or job functions. Knowledge of your skills will help you
determine if those industries, organizations, and job oppor-
tunities are likely to offer you work you can skillfully do or
learn to do and will enjoy doing.
Self-assessment is a lifelong practice, one that most people
will return to again and again over the course of their
professional careers. As you gain work experience and
your skills grow, your interests and values are likely to shift.
You can return to this pyramid to help you move confidently
into new areas of work and career.
Career Development Timelines
For tips on how to manage your professional develop-
ment at each stage of your degree program, use the time-
line below (if you are an undergaduate) or see Masters,
Doctoral and Postdoc versions at http://web.mit.edu/
career/www/graduate/timelines.html.
Freshman Year
Adjusting Get to know yourself. Explore your academic
and extracurricular interests and your future goals.
Academics
q Test your interests through coursework, UROPs, volun-
teer jobs, and student activities.
q Meet your professors. Learn how to build your network
by taking advantage of their office hours. Get to know
at least one professor well every year.
q Identify four to seven career fields that interest you
and research how academic training supports those
careers. Meet with a Career Counselor to discuss
majors as they relate to careers. Read up on the
careers that interest you. Arrange informational inter-
views with alumni working in those fields, http://alum.
mit.edu/benefits/CareerGuidance/ICAN.
q Attend the Choice of Major Fair in the fall. Freshmen
are expected to pick a major in April, but you may
remain Undecided until sophomore year.
Career Decision Making
q Start a Career Log to record your thoughts on
academic coursework, future goals, and careers.
Create a college accomplishments section to record
courses taken, extracurricular and volunteer activi-
ties, honors/awards, internships, and jobs. Update
your Career Log throughout your college career. This
log can be used to create a resume and will be helpful
when you look for a summer job.
q Explore the services CDC offers such as career work-
shops, resume critiques, and mock interviews.
q Meet with a Career Counselor to help identify your
interests, skills and values.
q Talk to a career counselor about a summer job or
internship in an area that interests you. Consider a
summer UROP.
q Develop a resume to use both on- and off-campus.
q Sign up to become a registered user of CareerBridge,
see: https://www.myinterfase.com/mit/student.
Extracurricular Involvement
q Get involved in dorm activities, student organiza-
tions, or public service projects. Explore social and
academic clubs that interest you. Join at least one
extracurricular activity.
q Ask for help if you need it! That is what Resident
Assistants, Freshman Advisors, Teaching Assistants,
and Counselors are for!
Sophomore Year
Exploring Explore occupations that interest you.
Research and network career possibilities.
Academics
q Confirm your choice of major. Explore a second major
or minor if interested.
q Get involved with your advisor and your department.
Schedule at least two meetings per semester with your
advisor. Use the time to learn about his/her field and
explore your interests in that field. Find out what activi-
ties and services are offered to undergraduates in your
department.
Additional resources on self-assessment:
MIT Career Development Center, Self-Assessment
Workshop: http://web.mit.edu/career/www/
workshops/finding
University of Waterloo online Career Development
Manual, Self-Assessment: www.cdm.uwaterloo.ca
John Hollands Self-Directed Search online:
www.self-directed-search.com
Career Zone: general interests and related jobs
(Holland categories): www.nycareerzone.org/
graphic/assessment/index.jsp
Spencer Stuart Organizational Culture Match
Test: http://www.spencerstuart.com/yourcareer/
resources/services/730
www.masscis.intocareers.com For descriptions
of various occupations, their tasks, requirements,
skills needed
http://careers.mit.edu/www/infostats/resources.
html has a comprehensive list of links to a wide
range of career resources
q Electives can give you the opportunity to explore a
second major or minor as well as to develop a personal
interest. Consider targeting your electives to make you
more versatile and employable.
q Explore opportunities for research, UROPs, and
creative projects.
q If interested in studying abroad, begin to research your
options. To meet with Global Education advisors see:
http://web.mit.edu/goglobal.
q Learn about Distinguished Fellowship and Scholarship
opportunities available to students in various fields. To
meet with our Fellowships advisor see: http://web.mit.
edu/scholarships.
q Update your resume and post it on CareerBridge.
q Attend career and internship fairs to gather informa-
tion on different industries and companies, http://web.
mit.edu/career/www/events/careerfairs.html.
q Attend workshops and programs sponsored by CDC to
build your career management skills, http://web.mit.
edu/career/www/events/workshops.html.
q Explore opportunities to gain relevant work experi-
ence, for example: internships, externships, UROPS
and summer jobs.
q Learn how to build your network and cultivate mentors.
Conduct informational interviews with people in fields
that interest you and record notes in your Career Log.
Keep track of contacts!
q Update your Career Log.
q Attend meetings of student professional organizations.
Get involved! This will help you gain skills including
teamwork and public speaking.
q Act on your interests. Take an active role in an extra-
curricular activity and explore new ones. Consider
assuming a leadership role in your dorm, campus orga-
nization, or on a class project.
q Volunteer.
Junior Year
ExperiencingGet experience through internships and
summer jobs. Prioritize your interests. Draft your job
search or graduate school strategy.
Academics
q Choose electives that enhance your learning and
career goals.
q If you have not yet done a UROP, seriously consider
doing one now, to develop skills and help you explore
areas of interest.
q Explore options and desires to attend graduate or
professional school. Consider one to three years of
work experience first to enhance learning.
q Meet with an advisor before spring to discuss graduate
school admissions and testing processes.
q Continue developing relationships with faculty, graduate
students, and professionals. Identify who will serve as
references for graduate school or employment.
q Apply to Distinguished Fellowships and Scholarships
if appropriate for you. See http://web.mit.edu/
scholarships.
q Meet with a Career Counselor to create a job or
graduate school search strategy. Also discuss with a
counselor effective ways to use web-based job and
internship services.
q Update your Career Log. Use your Career Log entries to
help you prioritize career choices.
q Post an updated resume on CareerBridge.
q Devote a significant amount of time to finding a
summer job or internship or UROP in a field related to
your future career goals.
q Practice networking while getting career information
at company presentations, career fairs, career related
events/forums, and talking to alums. Keep in touch with
previous teachers and advisors.
q Arrange a mock interview at CDC to practice inter-
viewing skills.
q Shop for business attire so you can dress for
success in interviews.
q Send for career materials from professional associa-
tions and consider joining one as a student member.
q Continue to explore your values, interests, and skills
through involvement with clubs, student organizations,
and volunteer activities.
Senior Year
TransitioningDevelop skills you need to accomplish
your goals and thrive in life after MIT.
Academics
q If you are planning to attend graduate or professional
school, gather all application forms and write a state-
ment of purpose.
q Make sure to keep up your grades. Graduate schools
and some employers may want to see your final
semester grades.
q Visit CDC early in the fall semester to sharpen your
job search skills and to take advantage of on-campus
recruiting.
q Talk with professionals in your field about job search
techniques and opportunities.
q Network with parents, friends, faculty, alumni, and
others. Most jobs are found through networking.
q Tailor your resume to each position for which you are
applying and write compelling cover letters. Visit CDC
and have your resume and cover letters critiqued.
q Identify three references and ask permission to use
their names.
q Prepare for interviews by attending an Interview
Workshop and doing a mock interview at CDC.
q Read relevant periodicals and trade journals to under-
stand current issues in your field. Having this insight
makes a huge difference during interviews.
q Analyze job offers based upon the goals and values
that you documented in your Career Log. Visit CDC
where a Career Counselor can help you walk through
this decision.
q Let the CDC know what you are up to for next year by
completing the Graduating Student Survey.
q Think about your first year after graduation; your ideal
work, proximity to family and friends, lifestyle, values,
and long-term goals. It may help to talk about these
things with your friends and people whose opinions
you value.
q Start thinking about practical life after MIT. Project
your needs and create a realistic budget. Attend semi-
nars regarding finances, work/life balance, managing
stress, office politics, etc.
q Enjoy the end of your senior year and graduation.
Congratulations!
G Exploring Your Options:
Knowing Whats Out There g
Here are some suggestions for how you can learn about the
enormous range of industries and occupations available to
you. Think expansively and creatively!
1) Read about industries, organizations, occupations in:
Occupational Outlook Handbook: www.bls.gov/oco
O*Net Online: http://online.onetcenter.org
WetFeet Career Guides (available through
CareerBridge) https://www.myinterfase.com/mit/
student
Websites, for example: www.collegegrad.com/
careers/all.shtml
Newspapers and magazines
Trade magazines and newsletters
Career books and career websites
2) Notice the jobs around you, especially those done by family,
friends, acquaintances and others. Ask people about:
Their career path
How they feel about their work
What tips and advice do they have to offer
3) Browse the MIT Alumni Directory on: http://alum.mit.edu
and ICAN website:
What are alumni from your major doing?
From other majors?
Who are they working for?
4) Talk to business/industry people:
Talk with your advisor and faculty about opportunities
for people with your academic training
Attend student association events sponsored by
various departments
Take part in career fairs
Conduct informational interviews with people in occu-
pations and organizations that interest you
G Focusing
Job Search Strategies g
Focus on some industries and occupations that appeal to
you, and research them in greater depth.
Researching organizations that interest you helps you
decide which companies might offer a good fit for your
occupational goals and interests. In addition, it is essential
preparation prior to interviewing effectively with a
company. For an in-depth discussion on how to
research a company see www.learnwebskills.com/
company/index.html.
How 2008 MIT Graduates Found Their Jobs
Undergrad Masters Doctoral
On-campus recruiting 43.8% 37.6% 19.7%
Networking 27.4% 28.9% 33.1%
Internship led to job offer 28.3% 14.9% 1.6%
Career fair 24.7% 15.7% 7.1%
Professional conference .5% 1.7% 8.7%
Contacts acquired through MIT Career Development Center .9% 3.7% 2.4%
Through department (faculty, academic administrator) 5.9% 7.9% 22.8%
Directly applied to employer 22.4% 16.9% 36.2%
Advertised job listing (online, print) 5.5% 2.9% 18.9%
Other 10.0% 16.5% 10.2%
What you should know about a company:
Size of organization (comparison to other
companies in industry)
Number of years in business, history of organization
Geographical locations, corporate headquarters
Products and services, clientele
Age and background of top management
Values, company culture
Organizational structure, climate
Current financial condition
Annual sales growth for past five years
Competition
Reputation
Future outlook
News stories about company, any new develop-
ments, trends
Where can you learn about companies and
organizations?
Company websites
Annual reports: contact companies for copies of these
Trade associations: print and web materials
News articles about companies and executives:
newspapers, journals (use online search engines,
e.g., www.google.com)
Online references: e.g., WetFeet Career Guides,
available through CareerBridge
Directories: e.g., CorpTech, Standard & Poors
Corporation Records
Talk to employees: network, MIT alumni directory
Researching Companies
You are able to find many helpful details you need about
a company by using the various MIT libraries and online
resources at http://libraries.mit.edu and http://libguides.mit.
edu/companies. MIT Libraries offers career research work-
shops to introduce you to electronic and print resources
for researching companies, organizations and agencies as
potential employers.
You can access business databases and directories for
specialized industry and economic research by going to the
MIT Libraries Vera service at http://libraries.mit.edu/vera.
There, from the List by Subject menu, select Business &
Management. These databases provide detailed informa-
tion about a companys investment status, management,
products and markets. You can also use the databases to
generate lists of leads.
Sample of listings:
ABI/INFORM Global
Bloomberg
Business Source Elite
Corptech
Hoovers Online
I/B/E/S
InfoTech Trends
Investext Plus
ISI Emerging Markets
Jupiter Communications
LexisNexis Academic
Morningstar Principia Pro Plus
Reference USA
Reuters
Reuters Business Insight
SDC Platinum
TAQ
Thomson Research
VentureXpert Web
Yankee Group Reports
For a video tutorial on how to use these databases, see
http://libraries.mit.edu/tutorials/video/index.html.
G Job Search Action Plan g
Once you have completed your self-assessment, explored
different industries and fields, and narrowed your search to a
few target industries and companies, you are ready to enter
the final stage of the job searchidentifying and applying
for jobs. Below are some tips for how to go about finding
job opportunities. Three job search methods are described:
Traditional, Using the Hidden Job Market, and Networking.
Traditional Job Search
You can apply for advertised job vacancies by checking out
the following locations.
CareerBridgeon-campus recruiting:
https://www.myinterfase.com/mit/student
Newspapers, journals, publications
Company websites
Internet jobsites, bulletin boardse.g., http://www.
Medzilla.com, a pharmaceutical industry site, and
http://www.ieee.org, the electrical engineering
associations website
Listservs
Notices from MIT Department Administrators
Employment agencies
Head hunters
Hidden Job Market
Many positions are never advertised so how can you find
out about them?
Target employers that interest you and identify someone
who works for each, talk to him/her about the company,
your interests and jobs.
Do any MIT alumni/ae work for the company?
Talk to people in your networkdoes anyone know
anyone who works for the company?
Research to identify the name of someone you can
contact
- Company/organization website
- Directories
- Company Annual Reports
- News articlessearch http://www.google.com
Approach the employer
Conduct informational interviews and network
Ask for names of people you might talk with in areas of
the company that particularly interest you
Send a letter of inquiry to a company even if you do not
know of an advertised position
Networking
Networking is the most effective method of finding a job. It
involves talking to as many people as possible about your job
search. Networking is expanding your network of profes-
sional associates and acquaintances by connecting to other
peoples network of associates and acquaintances. It can
be part of a traditional job search as well as searches using
the hidden job market. When networking, you must gather
information and seek advice about professions, fields, occu-
pations, trends, skills and expertise required. Get referrals
to others who may expedite your job search. Networking is
a two-way street. Offer to help the people who are helping
youbecome an active part of their network.
Long Distance Job Search
Use resources to help you identify organizations and
companies of interest in your desired location, and to find
people from that area with whom you can network:
Check directories (e.g., CorpTech) for organizations/
companies located there, research company websites
Study local newspapers, job postings
Network and conduct informational interviews
Search for alumni in your industry/areas of interest
- ICAN, Alumni Directory
- Alumni Clubs
Contact national, regional and local professional
associations
Visit, learn about employment trends, opportunities
Record Keeping/Action Planning
Organize your job search. Find a method that works for you.
Use an electronic diary, ring binder, file folders, computer
reminders, database, palm pilot, Rolodex, scheduler. Keep
track of:
1) Job search ideas
2) Schedule of what you need to do and when:
Job application deadlines
Networking meetings
Follow-up calls to make
Interviews scheduled
Thank-you notes to be sent out
3) Records of all contacts made and networking leads:
Name
Dates of all actions
Contact information
Referred by whom
Phone calls, emails, letters
Notes about conversations
Additional contacts offered
Ideas to pursue
4) Industries and companies of interest and your
research findings
5) Advertised jobs, relevant research, records of all
related actions
6) Jobs applied for:
Research on the organization
Dates of all actions, contact information
Notes on all conversations, email correspondence
Copy of cover letters, resumes sent
Results
7) Reflections, lessons learned, suggestions for future
Internships: Getting Experience
Internships and summer jobs give you an opportunity to apply
academic concepts in practice, and to explore possible
future occupations. The experiential learning and skills
acquired from internships and/or research experience on a
resume make you more marketable. MIT offers a variety of
programs and some have submission deadlines in the fall
semester. If you are seeking an internship overseas, you will
need to start your job search process at least six months to a
year in advance, depending on the countries that you will be
applying to.
Some internships in industry and in the executive area of
government pay a reasonable stipend. Many in the non-
profit sector pay little or nothing; however, if you are
work-study eligible you may be able to negotiate a salary
at the nonprofit of your choice. Either paid or unpaid, the
experience in an internship can be extremely valuable.
Reports from a variety of sources show that, compared to
the average, students who participate in these programs:
Do better in school
Are more likely to graduate
Are ahead in preparation for their field
Are viewed as better candidates in job interviews
Receive more job offers
Earn higher starting salaries
Are more likely to get the job with the employer they
want after graduation
Other benefits of Internships and Experiential Education
Programs include developing transferable skills such as:
communication, critical thinking, teamwork, change
management, information technology, leadership, self-
managed learning, interpersonal diversity, ethics, social
responsibility, and technical knowledge.
MITs Opportunities for Experiential Learning
and Internships
Most students are unsure of what they want to do for a
profession. Those who think they know may not know how
to get where they want to be, or what skills they need in
order to be successful in their chosen field. The first step
is to explore and experience a field through one of MITs
many Experiential Education and Internship Programs.
Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program
(UROP)
Established in 1969, UROP is MITs flagship academic
program. Participating students work with MIT faculty and
research staff in a wide variety of investigative projects,
across all disciplines. While most UROP projects take place
on campus, students can learn the valuable technical and
collaborative skills necessary for future occupations. UROP
is a widely recognized program and employers look upon
participation favorably. For more information, consult the
UROP web site http://web.mit.edu/urop/, or contact UROP
staff in Room 7-104, at [email protected] or (617) 253-7306.
Student/Alumni Externship Program
The Alumni Associations Student/Alumni Externship
Program gives students a chance to meet and work with
alumni, gain marketable job experience, and explore compa-
nies that could become potential employers. Students join
alumni in their workplace during the January Independent
Activities Period (IAP) and get a first-hand look at a profes-
sion. Current undergraduate and graduate MIT students are
welcome to apply to the Externship Program. All applicants
must submit an application form, resume and personal
statement about their desire to participate. You will find
more information online at http://alum.mit.edu/students/
NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram or contact the
Alumni Association at [email protected], (617) 252-1143 or
visit the Alumni Center in W98-2nd Floor.
Freshman/Alumni Summer Internship Program
(F/ASIP)
MITs Freshman/Alumni Summer Internship Program
(F/ASIP) is a graded seminar (SP.800/SP.801) that provides
participating freshmen with career development training.
This seminar cultivates professional skills, assists first-year
students in finding summer internships, and pairs them
with MIT alumni mentors at their internships. These alumni
share a learning-by-doing philosophy, a propensity for hard
work, and methods for tackling problems. They also help
educate students on what it takes to survive and thrive in
the workplace. The programs goal is to teach valuable
career planning and job skills that will be useful at MIT and
beyond. Interested students should submit their F/ASIP
application in the summer preceding their freshman year.
For more information about the program, including appli-
cation materials and deadlines, please visit the F/ASIP
website at http://web.mit.edu/fasip.
Chapter 3.
Internships, Jobs and Networking
MIT International Science & Technology
Initiatives (MISTI)
Imagine joining a team of engineers at BMW in Munich;
designing a Japanese robot; testing solar panels in Israel;
or tackling a research problem at the Curie Institute. MISTI
makes it possible.
MISTI connects MIT students to hands-on professional
internships and research around the globe. All expenses
are paid. Program coordinators work with students to match
their skills and interests with MISTIs partnershundreds
of the worlds leading companies, research labs and NGOs.
With language and cultural preparation, participants learn
first-hand how innovation happens around the world and
cultivate skills that make their resumes leap off the screen.
Over 300 MIT students intern each year through MISTI
programs in China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Mexico and Spain. Go now! Visit http://web.mit.edu/misti.
Undergraduate Practice Opportunities Program
(UPOP)
UPOP is a full-year educational program for School of
Engineering sophomores administered by the Office of the
Dean of Engineering and serving as the first year of the
three-year Gordon-MIT Engineering Leadership Program.
The summer practicum component of UPOP includes a
hands-on internship with coaching before, during and after
the assignment. This immersive learning experience lets
students integrate their academic work in math and engi-
neering science through application in the world of work.
The UPOP professional practice workshop during
Januarys Independent Activities Period (IAP) covers
topics in team decision making, self-awareness, negotia-
tion, conflict resolution, product design, leadership, and
networking. The experiential learning modules are led by
MIT faculty from the School of Engineering and the Sloan
School of Management with the help of industry profes-
sionals, alums, and outside consultants who volunteer as
mentor-instructors to groups of 7-9 students. These rela-
tionships often endure beyond the workshop sessions and
help to establish a foundation for the students professional
network. For more information see http://upop.mit.edu.
MIT Washington DC Summer Internship Program
The Washington DC Summer Internship Program provides
technically sophisticated undergraduates the opportunity
to apply their scientific and technical training to public
policy issues. The core of the program is focused on the
summer months, when students work in the offices of
government agencies, the private sector, and advocacy
groups. Complementing the summer internships are a trip to
Washington DC during spring break and academic exercises.
Participating students are required to attend a seminar on
the policymaking process during the late spring and early fall,
for which they will receive 12 units of credit upon completion.
Pleas see http://web.mit.edu/summerwash/www.
VI-A M.Eng. Thesis Program
The VI-A M.Eng. Thesis Program enables EECS students to
combine classroom studies with serious professional work
experience in industry with competitive salaries through a
series of leading-edge technology jobs with participating
companies. The VI-A program is designed to work in
conjunction with the EECS five-year Master of Engineering
degree program culminating in an industry-based masters
thesis. VI-A work assignments are available at both
domestic and international locations. For more information
see http://via.mit.edu/
Other Internship Programs and Resources
Internships may be offered at companies, government
agencies, nonprofit organizations, other universities,
and advocacy groups. Here are some helpful links to
find opportunities:
MIT Career Development Center Internship
Information http://web.mit.edu/career/www/jobs/
internships.html
CareerBridge: see Job Search and On-Campus
Recruiting Schedules https://www.myinterfase.
com/mit/student/
iNet Internship Network: internships available to
students from eight universities, including MIT:
http://web.mit.edu/career/www/inet/
MonsterTrak no longer provides our CDC On- and
Off-Campus Recruiting System, but it still offers job
and internship opportunities for students in general:
see http://www.monstertrak.com
Federal Government Internships: http://www.
usajobs.opm.gov, http://www.studentjobs.gov
Internships Abroad: see The Big Guide to Living and
Working Overseas, from our CDC homepage:
http://careers.mit.edu
Nonprofit Internships and Information: http://www.
idealist.org
Jobweb articles on Internship Searching: http://
www.jobweb.com/students.aspx?folderid=86
Write to companies that recruit at MIT for full-time
positions and express your interest in an internship.
Ask if you might interview with them when they are on
campus. They may like your initiative and interview you.
Do not automatically restrict your search to the Boston
area or your hometowna summer job away from MIT
and from home can be fun and broadening. Some
companies will help you find housing. Some will offer
housing at a local college. If you need to find a place
to live for the summer in another city, check out various
online housing listings.
Networking
Networking Defined
A professional network can be defined as people you
know who can provide leads, support and advice about
your career and the job market. They can help you tap the
vast majority of jobs that are never advertised. For this
reason, networking needs to be an integral part of your job
search. The benefits of networking include learning more
about career options, increased visibility within your field,
propelling your professional development, finding suit-
able mentors, increasing your chances of promotion and
perhaps finding your next job. Though initially, you may feel
uncomfortable about the notion of networking, it is a skill
that can be learned and mastered by following the practical
guidelines below.
Start by networking with people you know such as family,
friends, faculty, students, community members, service
professionals (doctors, dentists), alumni, and neighbors.
Talk to them about what you want to do. Ask whether they
know of any companies or organizations doing the types of
things that interest you. Do they know of anyone in a related
area of work or study who you might talk to? Networking
etiquette requires that you do not ask for a job. The focus of
networking is to meet many people in your field and find out
more about the jobs they do.
This is how you get to see first hand the type of company
and work that you really want to do. The art of informational
interviewing is in knowing how to balance your ultimate
agenda (to locate a job) with the unique opportunity to learn
firsthand about the demands of your field. Always approach
the experience as asking for advice rather than looking
for work. Be courteous and professional at all times, even
with your aunts best friend. Never abuse your privilege by
asking for a job, but execute your informational interviews
skillfully, and a job may follow.
Step 1: Identify Your Network
Start by listing everyone you know who is a potential
prospect.
Family (parents, siblings, uncles, aunts, cousins)
Friends
School contacts (faculty, teachers, classmates, alumni)
Community associates (religious affiliates, neighbors)
Work contacts (supervisors, coworkers)
Professional associations, industry receptions, career
fairs
Step 2: Prepare and Practice Your Script
Prepare a brief introductory script. This should be a one-
minute summary of your interests, goals and your needs
right now. Practice by telling as many people in the above
list as you can. Once you are comfortable with your pitch,
start asking if they know of anyone who you should contact.
You can then start contacting these people by phone or email.
A script will sound something like: I am in my junior year at
MIT and have a particular interest in Engineering Logistics.
I hope to ultimately apply my degree to product and inven-
tory management. Right now I am trying to learn more about
the actual experience of people working in these areas.
Could you spare some time to speak with me about the
current trends and opportunities in this field? Or ... Do you
know anyone I could speak with in order to find out more
about the field?
If you have found the contact person through another
person your script might be:
My name is Sandra Chee. I am due to graduate from
MIT in 6 months time. I received your name from your
companys recruiting representative, David Jones who
suggested that I contact you. I am studying biological
sciences and David thought that, as you are doing work in
this field, you might be able to tell me a bit about it. David
also thought that you might be able to give me some names
of other people or companies that I could approach for a
possible informational interview (or summer internship).
Informational Interviewing
Step 3: Arrange an Informational Interview
This script then forms the basis of an email that you might
write to someone with whom you would like to have an
informational interview. The first networking email may be
like a mini cover letter. Use an email subject line that will be
clear and encourage your reader to open the emailyou
might write something like Question from an MIT Student.
If you prefer, you can try to call the person directly to set up
an informational interview at a later date.
Prepare for your informational interviews just as you would
for an actual job interview: polish your presentation and
listening skills, and conduct preliminary research on the
organization. You should outline an agenda that includes
well-thought-out questions.
Your networking meeting should include the following
elements: introduction, self-overview, Q & A, obtaining
referrals and closing.
Begin your interview with questions that demonstrate your
genuine interest in the other person such as, Describe
a typical day in your department. Then proceed with
more general questions such as, What are the employ-
ment prospects in this field? or Are you active in any
professional organizations in our field and which would
you recommend? If appropriate, venture into a series of
questions that place the employer in the advice-giving role,
such as, What should the most important consideration be
in my first job? Be sure to ask for referrals to other profes-
sionals. You could also ask their opinion about your resume.
Always remember to send a thank-you letter to every
person who grants you time and to every individual who
refers you to someone.
What motivates professionals to grant informational
interviews? The reasons are varied. Generally, most
people enjoy sharing information about themselves
and their jobs and, particularly, giving advice. Some
may simply believe in encouraging newcomers to their
profession and others may be scoping out prospects for
anticipated vacancies. It is common for professionals to
exchange favors and information, so do not hesitate to
call upon people. Also, they may be aware that some day
the tables may be turned and you could become a helpful
element of their networking.
Keep track of your networking meetings and be proactive with
follow up. Refer to Record Keeping on page 10 for guidelines
about implementing a job search action plan. Keep a list of
your contacts and update it frequently with the names of
any leads given to you.
In a group setting, circulate and meet people, but do not try to
talk to everyone. It is better to have a few meaningful conver-
sations than 50 hasty introductions. If you are at a reception,
be sure to wear a nametag and collect or exchange business
cards so you can later contact the people you meet. Send a
thank-you note or email if appropriate.
Be Dedicated to Networking: Most importantly, networking
should be ongoing. You will want to stay in touch with contacts
over the long haulnot just when you need something. Make
networking part of your long-term career plan.
Career Fairs/Company Presentations
Career Fairs are a great way to connect with potential
employers. Many professional groups hold public career fairs
which are advertised through newspapers. At MIT, career fairs
are organized and run by a number of student organizations.
The MIT Career Development Center holds an annual career
week in the fall to prepare students for the Career Fair. This is
a tremendous opportunity for students to meet a wide variety
of employers. Keep in mind that career fairs should be just one
small part of your entire job search process; however, they can
be a successful part. Here are some useful tips to help make the
most of your career fair experience.
Keys to Career Fair Success
Research: Have a plan of attack for the fair. Research the
companies and organizations you are interested in and see
if any new companies have registered when you arrive at
the fair. Take time to survey the layout of the fair and deter-
mine where your ideal employers are located.
Resumes: Bring more than you think you will needat least
two for each organization.
Attire: Conservative business attire is essential. Know what is
the expected attire of your profession and dress accordingly.
It is always better to be overdressed than underdressed.
Be Proactive: You may only have three minutes to market
yourself so be sure to make the most of your time. Start
with the basics: approach the company representative
in a friendly manner, make eye contact, offer a firm hand-
shake, and show enthusiasm. Recite your brief script and
prepare some questions just as you would for any employ-
ment interview. The most common question you will face is
something along the lines of what are you here for today?
A great follow-up question for you to ask is, What do I
need to do to obtain a second interview with your firm?
Obtain a business card or contact information for represen-
tatives of organizations that interest you.
Follow-up: There are two main methods of follow-up. Some
suggest calling the recruiter within a day or two of the fair
and leaving a voicemail message thanking the recruiter
again for his/her time. Another tactic would be to write a
thank-you note/email and send it the next day to the address
on the recruiters business card. The content of the note
should include thanking the recruiter for his/her time and
restating your interest and qualifications for the position.
Questions to Ask Employers at a Career Fair
Your questions should be natural. Before asking questions,
introduce yourself and establish rapport with the company
reps. Listen carefully to their answers. Be courteous and be
sure to thank them before closing the conversation.
Try not to ask questions that could easily be answered by
the companys website (e.g., what does your company do?).
Do not read from this list. These are intended as examples
of kinds of questions you could ask.
1. Where do MIT grads typically work in your company?
2. Did you go to MIT? (Whether or not) What did you
major in?
3. What do you do at your company?
4. How long have you worked there?
5. Does your company hire on a continual basis or only
at certain times of year?
6. How long does your hiring process take?
7. What are the most important qualifications your
company looks for in an employee?
8. Are there particular personality traits you look for?
9. What are your companys major goals in the next few
years?
10. Are graduate degrees important? In what areas
within your company?
11. What kinds of courses do you suggest in order to be a
successful candidate?
12. Is there a GPA cut-off for your recruiting process?
13. What kinds of entry-level positions exist within your
organization that would be open to someone with my
background?
14. As an entry-level employee, what kind of career
advancement opportunities would be open to me in
two, or five years from now?
15. How many years do entry-level employees typically
work for your company? What is your retention rate?
16. Do you expect employees to relocate?
Company Presentations
MIT hosts employer panels and company presentations.
Representatives from the leading industries and companies
present on the trends of that industry and the opportuni-
ties that one can pursue within the industry. These may be
followed by a reception for attendees.
Try to personally meet the representatives and ask
thoughtful questions to gain information about the industry
in general and their company specifically. The person
you are networking with may not have a job opening, but
he or she may know someone who is hiring. The key is to
exchange information and then expand your network by
obtaining additional referrals each time you meet someone
new.
http://web.mit.edu/career/www/events/presentations.html
lists the company presentations.
Alumni Association Resources
Alumni Directory and the Institute Career
Assistance Network (ICAN)
The Institute Career Assistance Network (ICAN) is a
searchable database of alumni who volunteer their time
as career advisors. It includes more than 3,000 MIT alumni
who are willing to share their experiences and offer advice
about career paths, interviewing and specific companies.
You can communicate with them by telephone, email or
meet in person.
The ICAN website http://alum.mit.edu/benefits/
CareerGuidance/ICAN provides tips for making the contact,
conducting a successful informational interview, and a
bibliography of recommended career-related publications.
To use the online database students must register for an
Infinite Connection account at http://alum.mit.edu or visit
the Alumni Center in W98-2nd Floor. You can also write to:
[email protected].
Community Service/Volunteering
Put your communication, teamwork, and leadership skills
to use while giving back to the community. Refer to MITs
Public Service Center for ideas: http://web.mit.edu/mitpsc.
Professional Associations
Professional Associations can be an excellent resource for
job seekers. Through their various activities and services
(meetings, conferences, publications, websites, etc.)
professional associations provide information about career
fields, job opportunities, and employers in the professions
they serve. They can be particularly helpful if you need to
create a long-distance network to help you conduct a long-
distance job search.
For a comprehensive list of professional associations go
to: http://web.mit.edu/career/www/jobs/proforg.html.
Also consult the MIT Libraries Virtual References at http://
libraries.mit.edu/help/virtualref.
To students (for whom time and money may be in short
supply), the websites of professional associations offer
easy, inexpensive, accessible (24 hours a day, 7 days a
week!) access to:
Information about career options and industry/
professional trends in various fields.
Professional contacts: their members form a network
of people who are often willing to assist others in
career exploration
Job listings
To learn about professional organizations in your field or in
other fields you wish to explore, ask your advisor or other
faculty members.
Resume Guidelines
Your resume should be a concise summary of the high
points of your education, work experience, and other
qualifications relevant to your audiences needs and to
your employment interests, not a complete history of your
life. It communicates your professional qualifications
to employers, to interest them in interviewing you, and
it creates their first impression of you. It is a marketing
tool and an introduction to you and your experiences. Do
enough research about the employer and the field to decide
which messages are most important to your audience, and
communicate these messages succinctly and clearly in a
visually appealing format. Here are some guidelines to help
you do this:
Presentation Checklist
Do not use a Microsoft Word resume template. None of
them scan well.
Use a laser printer.
It is safe to use a conservative font, such as Arial or
Times New Roman.
Font size should be 10-12 points.
Use 8
1
/
2
x 11 paper, printed on one side only.
Use high quality resume paper.
Format
Stick to one page; use two pages if you have an
advanced degree or extensive experience (10+ years).
Make the page easy to scan and graphically pleasing:
leave sufficient white space.
Select a format that suits your qualifications. Do not
automatically follow someone elses, which may not
suit what you have to say.
Avoid underlining, may use bullets to emphasize your
credentials.
Use bold face sparingly for headings and employer
information
Content
Put name, address, and phone number at the top of the
page. If you have a second page, repeat your name at
the top.
Choose topic headings that invite your readers
interest, e.g., Experience, Leadership, Skills,
Activities/ Honors rather than employment or
other.
Include marketable and/or relevant data only; for
example, include classes that have been most
important in your education and are most relevant to
the type of work you seek; do not provide an extensive
list of courses.
Highlight skills, accomplishments, capabilities, and
work experience. Give evidence of your personal
impact: show not only that you completed tasks but
that you contributed to organizational goals.
Cite numbers to convey size and/or scale of project,
budget, and staff supervised.
Give examples that demonstrate desirable personality
traits such as leadership, interpersonal facility, team-
work, and initiative.
Minimize personal information and omit unrelated
memberships, age, marital and health status, and
information that is repetitive, implicit (e.g., high school
graduation for a college graduate), or out-of-date. If you
are a US citizen or hold a permanent resident visa, include
this if readers might have reason to think otherwise.
Generally, it is a good idea to exclude data relevant to
salary expectations, religious or political affiliations,
and geographic descriptions.
References are usually omitted. Employers assume
that references are available upon request, so leave
this phrase off.
Style
Proofread to eliminate all spelling, punctuation, and
grammatical errors.
Use action verbs and strong adjectives. (See Action
Verbs.)
Make it future or present oriented, suggesting that I
am this kind of person, with these abilities, as my past
record demonstrates.
Avoid repeating words or phrases.
Leave out unnecessary words, sentences, and phrases
such as Duties included / Hired to / Project involved.
Avoid stilted or confusing language. Ask yourself,
Would I talk like that?
Do not use the first person I or any pronouns.
Be consistent and use the same grammatical style
throughout.
Avoid self-flattering terms such as highly skilled,
outstanding, or excellent. Describe your accom-
plishments effectively and let readers decide for
themselves that you are well qualified.
Be honest and accurate, but not overly modest.
Convey through the style and content of your resume
an understanding of your audiences needs, priorities,
hiring criteria, and vocabulary.
Chapter 4.
Resume and Career Writing
Final Edit
Ask a counselor, friend, or someone unfamiliar with
your background to review your resume for clarity and
effectiveness.
Tailor your resume to the specific qualifications of the job
for which you are applying and/or to the specific employer.
Include all-important information, such as dates of
graduation, major, GPA, etc.
Proofread one more time to ensure correct spelling and
punctuation.
The Top 10 Pitfalls in Resume Writing
1. Too long. Restrict your resume to one page.
2. Typographical, grammatical, or spelling errors. Have at
least two people proofread your resume.
3. Hard to read. Keep it simple with clean lines and white space.
4. Too verbose. Say as much as possible with as few words
as possible, avoid use of jargon.
5. Not enough information.Give dates describing related
work experience, be specific about skills, accomplish-
ments, activities, interests, and memberships.
6. Irrelevant information. Customize each resume to each
position you seek (when possible). Of course, include
education and work experience, but emphasize relevant
experience, skills, accomplishments and activities. Do not
include marital status, age, sex, children, height, weight,
health, church membership, etc.
7. Obviously generic. Tweak each resume according to the
job description. The employer needs to feel that you are
interested in that particular position with his or her company.
8. Too fancy. Of course, use good quality bond paper, but
avoid exotic types, colored paper, photographs, binders,
and graphics. Electronic resumes should include appro-
priate industry keywords and use a font size between
10-12 points. Use italics and bolding sparingly.
9. Too static. Make your resume as dynamic as possible.
Begin every statement with an action verb. Use active
verbs to describe what you have accomplished in past
jobs. Take advantage of your rich vocabulary and avoid
repeating words, especially the first word in a section.
10. Too modest. The resume showcases your qualifications
in competition with the other applicants. Put your best foot
forward without misrepresentation, falsification, or arrogance.
Online Resumes
Though scanning technology and practices vary and are
constantly changing, some companies still scan resumes and/
or use keywords to identify candidates from their database.
You want to fill your resume with as many of these words as
possible. Companies that pick up many resumes at career fairs
may use scanning technology, though you should always check
with the employer requirements regarding format.
The essential keywords are specified by each employer for
each position. You can only make reasonable assumptions
about what a specific employer will ask for. Keep a log of
keywords that apply to your occupation and industry. Do not
fold or staple the resume.
Our diverse team members include engineers, architects,
scientists, and many other technical professionals. Most
importantly, our highly qualifed staff members are led by
principals and project managers who average 20 years of
employment with SGH. These leaders provide quality of
service and team continuity to support our long term client
relationships.
We offer an excellent compensation and benefts package in
a corporate culture based on learning and growth. To learn
more about SGH and current job opportunities, visit our
web site at www.sgh.com
Boston
Los Angeles
New York
San Francisco
Washington, DC
www.sgh.com
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger is a national, award-winning
engineering frm that designs, investigates, and rehabilitates
structures and building enclosures.
Our goals are simple: to earn the lasting trust of our clients,
gain the respect of our most capable peers, and further the
standards of practice in all areas of our profession.
From left clockwise: Grifth Observatory, Los Angeles, CA; China Basin Landing, San
Francisco, CA; Jean Yawkey Place, Boston, MA; New Museum of Contemporary Art,
New York, NY.
Management Skills
Administered
Analyzed
Assigned
Chaired
Consolidated
Contracted
Coordinated
Delegated
Developed
Directed
Evaluated
Executed
Organized
Oversaw
Planned
Prioritized
Produced
Recommended
Reorganized
Reviewed
Scheduled
Supervised
Communication Skills
Addressed
Arbitrated
Arranged
Authored
Co-authored
Collaborated
Corresponded
Developed
Directed
Drafted
Enlisted
Formulated
Influenced
Interpreted
Lectured
Mediated
Moderated
Negotiated
Persuaded
Promoted
Proposed
Publicized
Reconciled
Recruited
Spoke
Translated
Wrote
Research Skills
Clarified
Collected
Critiqued
Diagnosed
Evaluated
Examined
Extracted
Identified
Inspected
Inspired
Interpreted
Interviewed
Investigated
Organized
Reviewed
Summarized
Surveyed
Systemized
Technical Skills
Assembled
Built
Calculated
Computed
Designed
Devised
Engineered
Fabricated
Maintained
Operated
Pinpointed
Programmed
Remodeled
Repaired
Solved
Teaching Skills
Adapted
Advised
Clarified
Coached
Communicated
Conducted
Coordinated
Developed
Enabled
Encouraged
Evaluated
Explained
Facilitated
Guided
Informed
Instructed
Lectured
Persuaded
Set goals
Stimulated
Taught
Trained
Financial Skills
Administered
Allocated
Analyzed
Appraised
Audited
Balanced
Budgeted
Calculated
Computed
Developed
Managed
Planned
Projected
Researched
Creative Skills
Acted
Conceptualized
Created
Customized
Designed
Developed
Directed
Established
Fashioned
Illustrated
Instituted
Integrated
Performed
Planned
Proved
Revised
Revitalized
Set up
Shaped
Streamlined
Structured
Tabulated
Validated
Helping Skills
Assessed
Assisted
Clarified
Coached
Counseled
Demonstrated
Diagnosed
Educated
Facilitated
Familiarized
Guided
Inspired
Motivated
Participated
Provided
Referred
Rehabilitated
Reinforced
Represented
Supported
Taught
Trained
Verified
Clerical or Detail
Skills
Approved
Arranged
Catalogued
Classified
Collected
Compiled
Dispatched
Executed
Filed
Generated
Implemented
Inspected
Monitored
Operated
Ordered
Organized
Prepared
Processed
Purchased
Recorded
Retrieved
Screened
Specified
Systematized
Stronger Verbs for
Accomplishments
Accelerated
Achieved
Attained
Completed
Conceived
Convinced
Discovered
Doubled
Effected
Eliminated
Expanded
Expedited
Founded
Improved
Increased
Initiated
Innovated
Introduced
Invented
Launched
Mastered
Originated
Overcame
Overhauled
Pioneered
Reduced
Resolved
Revitalized
Spearheaded
Strengthened
Transformed
Upgraded
From To Boldly Go: Practical Career Advice for Scientists, by Peter S. Fiske
Action Verbs
PAR statements in your resume make it easy for employers
to recognize your achievements. They provide a writing
formula that stresses your skills and achievements. This
is a way of writing out your skills on a resume to maximize
their impact.
Using the action verbs listed on the previous page, write
your experience in the following format.
Describe this experience in terms of demonstrated skills
and accomplishments:
1) Describe the project, the context, task, job.
2) What activity did you do?
3) What were the results, outcomes, benefits?
Present the skill as a concrete action that has been done.
Do not use the words took part in, or gained experience
in, or assisted in.
Quantify the results by stating the amount of dollars saved,
the number of clients served, the percentage increase in
productivity or improvement in efficiency.
Writing About Your SkillsPAR Statements
Samples of how to stress your skills:
Before:
Cambridge Performing Center, Cambridge, MA May 2006-June 2008
Theatre Marketing Intern
Responsibilities included coordinating artist press releases, compiling tracking sheets
based on information from reservations and box office attendants, handling photo and
press release mailing to media, assisting in radio copy writing and performing various
other duties as assigned.
After:
Cambridge Performing Center (CPC), Cambridge, MA May 2006-June 2008
Theatre Marketing Intern
Coordinated artist press releases that contributed to an increase in annual sales
by 10%
Compiled and maintained a mailing list of 10,000 customers, CPCs largest ever
Organized photo and press releases to XYZ Television and Cambridge Daily News
Contributed to the copy writing of promotional radio commercials for five events
Before:
Bright Consulting Group, New York, NY June-July 2008
Marketing Analyst
I analyzed competitive strategies for clients in the bio tech industry. Data gathered
assessed profitability of strategies
After:
Bright Consulting Group, New York, NY June-July 2008
Marketing Analyst
Assessed profitability of expansion strategy in the biotech industry; results were
used by the client to make market entry decision
Gathered data, as part of a three-member team, by interviewing over 100 potential
customers and presented the results to the clients
Below are some further samples of PAR statements (both
bullet form and paragraph form are acceptable):
Investigated effects of gas phase oxygen concentra-
tion levels on the differentiation of embryonic stem
cells in order to establish optimal settings for growth.
Designed and implemented a website containing inter-
active problem sets, information, and announcements
for Math competition participants.
Investigated and evaluated business communication
practices and expertise within XYZ Co. to model frame-
work for globalization initiative to improve the sharing
and use of existing knowledge.
Found systematic method to raise glass transition
temperature of vaccines, which allowed a higher
storage temperature for the vaccines. Generated $5
million annual saving in refrigeration costs.
Describing Transferable Skills
Your resume should describe your experience in the form of PAR statements: project, activity and result.
The following exercise will help you to describe your skills. Complete the following worksheet describing your own
experiences by using: Project + action verb + activity + result/outcome/benefit.
Project/purpose Activity/task beginning with action verb Result/outcome/benefit
Technically advanced and trained the Major Account
Sales crew with computerized presentation designs
and introduced customer and industry market data
software. Organized and developed new methods of
reporting and presenting material to top advertisers.
Reviewed literature and evaluated past models,
expanded adaptability of key components, improved
stress analyses of fuel forms.
Consolidated 23 local customer service centers into
five regional centers achieving 15% cost reduction and
improving customer services.
Led design efforts of five-member team that developed
and manufactured a cooling system for desert combat
aviators in 90 days (10 days ahead of the schedule).
Using critical path scheduling and sub contractor
management, successfully organized $3,000,000 pier
renewal due to ship collision.
Wrote software for simulating complex distillation
processes that was adopted throughout XYZ Co.
leading to significant savings in manufacturing costs.
Proposed procedure to streamline the process of
reaching optimized fuel design. Produced corre-
sponding computer program using C++ and Fortran,
and designed Graphical User Interface (GUI) for better
communication with users.
Created, refined and trained Sales Team on new presen-
tation package and materials. Model was adopted and
resulted in a 2% increase in overall company revenue.
Incorporated new algorithms into pipeline simulation
modules and achieved tenfold increase in speed.
Samples of Freshman PAR Statements:
Math Team Captain
Organized review sessions and scored practice tests,
leading team to Top 5 finishes in the Arizona State Math
League.
National Honor Society Service Chair
Coordinated the Senior Citizens Ball, which raised $1,500
for a new Senior Activities Center.
Swim Instructor
Taught children between the ages of four and six basic
swimming techniques to promote water safety and awareness.
Radio Shack Cashier
Communicated product details and provided exceptional
customer service to 50+ people per day. Promoted to
Assistant Manager after only four months.
Burger King Team Member
Worked in fast-paced environment, received food-
handling/cashier training, and experienced assembly-line
teamwork.
Country Club Tennis Instructor
Worked with five 12-year-old children and developed their
tennis playing ability, as well as cared for their well-being.
Provided sunscreen, snacks, supervision, and tennis
instruction. Helped to bring about a successful summer
with no injuries or complaints.
Sample Resumes
JANE DOE
School Address: [email protected] Home Address:
XXX Memorial Dr. (XXX) XXX-XXXX Someplace, MA
Cambridge, MA 02139
Education MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (M.I.T.) CAMBRIDGE, MA
Candidate for B.S. in Biology, GPA: 4.6/5.0 2006
Concentration in Management at Sloan Business School and Minor in Brain and Cognitive Sciences.
Authored 5 publications in the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal and other peer-reviewed journals.
Relevant Coursework: Finance Theory, Economics of the Health Care Industry, Strategic Decision-Making in Life
Sciences, Building a Biomedical Business, Cancer Genetics and Therapies, Cellular Neurobiology, Immunology.
Experience PUTNAM ASSOCIATES BURLINGTON, MA
Analyst 2005
Evaluated in 6-member team whether clients marketing strategy for its $100M organ transplant drug effectively
targets key decision-makers in transplant community. Client implemented proposed improvements in message con-
tent and delivery, designed to increase prescriptions for product by nearly 30%.
Managed recruitment and interviewing process of 98 physicians to obtain primary data for marketing case. Analyzed
data from interviews and secondary research in Excel/Access. Prepared PowerPoint deck for presentation to client.
Analyzed past product switches from predecessor to successor drugs for independent project. Presented recommendations
for future drug launches. Developed a database providing key criteria for launching various types of drugs.
MIT PROGRAMS ON THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY CAMBRIDGE, MA
Health Economics Research Assistant, Sloan Business School 2005
Designed, created, and tested a strategic model for the pharmaceutical industry that analyzes safety, efficacy,
and economics to forecast (prior to clinical trials) which drugs will succeed on the market. Early elimination of
inadequate drugs will significantly reduce the $800M spent to successfully launch a drug.
MERCK & CO., INC. RAHWAY, NJ
Pharmaceutical Laboratory Research Assistant, Infectious Disease Department 2004
Identified deficiencies in Type 2 Diabetes drugs on the market and screened chemicals on new cellular targets to
develop an efficient drug without these shortcomings. Drug predicted to obtain substantially greater market share in
the $14B oral Type 2 Diabetes drug market compared to competitors.
MIT CENTER FOR CANCER RESEARCH CAMBRIDGE, MA
Academic Laboratory Research Assistant, Housman Laboratory 2003 - 2005
Developed a product to recognize activity of a cancer-causing gene, aiding in discovery of drug for brain cancer.
Engaged in all stages of product development: identification of market need, engineering of product, collaborating
with industry for testing, production, and marketing of final drug.
Designed a new sequencing technique that refines a common laboratory protocol. New procedure increases
efficiency by 50% on average, reducing processing time by 25%, and creating more usable biological end-product.
Leadership MARCH OF DIMES BIRTH DEFECTS FOUNDATION BOSTON, MA
Director of Massachusetts Youth Public Affairs 2003 - Present
Lobbied legislators to encourage federal, Massachusetts, and California governments to develop public policies to
improve the health of women. Introduced and promoted 10 Senate Bills, 4 of which have been approved thus far.
Represented Foundation on the Massachusetts State Public Affairs Committee.
Organized conferences and fundraisers as a volunteer for the past 7 years (1998-Present).
JOURNAL OF YOUNG INVESTIGATORS CAMBRIDGE, MA
Story Editor and Science Journalist 2005 - Present
Managed 25 science journalists, delegated writing and editing tasks, and chose articles to print in monthly journal.
Created daily digests about current science news, distributed to all science journalists.
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING BUSINESS CLUB CAMBRIDGE, MA
Consulting Focus Group Organizing Committee 2005 - Present
Organized 6 campus-wide information session to educate students about careers in consulting and law.
Selected and worked closely with speakers from diverse occupational backgrounds.
Awards & Robert C. Byrd Scholarship, awarded to top 1% of U.S. students for academic excellence.
Interests Rensselaer Medal, awarded to top 20,000 students worldwide for achievements in mathematics and science.
Interest in track & field, travel, photography, and oncology.
Undergraduate interested in Management Consulting
See Cover Letter on page 36
Mech Eng Masters Student
XXX Memorial Dr.,
Cambridge, MA 02139
XXX-XXX-XXXX [email protected]
Education
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA
Candidate f or M aster o f Sc ience in Mechanical Engineering, June 2007.
Relevant c oursework: Ent repreneurship Lab, Product Design, Preliminary Venture Analysis,
Applied M ath f or Eng ineers. G PA: 4.8/5.0
South Dakota State University (SDSU) Brookings, SD
Bachelor o f Sc ience i n M echanical Engineering, June 2004.
GPA: 3.97/4.0.
Peoples Friendship University Moscow, Russia
One ye ar c ourse i n Russi an La nguage (92-93) in preparation for an MD in Medicine.
Experience
Edelman Lab, MIT Cambridge, MA
2005-current
Examined i mplantation o f a me dical device (stents) in human arteries. Identified the
contribution o f t he g eometry a s well as material properties of the arterial walls. Drew
interpretations b y a ssessing t he response of arteries to these devices using numerical
techniques ( finite e lement me thods).
Gas Turbine Lab, MIT Cambridge, MA
2004-2005
Analyzed a p ropeller c onnector (hub) for a vertical test stand to be used in the study and
control o f f low p atterns a round propellers. Calculated design parameters, and strength
evaluation usi ng so ftware suc h a s Patran. Created models using computer aided design
tools ( Pro-Engineer).
Skills
Computer: F ortran, M atlab, H TML, UNIX, some JAVA and Visual Basic; Computer aided
design: Pro -Engineer, I deas; N umerical analysis: ADINA, Patran;
Language: Pro ficient: Eng lish, H indi; Conversational: Russian; Basic French, Korean,
Arabic.
Leadership/Extracurricular
Managed 150 students as a Resident Assistant at SDSU. Columnist at South Dakota State
Univ; Wrote articles in the MIT campus newspaper. Published poem in anthology of new artists.
Honors/Awards
Pi T au Si gma, T au Be ta Pi e ngineering Honor societies; Sigma Pi Sigma outstanding
Physics st udent o f t he ye ar 200 0-2001; Perry W. Williams Prize 2002-2003; Wilton
McCown Sc holarship 2001- 2002.
Joe Resume
77 Massachusetts Avenue Phone: 617-253-XXXX
Cambridge, MA 02139 Email: [email protected]
EDUCATION
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
Masters of Science in Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering GPA: 5.0/5.0 2008 (expected)
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
Bachelor of Technology, Mechanical Engineering GPA: 9.5/10.0 2005
Class Rank 1. (Summa cum Laude) secured a gold medal and three silver medals for overall excellence.
Published paper on manufacturing process control-Intl. Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management
Standardized Test Score: GRE Verbal: 720/800, Quantitative: 800/800.
RELEVANT SKILLS
Software Excel spreadsheets including Sensitivity Analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, and modeling uncertainties; C, C++,
Matlab, Saphire (probabilistic analysis tool) MS Word and MS PowerPoint.
Courses Coursework covering fundamentals of finance, economics, statistics, risk-benefit and decision analysis, Options in
engineering, and engineering math.
Projects Simulated stock prices using Hidden-Markov-Models (Course - Statistics); researched system design optimization
techniques as part of a course portfolio (Course - Engineering Options).
EXPERIENCE
Osio Corporation, Boston, MA
Business Intern 2006 P resent
Developed Excel spreadsheet model for valuation of the start-ups revenue prospects over the next ten years.
Collaborated with management team in researching and identifying market segments for the new product.
Currently working on evaluating strategies to be adopted for market deployment and future expansion.
X Corporation, City, State
Part-time Consultant 2006
Optimized and redesigned the system to reduce manufacturing costs by 40% and system size by 20%.
Appraised final results of analysis to senior management at the client site and at MIT. Conducted weekly client
update sessions
Center for Product Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
Intern for Program in Teaching Innovation 2003
Deliberated with professors and fellow students on issues concerning barriers to student learning.
Identified and specified strategies aimed at teaching innovations and translated them into actionable objectives.
Implemented a key objective by developing a flexible teaching tool for an advanced graduate course.
Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore, India
Technical Analyst 2004
Analyzed a structural component and identified its critical design parameters.
Redesigned and optimized the component.
LEADERSHIP
Chief Course Coordinator, MIT Formulated the syllabus and developed the course content for an undergraduate design
engineering course. Organized lectures and led undergraduate assistants in conducting lab tutorials for 200 undergraduate
students..
Innovative Teaching, MIT: Formulated new teaching approaches as part of an HP sponsored focus-group trial.
Community Service Officer, MIT Planned and organized community events for fostering greater interactions amongst
graduate students. Received Outstanding Officer Award for organizational excellence.
Circulation Manager and News Reporter, Graduate Student News Magazine, MIT: Managed monthly distribution of
5000 copies of magazine on MIT campus. Popularized Cryptic Crosswords at MIT.
Mentor, IIT Madras Mentored 15 freshmen during the senior year at IIT Madras.
INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES
Story-Telling v Cryptic-Crosswords v Teaching Innovations v News Reporting v Tennis v Piano
HONORS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Government of India Fellowship (2001-2005) v Certificates of distinction for National Math, Physics and Chemistry
Olympiads v Summa Cum Laude in high school v Ranked in top 0.3% for IITs
Ph.D. Interested in Consulting
Rm. 12-170, M.I.T., 77 Mass Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139 Phone: 617-XXX-XXXX Email: [email protected]
Education MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge, MA
Candidate for Ph.D. degree in Material Science & Engineering, June 2002 Used stochastic simulation
techniques to gain new insights into polymer structure. Established collaboration with experimental group in
the Mechanical Engineering Dept. Pursuing unique integrated approach to develop new molecular models better
suited to designing optimal industrial processes. GPA: 4.9/5.0
Minor: Business Administration at the Sloan School of Management, MIT
Business Courses: Management of Innovation and Technology, International Management, Entrepreneurship,
Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Management and Policy in the International Economy, Marketing, Finance
Theory, Options and Derivatives, Investment Banking, Operations Research, all with grade A.
Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Practice, January 1999.
TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY United Kingdom
Master of Engineering, June 1996 Class Rank: 2
Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Natural Science and Chemical Engineering, June 1995 Class Rank: 1

Experience INDUSTRY INTERNSHIPS
MERCK PHARMACEUTICALS (Summer 1998) West Point, PA
Team Leader: Found systematic method to raise glass transition temperature of vaccines. This allowed a
higher storage temperature for the vaccines. Generated $5million annual saving in refrigeration costs.
DOW CHEMICALS (Summer 1997) Plaquemine, LO
Intern: Wrote software for simulating complex distillation processes, adopted throughout Dow Chemicals.
DOW-CORNING (September-November 1997) Midland, MI
Team Leader: Removed a bottleneck to allowing doubling of a plants capacity. $10million capital savings.
UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY (Summers, 1992-1995) United Kingdom
Intern:Worked for fluid mechanics groups on technical consulting projects for the petroleum industry.
Frequently delivered presentations to clients. Incorporated new algorithms into pipeline simulation modules
and achieved tenfold increase in speed. Developed strategies to reduce pipeline erosion. Improved reliability
of flowrate measurement devices in oil pipelines to allow clients to better monitor throughputs.
Leadership MIT PRESIDENT, STUDENT LEADERSHIP COUNCIL OF MATERIAL SCIENTISTS (2000 - present)
Leader in group of 200 students that promotes collaboration between five major research universities. Organized
videoconferences to allow students to share research ideas. Planning summer retreat to further student
collaboration. Investigating ways to promote science and technology in secondary schools and the community.
STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE, MIT MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPT. STUDENT
AFFAIRS COMMITTEE (1999 - present)
Leading student / faculty discussion on ways to enhance student / advisor interaction.
TEACHING ASSISTANT, MIT MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPT. (Fall semester 1999)
Organized tutorials to clarify course material. Wrote instruction manual to help students use math software.
Class scored 7% higher in final than any of the professors former classes.
U.K. COORDINATOR, EUROPEAN CLUB CAREER FAIR (1998)
Awards, Winner of National Science Foundation Poster Competition (2000); Sigma Xi Engineering Research
Honors Honors Society (1997); Harvey Stern Fellowship, MIT (1996); Fox Prize for Outstanding Performance in
Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University (1996); Verhaydn de Lancy Prize for Outstanding Contribution
to Trinity College (1995); Mobil Prize for Best Performance in Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University
(1995); Senior Scholarship for Outstanding Academic Performance, Trinity College, Cambridge (1994);
Student Scholarship, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (1992-1996)
Activities Dancing (MIT Salsa Club), Classical Guitar, MIT Debating Club, MIT European Club Soccer Team
Ph.D. Resume for Industry Position
ANONYMOUS STUDENT
100 Any Ave., Cambridge, MA 02140
home 617-XX-XXXX, mobile 617-XXX-XXXX, [email protected]
Objective Associate position in environmental consulting applying geochemical knowledge and gaining
experience in environmental economics and regulations.
Education
1995- Jan. 2002 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge, MA
Ph.D. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.
Thesis: Petrology and Geochemistry of High Degree Mantle Melts.
Combined thermodynamic, trace element, and geodynamic models to constrain complex
melting processes.
1991-1995 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, MA
B.A., Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cum Laude.
Broad geology coursework including surface processes and sedimentary petrology.
Experience
Jan. 2002-present BOSTON UNIVERSITY Boston, MA
LECTURER. Department of Earth Sciences.
Course: Introduction to Geochemistry. Covers igneous and environmental geochemistry,
element transport mechanisms, and kinetics.
Jan. 2002-present MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge, MA
POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER. Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.
Estimating pressure and temperature conditions beneath the Aleutian Islands using
combination of experimental observations and thermodynamic modeling.
1995-2002 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge, MA
RESEARCH ASSISTANT. Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.
Constructed thermodynamic computer code (MatLab) to predict the distribution of major
elements in solid and fluid phases during melting of the interior of the Earth.
Modeled trace element distribution in geologic samples.
Constructed geophysical model of mantle convection using existing finite-element code.
Developed experimental and analytical techniques to provide data for models.
Taught lab section of courses in Mineralogy and in Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Mentored 5 undergraduate research projects in geochemistry.
1994-1995 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, MA
UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCHER. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
Constructed compositional model of the Earths deep interior by comparing theoretical
seismic velocity of experimental charges with observed seismic velocities.
Performed and analyzed ultra-high pressure experiments.
Skills Computer: MatLab, some HTML and VBA, convection modeling using pre-existing finite
element code, PC and Mac spreadsheet, text, and drawing programs (Illustrator, Canvas,...)
Analytical: Electron microprobe, ion microprobe, XRF, ICP-MS.
Awards/Activities National Merit Scholarship (1991-1995), Best Senior Thesis - Harvard Geology Club (1995).
Officer - Harvard Geology Club (1994-1995), Chairman of Board - Agassiz Cooperative
Preschool (1998-1999), ultimate, basketball, hiking, gardening, reading.
Publications 2 first author (refereed), 1 co-author (refereed), 8 conference presentations, and 5 co-author on
presentation abstract. A detailed list of publications is available upon request.
See Sample CV on pages 32 - 33 for CV version of this resume.
M4 Engineering is a dynamic and rapidly growing high technology
analysis and consulting company. M4 Engineering leads a productive
team that supplies innovative technical solutions focused on analysis,
optimization, and software development. We are currently seeking highly
organized, enthusiastic individuals to join our engineering organization.
The successful candidate will have the opportunity to work with a dynamic
team performing engineering research and development for Department
of Defense, NASA, and commercial clients.
Opportunities
Engineers are needed to perform:
Structural/Aerodynamic/Thermal/
Propulsion analyses
Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization
Engineering systems analysis
Engineering software development
Successful candidates shall exhibit:
Strong technical aptitude
Strong communication skills
Strong teamwork skills
Full time employees and interns will be considered
US Citizen or permanent residents only
M4 Engineering, Inc., Long Beach, California, [email protected]
N
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Cover Letters
You will have to write a number of letters to employers
while looking for a job. One type of letter is the cover letter,
which you send with your resume when you are requesting
a job interview. Other letters are those you write following
up interviews, arranging company site visits, and accepting
or rejecting job offers. See the examples on the next pages.
Here are some tips:
State clearly in your opening sentence the purpose for
the letter. Then use the rest of the letter to support your
candidacy.
Be sure that each cover letter is specifically tailored to
the company to which you are writing. Research the
company to help you determine your approach. Check the
companys website and other resources on the Internet.
If you are seeking a position that is a departure from
or an unexpected application of your academic
trainingfor example, you are an electrical engineer
who wants to use his/her quantitative skills in a finance
or consulting positionbe explicit about why you
are interested in that particular field, organization or
job, and what value you bring. Do not leave the reader
wondering, Why is an electrical engineer writing to
me, the personnel manager of McKinsey?
If you are applying for a summer job and do not yet
have any experience that is directly related to the posi-
tion, focus on telling the employer what experience
you do have that may be of interest.
Always try to write to a specific individual and include
the job title. Do not address your letter to Dear Sir or
Madam.
Ask someone else to check your grammar, spelling,
and style. When proofreading your own writing, it is
easy to overlook silly mistakes.
77 Massachusetts Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139
September 1, 2008
Mr. John Doe
College Relations Coordinator
Technology Corporation, Inc.
11 Beacon St., Suite 7
Boston, MA 02134
Dear Mr. Doe:
First Paragraph: Introduce yourself by stating your degree program
and the year in which you will graduate. Specify the type of position
you are seeking (e.g., summer internship, full-time position). Tell
why you are writing, and name the position, field, or general
vocational area in which you are interested. Tell how you heard
of the opening or organization (e.g., the job posting on MITs
CareerBridge, or the career section of the companys website, or
through a faculty recommendation.)
Second Paragraph: Mention one or two qualifications you think would
be of greatest interest to the employer. Tell why you are particularly
interested in the company, type of work or location. If you have
related experience or specialized training, point it out. Refer the
reader to the enclosed resume, which will give additional information
concerning your background and interests.
Third Paragraph: Close by stating your desire for an interview.
You may say that you will phone in a week or so to request an
appointment. Make sure that your closing is not vague, but makes a
specific action from the reader likely.
Sincerely,
Jane Doe
Suggested Formula for Cover Letter
Jane Doe
XXX Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
[email protected]
(617) XXX-XXXX
Recruiters Name
Campus Recruiter
Company Name
Company Address
Boston, MA 02116
June 24, 2007
Dear Campus Recruiter:
I am a senior at MIT majoring in biology with a concentration in management from Sloan Business School. I was
extremely impressed with Deloittes approach to consulting after speaking with Yelena Shklovskaya. Deloitte is
unique in having the ability to form diverse teams to tackle all the problems a client may have. As a member of
the Strategy & Operations group, I may have the opportunity to meet and work with a variety of people in this
consulting group, in other areas of consulting, and outside of consulting as well. In particular, I like the amount of
attention and dedication that Deloitte puts into working with its clients, not only by devising effective strategies to
address the clients problems, but also by often implementing the recommendations on-site. Therefore, I am
writing to request an invitation to interview for a Business Analyst position with Deloitte.
In the past two years, I have been involved in strategy consulting, pharmaceuticals, and government affairs for a
non-profit healthcare organization. This summer, I worked in strategy consulting for Putnam Associates. My
6-member team evaluated the marketing efforts for a major pharmaceutical companys organ transplant drug.
Through my management of recruitment and interviews with 98 physicians, I obtained primary research and
analyzed it on national and regional levels to recommend and help implement improvements in the clients
marketing plan. I learned how to work in a deadline-oriented environment, held responsibility for large segments
of a team project, and enhanced my quantitative skills through analysis of primary and secondary research data. In
addition, I conducted independent research to form recommendations when launching a drug that follows a related
product, and I presented these key considerations to all Putnam employees.
I have been a volunteer in public policy for 7 years with the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. I lobbied
Senators at both the Massachusetts and California State Capitols, as well as on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.
Lobbying has taught me negotiation skills, the need for contingency plans, and the ability to make quick yet
innovative decisions. Two years ago, I was appointed Director of Massachusetts Youth Public Affairs and asked
to be a member of the states Public Affairs Council. My responsibilities include developing, organizing, and
implementing the Foundations annual public policy objectives in an ultimately results-driven environment.
Through my experience with Putnam Associates and the March of Dimes, along with my modeling work in the
MIT Sloan Business School, I used my management skills to negotiate and consult with others, analytically design
a successful plan, and execute my ideas. I am confident that I can bring my strong, diverse technical and business
background to best fit the current needs and future ventures of Deloitte.
I welcome the opportunity to speak with you about my qualifications and ways that I can contribute to Deloitte.
Thank you and I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely,
Jane Doe
Sample Undergraduate Management Consulting Cover Letter
Jane Doe
Your Name
Address
Boston, MA 02215
February 10, 2007
Engineering Manager
Company Name
Address
Los Angeles, CA 92008
Dear Engineering Manager,
I will be graduating from MIT in June with a Bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering
and am interested in opportunities at (name of company). I got your name from (website/
ICAN/other contact person). I am excited about the direction (name of company) is headed
and read from your website that you are continually producing innovative products and
quality customer service.
I feel that my experiences in both the workplace and at MIT have given me the skills to make
a valuable contribution to a future employer. I have taken courses in product design and
development, manufacturing, mechanical design, and management in engineering, in addition
to MITs general Mechanical Engineering course requirements. My thesis project is a cataract
cryoprobe prototype that should make a significant impact in third world countries, because
both doctors as well as trained medical technicians can administer this procedure. This past
summer at the Natural Energy Institute, I designed a polycarbonate pressure vessel that will
be used for deep-ocean alternative energy simulations.
I would very much like to speak with you further about how I can make a valuable
contribution to (your company). Please feel free to contact me by phone at (617) 555-5555 or
by email at [email protected]. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely,
Your Name
Sample Cover Letter
Student Enviro Eng
Environment St.
Cambridge, MA 02139
March 20, 2009
Joan Dough
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
Dear Ms. Dough
I am a 2009 degree candidate for a Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In addition, I received my Bachelor of Science in Civil and
Environmental Engineering from Cornell University in 2005. Before pursuing my graduate studies,
I worked as a consultant at Camp Dresser and McKee for three years applying my skills to a range of
projects including sustainable technology assessments and management of multi-disciplinary,
multi-consultant project teams. Based on my work and educational experience, and perhaps more
importantly because of my interest and enthusiasm, I think I am well suited to pursue a career in
sustainability consulting.
I have a keen interest in the field of global warming and greenhouse gas management. I am currently
pursuing this interest through my thesis work: a carbon impact evaluation of proposed hydropower in
Chilean Patagonia. During my time as a consultant, I was able to distinguish myself as a proficient and
motivated employee. In particular I sought to engage in projects that focused on renewable energy,
sustainable design, and energy efficiency. I was also involved in promoting sustainable practices within
the company, and initiated an educational conference for public sector clients.
My experience includes: delivering a sustainable technology assessment to compliment a campus
low-carbon design strategy; evaluating the conversion of waste oils to biofuels at a local wastewater
treatment plant; and conducting a cost analysis and carbon inventory for the design of a deep heat
geothermal energy facility. Therefore, I am highly confident that I can use my skills, knowledge, and
enthusiasm to help businesses develop and implement sustainability initiatives.
I welcome the opportunity to speak with you further about potential career opportunities. I can be reached
at (617) xxx-xxxx or [email protected].
Sincerely,
Student Enviro Eng
7 Consultant Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139
(617) XXX-XXXX
[email protected]
December 7, 2007
Mr. Phillip Norse
McKinsey & Company, Inc.
10 Innovation Drive
Orange County, CA 92617
Dear Mr. Norse,
I am a candidate for Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering at MIT, with a concentration on
decision analysis in complex engineering systems. I read your email regarding Operations Practice and talked to Ms.
ABC from the Istanbul Office. I am very interested in joining the Firm as an Operations Analyst. I believe that
a career in management consulting at McKinsey will provide the learning environment and the business exposure
necessary to grow as a powerful leader who can see the big picture.
Being at MIT has given me exceptional opportunities to broaden my vision through a wide-variety of courses from
both engineering and management disciplines. Throughout my research studies, I applied those principles to develop
dynamic investment strategies for large-scale oil development projects. From the technical perspective, I have gained
extensive knowledge in complex decision analysis, stochastic modeling, optimization and software development.
More importantly, I developed strong interpersonal skills from working closely with many people with different
backgrounds, both in academia and industry. One notable experience is my research presentation to the senior
executives from BP, which funded my research project for two years. I learned a great deal about communicating
highly technical analysis to business people, which I believe is extremely important in management consulting.
Beyond my academic endeavors, I built a successful career as a professional tennis player where my commitment
to excellence, passion and hard work helped me win the title of Turkish Tennis Champion for four consecutive
years and gave me the honor to represent my country on the international arena. I learned to become successful in a
competitive environment, to stay committed and to think strategically. Also, I developed many personal skills from
involving myself in extracurricular activities. I took initiative in organizing the yearbook activities in college where
I gained significant leadership skills such as defining group objectives for a better team alignment and building trust
among various entities. I am confident that all these skills will enable me to add value to my role as a successful
consultant at McKinsey.
I am particularly interested in McKinsey & Company because it provides a great opportunity to have a world-shaping
impact while solving the most challenging problems of the leading institutions all around the globe. Operating
as one firm is one of McKinseys most distinctive characteristics, which helps it to become a true learning
organization. I am eager to be a part of this international network, learn from the experiences of people at McKinsey
and contribute to your company through my strong personality.
I would appreciate the opportunity to speak with you further about my qualifications and discuss how I can contribute
to McKinsey. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Best Regards,
Civil Enviro Eng Student
Your Name
000 Memorial Drive, # 0000
Cambridge, MA 02139
August 25, 2007
Professor XXXX
Search Committee, IT 989
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of XXX
Address
City, State Zip
Dear Professor XXXX:
I am responding to your advertisement for a faculty position in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering at University of XXX. I graduated from the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at
MIT in June with a Doctors degree, and am currently working as a Postdoctoral Associate at MIT in the
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. My thesis work is in the area of active structural acoustic
control using smart structures technology, and my specific research topic is the development of a new
wavenumber domain sensing method for active
structural acoustic control. My thesis advisor is Professor X in the Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics at MIT.
For my Ph.D. dissertation, I have worked on the development of the structural-acoustic control algo-
rithms and their implementation for the reduction of radiated noise from vibrating underwater vehicles.
The Office of Naval Research, with an objective of developing smart underwater
vehicle systems so that the enemy cannot detect their attack in advance, has funded this project. My
responsibility in this project is to develop the new technology to reduce the radiated noise from vibrating
underwater vehicles. In order to accomplish this, I have developed a new wavenumber domain sensing
method and applied it to the real-time estimation of acoustic power and the design of feedback controller
for active structural acoustic control of the general complex structures. Furthermore, I have designed and
experimentally implemented local and global controller
architectures with different configurations to find the best controller configuration for the new underwa-
ter vehicle system.
I would like to continue my research on active structural control and active structural acoustic control
for complex systems, including aerospace systems (aircrafts, helicopters) and underwater vehicles
(submarines, torpedoes). I will carry out research on structure/fluid/control interaction phenomena
and advanced sensor/actuator development using smart structures technologies. Also, I will extend my
research to the development of advanced control design techniques for noise and vibration reduction of
complex systems.
My ultimate research goal is to develop intelligent structural systems, which will contain arrays
of sensors and actuators, and embedded devices for controls and decision-making algorithms, so that
those systems can coordinate large numbers of devices and adapt themselves to uncertain environmental
changes in an intelligent manner. I believe my extensive research experience and specialization in struc-
tural dynamics and controls will allow me to continue my research in those areas.
I have enclosed my curriculum vitae with a list of publications, and a list of references. If you have any
questions or would like to talk with me, I can be reached by phone at (617) XXX-XXXX or email at
[email protected]. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely,
Your Name
Dear Ms. XXX:
Professor XXX, a faculty member in the Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science department at MIT, suggested I contact
you. I have been meeting with Professor Smth as a means of
exploring the field of Speech Systems Technology as a potential
career option.
He thought you would be a great resource to help me gain
insight into the field and focus my job search efforts. I realize
your time is very valuable so I am requesting to setup a brief
20-30 minute meeting at your convenience. I would enjoy a
chance to ask you some questions.
I have enclosed my resume for your review. I thought it might be
useful as a way of informing you of my educational background
and experience. I cab be reached at [email protected] or (xxx)
xxx-xxxx, or if you prefer I would be happy to contact your office
within 10 working days to follow up with this letter. Thank you in
advance for your time and effort.
Sincerely,
Your Name
Sample Cover Letter
Request for
Informational
Interview
Other Career Writing
Dear Mr. Smith,
It was a pleasure speaking with you and Mr. Mansfield
yesterday, regarding job opportunities at Supa Systems. I am
very interested in the work you are doing and am extremely
impressed with the advanced applications being used in
your company.
As I mentioned during our conversation, my past two summer
positions were related to the development and design of
software programs for industrial computervision experiments.
With my skills and interest in software design, I believe I could
be of value to Supa Systems.
Thank you for your time. The interview was very informative.
Please let me know if you need any more information about my
background. I look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
Your Name
Your C ontact I nformation
(phone, a ddress, e mail)
Dear Mr. Smith,
I am writing to thank you for the offer to join Northeast
Electronics Laboratories as member of the research and
development staff. Unfortunately, I must decline your offer.
I have accepted a position with another company.
It was a difficult decision for me because I was both excited
and impressed by the work at Northeast Electronics. I
appreciate your giving me the opportunity to meet with you
and the members of the research staff.
Again, thank you for your time.
Sincerely,
Your Name
Your Contact Information
(phone, address, email)
Thank You/Follow-Up Email
Letter Declining a Job
Preparing for an Interview
Preparing for your first interview can be a little nerve-racking.
Good preparation will help you control the nervousness and
maximize your chances of a successful outcome.
One way to accomplish this is by looking at the results from
surveys of employers to discover what are the top charac-
teristics they look for in job candidates.
Take a look at the Top 10 Personal Characteristics, start
taking a personal inventory and see how you measure up
in these categories. Think of one or two examples of how
you have proven yourself in these areas in the past and be
thoughtful about how these characteristics would be
valuable in the workplace environment that you are hoping
to get in to.
Do thorough company research including reading annual
reports, newspaper articles and trade journals. Look at
the company homepage to find out their mission state-
ment, long-term goals, recent press releases, and to
view corporate photos. Do not limit your research only
to company-controlled information. Refer to Chapter 2:
Researching Employers.
What Happens During the Interview?
The interview process can be scary if you do not know what
to expect. To make it easier on you, keep in mind that most
interviews fit a general pattern. The typical interview will
last 30-45 minutes, although some may be longer. A typical
structure is as follows:
Five minutes: greeting and small talk
Fifteen minutes: a mutual discussion of your back-
ground and credentials as they relate to the needs of
the employer
Five minutes: you have an opportunity to ask questions
Five minutes: wrap-up/discuss next steps in the
process
As you can see, there is not a lot of time to state your case.
When you do respond to questions or ask your own, your
statements should be concise and organized. But do not be
too brief. This could be your last chance to market yourself
to the employer!
The Greeting, First Impressions and Small Talk
It is a good idea to arrive at least 15 minutes before your
scheduled time. You can use the time to relax, organize
your thoughts, and even wipe your sweaty palms with a
handkerchief, if necessary. The recruiter begins to evaluate
you the minute you are identified and continues to evaluate
you in every way. For example, he or she is analyzing the
way you shake hands upon being introduced. Be firm, it
shows confidence. Do not be afraid to extend your hand
first. This shows assertiveness.
Here are some tips to ensure your first impression is a
positive one:
Appearance counts. When you look good, you feel
good. Make sure you look groomed and professional.
Your clothes and accessories should be neat, conser-
vative and neutral. Your clothes are your packaging
and should not take attention away from the product.
Chapter 5.
Interviewing
How Employers View Candidates
Employers rate the importance of
candidate qualities/skills
Communication skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6
Strong work ethic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
Teamwork skills (works well with others) . . . . . . 4.5
Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
Analytical skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
Computer skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
Flexibility/adaptability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
Interpersonal skills (relates well to others) . . . . . . 4.3
Problem-solving skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
Technical skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
Detail-oriented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
Organizational skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0
Self-confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0
Leadership skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9
Tactfulness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8
Friendly/outgoing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7
Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Strategic planning skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4
Entrepreneurial skills/risk-taker . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
Sense of humor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0
(5-point scale, where 1=not important and 5=extremely important)
Source: NACE Research: Job Outlook 2009 National Association of
Colleges and Employers.
Nonverbal communication sometimes conveys
a stronger message than verbal communication.
According to one UCLA study, 93 percent of a persons
communication effectiveness is determined by
nonverbal communication. Eye contact and smiles
can indicate a confident and upbeat attitude. Have a
firm (but not too strong) handshake and moderate your
voice to sound calm and assertive.
During the settling in stage of the interview you may
engage in brief small talk. This is a good opportunity to
demonstrate your social and interpersonal skills as well
as your excitement about the opportunity for which you
are interviewing. The words you choose will say some-
thing about you, as well as your knowledge of the industry.
It is important to use their words and talk their talk.
Strategy for Discussing Your Credentials
The main part of the interview starts when the recruiter
begins discussing the organization and asking some ques-
tions regarding your past experience related to the position
for which you are interviewing. Many times recruiters will ask
why you chose the major you did or what your career goals are.
These questions are designed to determine your goal direction.
Employers seek people who have direction and motivation.
It is a good idea to think about what the recruiter is trying to find
out about you when they ask certain questions. For example,
if you are asked to discuss a time when you had a conflict
with a colleague, keep in mind that the recruiter is looking
for someone who is confident about his or her own beliefs,
but open to other peoples ideas as well. Most of the time, he
or she is looking for collaboration and compromise. Always
listen carefully to the question, ask for clarification if neces-
sary, and make sure you answer the question completely. Give
a specific example and walk through the situation, step by
step. A good story-telling technique is a huge plus when inter-
viewing because it keeps the recruiter interested. So give only
the essential background information and get to the point!
Your interview preparation should include identifying
examples of situations from your experiences on your
resume where you have demonstrated the behaviors a
given company seeks. Briefly explain a particular situation
that relates to the question, not a general one. Describe
the situation, tell what you did specifically, and the posi-
tive result or outcome. Your answer should contain these
four steps (Situation, Task, Action, Result or STAR) for
optimum success.
STAR Method:
Situation: Give an example of a situation you were involved
in that resulted in a positive outcome.
Task: Describe the tasks involved in that situation.
Action: Talk about the various actions involved in the situa-
tions task.
Results: What results directly followed because of your
actions?
Before the interview process, identify two or three of
your top selling points and determine how you will convey
these points (with demonstrated STAR stories) during the
interview.
It is helpful to frame your answer as a story that you can tell.
Typically, the interviewer will pick apart the story to try to
get at the specific behavior(s). The interviewer will some-
times ask you open-ended questions to allow you to choose
which examples you wish to use. When a part of your story
relates to a skill or experience the interviewer wishes
to explore further, he/she will then ask you very specific
follow-up questions regarding your behavior. These can
include What were you thinking at that point? or Tell me
more about your meeting with that person. or Lead me
through your decision making process.
Whenever you can, quantify your results. Numbers and
percentages illustrate your level of contribution and
responsibility. For example: I was a shift supervisor could
be enhanced by saying .... as Shift Supervisor, I trained
and evaluated four employees.
Be prepared to provide examples of when results did not
turn out as you planned. What did you do then? What did
you learn? Your resume will serve as a good guide when
answering these questions. Refresh your memory regarding
your achievements in the past couple of years. Use
examples from past internships, classes, activities, team
involvements, community service and work experience.
Example of a STAR Answer
Situation: During my internship last summer, I was respon-
sible for managing various events.
Task: I noticed that attendance at these events had
dropped by 30% over the past three years and wanted to do
something to improve these numbers.
Action: I designed a new promotional packet to go out to
the local community businesses. I also included a rating
sheet to collect feedback on our events and organized
internal round table discussions to raise awareness of the
issue with our employees.
Result: We utilized some of the wonderful ideas we
received from the community, made our internal systems
more efficient and visible and raised attendance by 18% the
first year.
Its Your Turn to Ask Questions
When the recruiter asks, Do you have any questions for
me? it is important to have a few ready. At this point you
are able to ask strategic questions that will elicit positive
responses from the employer. The questions should bring
out your interest in and knowledge of the organization.
Show the recruiter that you have done your homework.
Some Questions to Ask an Interviewer
The Position:
1. Would you describe the duties of the position for me,
please?
2. Can you tell me about the primary people with whom I
would be dealing? Is this a newly created position? If
not, how long did the previous person hold it? Was the
previous person promoted?
3. What support services are available to carry out the
responsibilities of this position?
4. To whom would I be reporting?
5. How and when would my performance be evaluated?
6. Is regular travel a part of this position?
7. Can you tell me about the people who would be reporting
to me?
Career Paths:
1. Can you tell me about the career path this position offers?
2. What percentage of the people are promoted from this
position? In how long?
3. Where does this position lead? How does it fit into the
organization?
4. About the people who have preceded me in this position
and in the department, where are they now, and what
are they doing?
5. Is it your usual policy to promote from within?
6. How are promotions or transfers determined within the
company?
7. Does advancement to upper management usually
require an advanced degree?
Education & Training:
1. What additional training might be necessary for this
position?
2. Is training done in a classroom/group session or is it
handled on an individual basis?
3. Are there training programs available to me so that I can
learn and grow professionally?
4. What type of on-the-job training programs do you offer?
5. Does the firm support further college education for its
employees?
Assessment Questions for Interviewer:
1. What kind of personal attributes and qualifications does
your company value?
2. What characteristics are important for this position?
3. What is the most significant challenge facing your staff
now?
4. What have been some of the best results produced by
people in this position?
5. What are your projections for this department/posi-
tion for the next year? (Specify type of projections, e.g.,
sales, production, products, profits)
6. What do you see ahead for your company in the next five
years?
7. What are your plans for expanding the (sales, audit,
research, etc.) department?
8. How do you rate your competition?
General Questions for Interviewer
1. Are there any questions about my qualifications
(resume) I can answer?
2. What are the backgrounds of the leading individuals in
my area of interest?
3. Are there any other assignments not specifically
mentioned in the position description?
4. Can you tell me a little about your own experience with
the company?
5. Is the company planning any new market lines?
6. When do you expect to make a hiring decision for this
position?
7. Could you describe the hiring process?
Wrap Up
The interview is not over until you walk out the door. The
conclusion of the interview usually lasts five minutes and is
very important. During this time the recruiter is assessing
your overall performance.
It is important to remain enthusiastic and courteous. Once
you take the cue that the interview is over, stand up, shake
the recruiters hand and thank him or her for considering you.
Overall - Expect the Unexpected
During the interview, do not be surprised if you are asked
some unusual questions. Many times questions are asked
simply to see how you react. For example, surprise ques-
tions could range from, Tell me a joke to What time period
would you like to have lived in? These are not the kind of
questions for which you can prepare so do not spend time
worrying about them in advance. Stay cool, think and give
an honest answer. The employer will evaluate your reaction
time and the response you give, but again, there is no way
to anticipate questions like these. While these questions
are not always used, they are intended to force you to react
under some stress and pressure.
During the interview, be prepared to deal with aspects of
your background that could be construed as negative, i.e.,
low grade point average, no participation in outside activities,
no related work experience. It is up to you to convince the
recruiter that although these points appear negative, positive
attributes can be found in them. A low GPA could stem from
having to fully support yourself through college; you might
have no related work experience, but plenty of experience that
shows you to be a skilled and potentially valuable employee.
Sample Questions Asked by
Employers
Personal Assessment
Tell me about yourself.
What are your greatest strengths and weaknesses?
What have you done that shows initiative and
willingness to work?
How do you react to criticism?
How would your best friend describe you?
Describe your ideal job.
Define success. Define failure.
What can you offer us?
Who are your role models? Why?
What motivates you to put forth your greatest effort?
What kind of people do you enjoy working with?
What motivates you in a job?
What types of people rub you the wrong way?
What frustrates you? (makes you angry?)
Are you a joiner or a loner? A leader or follower? A
committee member or an executive?
How do you spend your spare time? What are your
hobbies?
Talk about a time when you had trouble getting along
with a professor/co-worker/supervisor. How did you
handle it?
Have you ever spoken in front of a group of people?
How large?
Tell me about a leadership role you have had. What
makes a good leader?
Where do you want to be in five years? Ten years?
Education and Experience
Can you summarize your educational background for me?
Why did you decide to attend school at MIT?
Do you think you received a good education? Why or
why not?
Why did you choose the major you did?
What courses did you like the most? The least?
Describe for me the most rewarding accomplishment
since youve started college.
Describe your study habits. How do you balance study
with personal life?
In which campus activities did you participate?
What job-related skills have you developed?
How do you spend college vacations?
What extracurricular activities are you involved in?
What have you gained from those experiences?
Have you plans for furthering your education?
If you could start college over, what would you do
differently?
Tell me about a class in which you were part of a study
group. What role did you play?
Did you work while going to school? In what positions?
Tell me about the most satisfying job you ever held.
The least?
Have you had any work experience related to this position?
What kind of boss do you prefer?
What kind of work interests you the most?
Have you had any supervisory experience?
What frustrates you on the job?
Have you ever quit a job? Why?
Give an example of a situation where you provided a
solution to an employer.
Give an example of a time when you worked under
deadline pressure.
Have you ever done any volunteer work? What kind?
How would a former supervisor describe your work?
Describe a time when you had to go above and beyond
the call of duty to get the job done.
Describe a time when a team member came to you for
help. What was the situation? How did you respond?
Career Ambition and Plans
Why did you choose this career field?
What type of position are you looking for?
What are your long-range and short-range goals and
objectives; when and why did you establish these
goals; how are you preparing to achieve them?
What specific goals, other than those related to your
occupation, have you established for yourself in the
next five years?
What qualities does a successful manager possess? ...
does a successful team player possess?
What do you know about opportunities in your field?
What are the most important rewards you expect from
your career?
What kind of challenge are you looking for?
What do you think determines a persons progress in a
good company?
How do you determine or evaluate success?
What are your ideas on salary?
How much money do you hope to earn five years from
now?
What personal characteristics are necessary for
success in your field?
Do you prefer to work on your own or under a supervisor?
Company or Organization
Why do you want to work for this organization?
What do you know about our organization?
What section (service or product) are you most
interested in?
Do you prefer large or small companies? Why?
How do you feel about working in a structured environ-
ment? A non-structured environment?
What do you think it takes to be successful in a
company such as ours?
In what ways do you think you can make a contribution
to our company?
How long would you expect to work here?
Are you willing to work overtime?
Are you willing to work flextime?
Are you willing to go where the company sends you?
What type of work environment are you most comfort-
able with?
Why do you think you might like to live in the commu-
nity in which our company is located?
Why should I hire you?
The Close
When could you start work?
Is there anything else I should know about you?
Do you have any other questions?
Behavioral and Case Interviewing
Behavioral Interviewing is based on the premise that the
most accurate predictor of future performance is past
performance in a similar situation. It focuses on experiences,
behaviors, knowledge, skills and abilities that are job related.
Employers predetermine which skills are necessary for the
particular job and then ask very pointed questions to deter-
mine if the candidate possesses those skills. For example, if
leadership is necessary for a position, you may be asked to
talk about an experience in which you were a leader as well
as what you think makes a good leader.
Examples of Behavioral Questions
Behavioral questions can be difficult if you are not
prepared. Always try to be conscious about what the
recruiter is trying to find out about you. Setting up a mock
interview with the MIT Career Development Center is an
excellent way to practice. Here are some examples:
Describe a situation in which you were able to use
persuasion to successfully convince someone to see
things your way.
Describe an instance when you had to think on your
feet to extricate yourself from a difficult situation.
Give me a specific example of a time when you used
good judgment and logic in solving a problem.
By providing examples, convince me that you can
adapt to a wide variety of people, situations and
environments.
Describe an experience when you were faced with
problems or stresses that tested your coping skills.
Give me an example of a time in which you had to be
relatively quick in coming to a decision.
Tell me about a time in which you had to use your
written communication skills in order to get an impor-
tant point across.
Give me a specific occasion in which you conformed to
a policy with which you did not agree.
Giveme an example of an important goal that you
had set in the past and tell me about your success in
reaching it.
Tell me about a time when you had to go above and
beyond the call of duty in order to get a job done.
Give me an example of a time when you were able to
successfully communicate with another person even
when that individual may not have personally liked you
(or vice versa).
The Case Interview
Certain employersespecially management consulting
firmsuse a case interview technique to determine how
well-suited you are to performing their type of work. Case
interviews are used to measure your problem solving ability,
your tolerance for ambiguity, and your communication skills
along several dimensions.
In a typical case interview, candidates are first introduced
to a business dilemma facing a particular company (often
drawn from the interviewers professional experience).
Next, depending on the length of the case, you will begin a
process in which you and the interviewer engage in an open
dialogue about various aspects of the case. Occasionally,
the interviewer will help to guide the discussion but will
often expect that you ask probing questions to uncover
key information about the case facts, identify key business
issues, and discuss how you move toward a possible
resolution. In this way, employers hope to learn about your
analytical skills, specifically, how you identify, structure,
and think through problems under pressure. Consequently,
your approach to a case is more important than the specific
content of your answers. Employers encourage that you
think out loud as you attempt to crack a case because it
allows the interviewer to evaluate your thought process.
Therefore, they will also evaluate your interpersonal skills
and ability to communicate your recommendations and
solutions to the presented business problem.
While there are many types of case interviews, most will
involve at least one of the three following components:
Brainteasers
Estimation (Market Sizing) Questions
A Specific Project or Business Case
Brainteasers
Brainteasers can be little or complex logic puzzles. These
can involve using some quick math and give you a chance
to demonstrate your conceptual skills to the interviewer.
Your answers should be thoughtful and include some
creativity in arriving at a solution.
Some sample brainteasers are:
Why are man-hole covers round?
If a wall clock reads 3:15 pm, what is the angle
between the hour and the minute hands?
How would you weigh a plane without scales?
Which would you rather have, a trunk full of nickels or
a trunk half full of dimes?
Estimation Questions
Estimation Questions may be somewhat longer than
brainteasers and require you to be adept in both making
assumptions and working with numbers, facts, and the
unknown. Usually, with these types of questions, you will likely
need pencil and paper. Again, employers are looking for your
ability to be creative and will be evaluating your quantitative
ability very closely, so it is imperative that the numbers and
formulas you create in your solutions be correct.
How many car batteries are sold in the US each year?
How much does all the ice in a hockey rink weigh?
Estimate the size of the DVD rental market in the
Midwest.
Project Case
The third type of question found in most case interviews
involves analyzing a project or a business case. These can
be written or verbal cases and will take anywhere from 45
minutes or longer to process with the interviewer. Cases can
be specifically created for the interview process or can be a
past or current situation affecting a business or organization.
As such, the best way to begin learning how to approach the
different types of business cases comes with practice. Some
firms will have sample cases for students to become familiar
with the form, and there are many resources available to get
yourself acquainted with this popular interview method. The
following are just a few examples of project/business cases
used in a case interview setting:
Sample case #1: You are called in by Pizza Hut to help them
develop a strategy for entering the home delivery market in
which Dominos has the dominant position. As lead consul-
tant on this project, what would you do?
Sample case #2: Your client is a mid-sized hotel chain.
How would you develop a pricing strategy for the client?
Sample case #3: A US company who has just created
a new biotech device is thinking about expanding inter-
nationally. If its labor costs are competitive with industry
standards, what issues might influence its decision?
Your first challenge is to identify the type of problem the
case addresses and decide whether there is an appropriate
framework to structure your analysis. Popular frameworks
are often derived from business concepts and several can
be learned in the process of preparing for your interview.
For example, each of the above scenarios addresses three
different types of business situations: entering a new market,
developing a pricing strategy, and developing a new product.
Next, the frameworks that you use to begin your analysis will
allow you to push deeper into each issue, starting with the
most important first. Questions to ask yourself about a case:
What additional information do I need to know?
What are the key issues to be addressed?
What are the key findings from the analysis?
What is my hypothesis for the solution?
Overall, as your interview progresses, listen carefully and
clarify anything you do not understand before proceeding.
Follow the interviewers lead. Each individual will have a
unique interviewing style and take you through the case in
different ways depending on his or her priorities.
What Employers Look for During a Case Interview
Enthusiasm for typical consulting issues
Ability to think out loud and brainstorm
Listening skills and the pace of candidates response
Ability to restate the problem and verify the objective of
the business or project
Conciseness and focus when possible
Use of sketches, charts, or diagrams to describe your
analysis and logic
Ability to create reasonable hypotheses and put them
to the test
Ability to summarize final recommendations in a clear
and concise way, identifying which case facts lead to
your solution
Confidence in your ideas
Common Mistakes to Avoid During a Case Interview
Ignoring the cues of the interviewer
Use of business terms in the wrong context
Asking open-ended questions throughout the entire
interview (or asking a long series of questions without
explaining why you need the information)
Making assumptions that utilize extremely large
numbers and percentages and not being able to use
them comfortably in your analysis
Appearing disorganized or having scattered notes on
the specific business or project case
Spending too much time analyzing the smaller aspects of
the case and not referring back to the big picture or problem
Not being able to respond well to criticism or questions
about your assumptions or your solutions
Additional Case Interview Resources
Many of the medium to large consulting firms that recruit
from universities have practice cases somewhere on their
website. As consulting firms increase their recruitment
of students from a diverse set of majors, employers are
looking to expose non-business and management majors to
the dynamics of case interviews that will help prepare
candidates for the interview process.
In addition to these websites, there are a variety of print,
online, and campus resources to help you.
MIT Science and Engineering Business Club:
http://web.mit.edu/sebc/
MIT Sloan Undergraduate Management Association:
http://web.mit.edu/suma/
WetFeet Career Guides (available through CareerBridge):
https://www.myinterfase.com/mit/student/
Vault Career Guides: http://www.vault.com/
http://www.casequestions.com/
http://www.acethecase.com/
Telephone Interviews
Telephone Interviews have one advantage over the other
types of interviewsyou can have your preparation mate-
rials in front of you as the interview is taking place. Prepare
for a phone interview just as you would for a regular inter-
view. Compile a list of your strengths and weaknesses, as
well as a list of answers to typical interview questions. (see
http://jobsearch.about.com/library/weekly/aa121000a.htm
for extra hints).
Prior to the Interview
Keep your resume in clear view, on the top of your
desk, or tape it to the wall near the phone, so its at your
fingertips when you need to answer questions.
Have a cheat sheet of compelling story topics that
highlight your accomplishments.
Have company information summarized including
specific critical points describing the employer and the
companys products.
Have a short list of questions about the job and the
organization.
Have a pen and paper handy for note taking.
Clear the roomevict the roommates and the pets.
Turn off the stereo and other distractions.
Close the door. Place a sign Interview in progress
please do not disturb. Thanks.
If you are caught by surprise at a busy time, you may
request another time to speak.
Employers use telephone interviews as a time-effective
way of identifying and recruiting candidates for employ-
ment. There are three basic types of telephone calls that
you get from employers at this stage. One of the keys to
success is to be able to identify quickly what type you are
going to be participating in.
A. Information Gathering Interviews An employer may
call in order to assess your interest in the company.
This often occurs if you are referred to him or her
through a personal contact, referral, or someone you
met at a career fair. This kind of call should be treated
as seriously as an in-depth interview. It is a good way
for you, as the potential employee, to see if you are a
good fit with the company and its objectives.
B. Screening Call Many companies use telephone
calls as a screening mechanism in order to narrow
the pool of applicants who will be invited for in-
person interviews. These are quick and the person
calling you will most likely be someone from Human
Resources.
C. In-Depth Telephone Interview In this case, the tele-
phone is being used as a way to minimize the expenses
involved in traveling for the interviewer and/or the
interviewee. Depending on the type of organization
that you are interviewing with, you may be interviewed
by a hiring committee, where you will be broadcast
over a speakerphone.
During the Phone Interview
Do not smoke, chew gum, eat, or drink.
Do keep a glass of water handy, in case you need to
wet your mouth.
Smile. This may sound strange but smiling will project a
positive image to the listener and will change the tone
of your voice.
Speak slowly and enunciate clearly.
Use the persons title (Mr. or Ms.) and their last name.
Only use a first name if they ask you to.
Do not interrupt the interviewer.
Take your timeits perfectly acceptable to take a
moment or two to collect your thoughts.
Give succinct answers.
Be able to tell a brief example/story of your experiences.
Before you hang up
Thank the interviewer for the opportunity.
Get the correct spelling of your interviewers name.
Get contact information for follow-up questions.
Ask about the hiring timeline, When are you looking to
have a decision made?
After the Interview:
Take notes about what you were asked and how you
answered.
Follow with a thank-you note, (see http://jobsearch.
about.com/library/weekly/aa082398.htm for further
hints) which reiterates your interest in the job.
Dress Code for Interviews
What am I going to wear? We get asked this question
nearly every day during the recruiting season. Basically, its
common sense. You can start by asking yourself What kind
of company will I be interviewing with? If it is a Fortune
500 company, obviously you should wear a traditional suit.
But maybe you will be seeing a funky, upbeat software
company and you heard the recruiter showed up for inter-
views last year in a tie-dye shirt, sandals and beads. Use
your own discretion but we suggest you dress the way you
would if you were giving an important presentation at the
company or attending a business meeting.
Men
SuitsA traditional suit is preferred to a blazer. The color
should either be a dark blue or gray in either a solid or invis-
ible plaid with a pressed long-sleeved (even in summer!)
white dress shirt. If you buy or borrow one, a conservative
sports coat and dress slacks are best.
ShirtsWhite shirts are always your first choice. Solid blue
is an acceptable alternative. If you dont own either, you
should really go buy one. Get plain or button down collar.
Choose cotton material. Polyesters and nylon are out.
GroomingAvoid heavy cologne or aftershave.
SocksDark, neat and preferably over the calf. White
athletic socks are a big no no unless you are interviewing
to be a summer camp counselor at a sports camp.
ShoesClean and polished leather lace-up black or dark
brown shoes are best. Avoid shoes with a run down heel.
NecktiesConservative silk ties are best. Be sure the tie
coordinates with the suit, is solid or has small neat patterns.
Be sure the knot is neat and centered on your neck. The
bottom of the tie should just reach your belt.
BeltsWear a black or brown belt, one inch wide, no large
buckles.
HairClean, well-groomed and professional looking.
Remember, the choice to cut your hair is yours, but the
choice to hire you is the interviewers. Be sure beards and
mustaches are neat and trimmed.
AccessoriesNo flashy cuff links, rings or gold chains.
Wedding or college ring is fine. No earrings. Not even one
small one. No visible body piercing.
Women
SuitsSkirted suits are almost always preferable. A solid
navy, grey or black suit with a solid or light colored blouse
is recommended for most positions. Avoid brown, green or
pastel suits. Business dresses are acceptable in fields that
are less formal and less conservative. Avoid frilly collars
and cuffs.
ShirtsA light colored blouse is ideal.
MakeupNatural looking and conservative. Avoid bright
colors. Use a neutral or clear nail polish on clean and mani-
cured nails. Avoid heavy perfumes.
Hosiery Light, natural color, plain style (no patterns).
Shoes Should be conservative and compliment the
color and style of the interview suit. Low to medium heels
are ideal. Basic pumps, toes should be closed, no strappy
shoes, and avoid multi-colored trim.
Hair Should be freshly cleaned and neatly styled. Long
hair should be worn as conservatively as possible.
AccessoriesOne conservative, non-dangling earring
per ear, one or 2 rings per hand. No dangling or distracting
bracelets. Avoid purses of any sizecarry a portfolio or
briefcase instead. No visible body piercing beyond earrings.
Dining Etiquette for Interviews
If you are lucky, one round of the interview process will
take place over some sort of a meal setting. This could be
the most daunting meal of your career. Mental preparation
is key! As a rule of thumb, when you face a full battalion
of knives, forks, and spoons, start with the flatware the
furthest from the plate first. If you are unsure which fork to
use for your salad course, choose the one with the slightly
smaller prongs.
As soon as you are seated, put your napkin on your lap.
Sometimes, at very formal restaurants, the waiter may do
this for you. When you use your napkin, gently dab at your
lips. It is meant to catch food from falling into your lap and it
should gently dust the crumbs from your lips. When you are
finished, place your knife and fork so they lie horizontally
across your plate, and place your napkin next to your plate.
Do not refold it. Do not leave it on the chair when you get up
to exit the restaurant.
Dining Tips
If you are not sure what to order, follow your hosts lead.
If the recruiter is not first in line to order, ask him/her,
What do you recommend?
A chicken breast or vegetable plate is always safe.
Stick to soft drinks, tea, coffee, and water. Avoid beer,
wine, and mixed drinks.
Cut one bite (meat, fruit, or vegetables) at a time. Keep
your fork prongs pointed down, not up.
With dinner rolls, break off and butter one small piece
of bread at a time; avoid making a sandwich.
Never make slurping or yummy sounds.
When sharing a sauce with others, spoon some of it on
to your plate; dont dip your food into it.
If you need to leave the table temporarily, place your
napkin on your seat.
Keep your elbows off the table.
Drink from the glass to your right.
Eat at the same pace as your host or hostess.
If you are a non-smoker and your host asks for a table
in the smoking section, grin and bear it.
Be prepared to be conversational.
Skim the menu quickly; order a medium priced entre
that will be the least messy to eat.
Relax and keep the conversation focused on business-
related or casual topics.
Say please and thank you to the waiter.
Dont talk about personal relationships, recent parties,
politics, sports, or religion.
Dont eat the garnish.
Dont discuss dietary restrictions; downplay your food
preferences.
Dont drink alcohol if you are under age 21; dont
have more than one drink if you are 21 or over and the
recruiter insists.
Dont argue over the check or offer to pay the tip; the
host who invited you must take care of both.
Dont eat as if this is your last meal. On the other hand,
dont dine on half a lettuce leaf. Youll make the best
impression by eating like a humannot like a wolf or a
bird.
The Site Visit/Interview
One Step Closer
After an on-campus interview, lead candidates are usually
invited to visit the employers facility. While on-campus
screening interviews are important, on-site visits are
where jobs are either won or lost. Work with the employer
to schedule the on-site visit at a mutually convenient time.
Sometimes employers will try to arrange a site visit for
several candidates to take place at the same time, so there
may not be much flexibility.
Notification of a plant trip may be by telephone or mail.
Respond promptly if you are sincerely interested in this
employer. Decline politely if you are not. Never go on a plant
trip for the sake of the trip. If you are attending, document
the name and phone number of the person coordinating your
trip. Verify who will be handling trip expenses. Most medium
and large-size companies (as well as many smaller ones) will
pay your expenses, but some will not. This is very important
because expenses are handled in various ways:
the employer may handle all expenses and travel
arrangements;
you handle your expenses and arrangements (the
employer may assist with this), and the employer will
reimburse you later;
the employer may offer an on-site interview, but will
not pay for your travel expenses.
Bring extra copies of your resume, copies of any paper-
work you may have forwarded to the employer; names,
addresses, phone numbers and email addresses of your
references; an updated college transcript; a copy of your
best paper as a writing sample; a notebook; a black and/or
blue pen for filling out forms and applications; and names
and addresses of past employers.
Once again, your role at the interview is to respond to
questions, to ask your own questions and to observe.
Be ready to meet people who are not part of your formal
agenda. Be courteous to everyone regardless of his or her
position; you never know who might be watching you and
your actions once you arrive in town. Treat the custodian
the same as you would the CEO. Word gets back to people
in the most interesting ways.
Soon after the site visit, record your impressions of your
performance. Review the business cards of those you met
or write the information in your notebook before leaving
the facility. You should have the name, title, address, phone
number, and email of everyone who was involved in your
interview so you can determine which individuals you may
want to contact with additional questions or follow-up
information. Also, a thank-you letter should be written to
the person(s) who interviewed you and will be making the
hiring decision. Stay in touch with the employer if you want
to pursue a career with the organization.
The site visit is a two-way street. Just as the employer is
evaluating you, you are there to evaluate the employer and
to determine if your expectations are met for job content,
company culture and values, organizational structure, and
lifestyles (both at work and leisure). Take note of how the
employees interact with each other and their supervisors
and also assess the physical work environment.
Just as any good salesperson would never leave a
customer without attempting to close the sale, you should
never leave an interview without some sort of closure. If
you decide that the job is right for you, do not be afraid to
tell the employer that you feel that there is a good fit and
you are eager to join the team.
Negotiating Salary and Benefits
Before you start negotiating your salary, be sure that
you have done enough research to know what you can
realistically expect. Be aware, that you will be offered a
competitive salary based on what you are worthnot on
what you want or what others are getting for similar jobs.
Each person is unique, and the going rate is little more
than a guideline. Salaries can vary depending on where the
job is located.
The MIT Career Development Center compiles a yearly
salary survey that has been filled out by departing gradu-
ates who have been offered jobs.
Employee benefits at most large companies are generally
worth another thirty percent or more on top of your
salary. The normal benefits include paid vacation (usually
two weeks for the first year), health insurance, tuition
assistance for courses taken after work, contributions
toward your pension, and an opportunity to buy stock in
the company with the company making a contribution
toward the purchase. If the company grows, and its
stock rises accordingly, this last benefit can become
a nice nest egg. In addition, some companies may also
include life insurance and /or relocation expenses in their
benefit packages.
It is also possible to work for a company and receive no
benefits whatever. This is typically the case if you sign on
as a consultant, or as a contract worker. Your salary should
be larger in this case because it is up to you to pay for
health insurance and to provide for your retirement.
Small companies may not have the cash flow to offer large
benefits. They may make up for this by giving stock options
(the chance to buy the stock later at an earlier and lower
price), or a new startup company may pay partly in stock or
give an outright gift of stock. Obviously, the value depends
on the success of the company.
For an index to many online salary surveys, see the
JobSmart website at http://jobsmart.org/tools/salary/ also
visit www.jobweb.com/sitemap.aspx
Research salaries for the industry and position you seek by
visiting:
http://web.mit.edu/career/www/infostats/graduation.
html
http://www.salary.com
http://www.rileyguide.com/salguides.html
http://jobstar.org/tools/salary/index.php
http://www.bls.gov/oes/home.htm
http://www.salaryexpert.com/
The Art of Negotiating
Once you have been offered a job, you have the opportunity
to discuss with the employer the terms of your employment.
Negotiating with your potential employer can make your
job one that best meets your own needs as well as those
of your employer. To ensure successful negotiations, it is
important to understand the basic components. The defini-
tion of negotiation as it relates to employment is: a series
of communications either oral or in writing that reach a
satisfying conclusion for all concerned parties, most often
between the new employee and the hiring organization.
For more information see http://web.mit.edu/career/www/
workshops
Negotiation is a planned series of events that requires
strategy, presentation and patience. Preparation is
probably the single most important part of successful
negotiations. Any good trial attorney will tell you the key
to presenting a good case in the courtroom is the hours
of preparation that happen beforehand. The same is true
for negotiating. A good case will literally present itself.
What follows are some suggestions that might help in
your preparation.
Research
Gather as much factual information as you can to back
up the case you want to make. For example, if most new
employees cannot negotiate salary you may be jeopar-
dizing the offer by focusing on that aspect of the package.
Find out about the costs and benefits associated with the
health plan, dental plan, retirement package, leave entitle-
ments, and other benefits.
Psychological Preparation
Chances are that you will not know the person with whom
you will be negotiating very well. If you are lucky enough to
be acquainted, spend some time reviewing what you know
about this persons communication style and decision-
making behavior.
In most cases this person will be a stranger. Be assured
that he or she will expect some level of negotiation, even
if it only relates to your start date. How will you psyche
yourself up to feel confident enough to ask for what you
want? How will you respond to counteroffers? What are
your alternatives? Whats your bottom line? In short, plan
your strategy.
Create a list of all the items you want to negotiate. Be sure
you know exactly what you want, not approximately. This
does not mean you will get everything you want, but having
information clearly outlined in your head will help you
determine where you can compromise in return for things
that are more important to you. Unless you know what
you want, you wont be able to tell somebody else. Clarity
improves communication, which is the conduit for effective
negotiations.
Dollars and Sense
Always begin by expressing genuine interest in the position
and the organization, emphasizing the areas of agree-
ment but allowing wiggle room to compromise on other
areas. Be prepared to support your points of disagreement,
outlining the parts you would like to alter, your suggestions
on how this can be done and why it would serve the compa-
nys best interests to accommodate your request.
Back up your reasons for wanting to change the offer
with meaningful work-related skills and positive benefits
to the employer. Requesting a salary increase because
you are a fast learner, or have a high GPA usually are not
justifiable reasons in the eyes of the employer. Meaningful
work experience or internships that have demonstrated or
tested your professional skills are things that will make an
employer stop and take notice.
State all the items to negotiate at the beginning. Cite those
areas in which you know you already agree upon. Follow
with areas that are open to negotiation.
It is sometimes more comfortable for job seekers to make
this initial request in writing and plan to meet later to hash
out the differences. Keep in mind that the employer has
chosen you from a pool of qualified applicants, so they need
you as much as you need them.
Do not rush the process. Remember this is a series of
volleys and lobs, trade-offs and compromises that occur
over a period of time. It is a processnot a singular event!
Once you have reached a conclusion with which you are
both relatively comfortable, present in writing your inter-
pretation of the agreement so that if there is any question,
it will be addressed immediately. Negotiation, by definition,
implies that each side will give. Do not perceive it as an
ultimatum.
If the employer chooses not to grant any of your requests
and realistically, that can happenyou will still have the
option of accepting the original offer provided that you
have maintained a positive, collaborative and friendly
atmosphere during your exchanges. You can always
re-enter negotiations after you have demonstrated your
worth to the organization.
Money Isnt Everything
There are many things you can negotiate besides salary.
Benefits can add thousands of dollars to the compensation
package. For more information about benefits see http://
benefitslink.com/index.shtml. Some negotiation points can
include:
Vacation time
Paid personal leave and sick days
Medical / dental / health coverage
Child care or elder care
Discounts on the companys products and services
Gym membership
Stock options / annual bonuses
Retirement / disability and life insurance
Flexibility of hours
Relocation package
Professional memberships / affiliations
Tuition reimbursement for continued education
For tips on Negotiating Offers, see http://web.mit.edu/
career/www/guide.
Because you want a career, not a job.
www.LogMeIn.com/Careers
Learn more at the LogMeIn Careers section of our website:
LogMeIn oers a challenging, dynamic
environment that encourages ownership and
innovation. Each employee is an integral
part of our global team and fun culture. Our
award-winning workplace allows everyone to
contribute and grow.
www.LogMeIn.com/Careers
Access, support, manage or back up remote computers and
mobile devices from smartphones to PCs and Macs from
any web browser with an Internet connection.
LogMeIn connects people to remote computers.
Chapter 6.
Academic Pathways
Throughout your MIT career, you will make many choices
related to academic pursuits. The Career Development
Center can assist you, starting your first year with issues
related to choice of major, course selection and obtaining
research experiences. More and more of our students are
going global while at MIT and our Global Education Office
can help you pursue study abroad and work abroad experi-
ences. Later you may consider graduate or professional
school. The materials and advice in this chapter can help
you with some of these decisions.
Choice of MajorConsider Your Options
To help you weigh options for your choice of major at MIT,
ask yourself these questions about each academic depart-
ment/field you are considering:
Appeal of area of study
Will you enjoy this major for its own intrinsic value?
Level of challenge
Do you think you can perform well in this field?
Is your motivation strong enough to enable you to
succeed in this major?
Are you choosing this major because it is easy?
Because it is hard?
Department characteristics
How big is the department?
How do you relate to other students in this major?
Are the faculty accessible? Do you seek them out for
informal discussions and other interactions?
Are there activities in the department that bring
students together? Are there activities that bring
students and faculty together?
Courses within your major
Will this major help you acquire prerequisites needed
for graduate studies you may be considering?
How many credits does this major require to complete
a degree? Do you wish to focus largely on one depart-
ment, or do you want flexibility to study in other
departments as well?
Global experience
How much does the department facilitate or
encourage or accommodate study abroad, research
abroad, work abroad?
UROPs/internship programs
Are there opportunities for you to get experience in
your major that will help prepare you for your potential
career?
Skills
What kinds of skills will you be developing in this
major?
Family, peers, outside influences
How are outside pressures from family, peers and the
job market influencing your decision?
Here are some additional resources for you to
consult regarding choice of major:
The Major Guides on our websitethese documents
highlight skills learned, career path options commonly
associated with different fields of study, and resources
to help you learn more about majors and careers:
http://web.mit.edu/career/www/infostats/byschool.
html.
Sloan Career Cornerstone Center excellent write-
ups on career paths in engineering and science, http://
www.careercornerstone.org.
UAAP Choice of Major website: go to this site:
http://mit.edu/firstyear, then add to the url: /2012/
choiceofmajor/index.htmlyou may need to change
the year to your class year (e.g., /2013/choiceof major/
index.html )
The Global Education Office is the one-stop office
where students can visit for information and advice
on how to go global! We offer one-on-one advising
sessions to help you identify and explore the various
options that best fit your academic plans and your
professional goals. In addition to this we can help you
with passports, visa informa-
tion, health and safety planning
and cost-saving ideas for living
overseas. We offer a series of
presentations and workshops,
pre-departure and re-entry meet-
ings and are here as a resource to
help you prepare for a meaningful
and successful time abroad.
In addition to general support
related to global educational oppor-
tunities, the MIT Global Education
Office supports all counseling of
students who are seeking to study
abroad and who are interested in
applying for a distinguished fellow-
ship. We are here to assist you in
identifying the program(s) that best
fit your needs, prepare you for the
transfer credit process, and also
work with you on logistical details
such as housing and insurance
coverage abroad. Please find more
information about specific study abroad opportunities
below.
Global Education Opportunities
Benefits of Going Global
The world today is a very different place than it was even
a few years ago. Business and research are conducted
across national boundaries, different time zones, and cultural
contexts. This means that as an MIT graduate you will be
called upon to work effectively with global collaborators and
across transnational engineering and science environments.
In this increasingly global context, deciding to participate in a
study abroad program could be one of the best decisions you
make as an undergraduate.
Students at MIT are able to engage with the world in a
variety of ways. Students can enroll in a study abroad
program taking classes in English or a foreign language,
undertake a research project, participate in an internship
or assist underserved communities through public service.
Our partner offices include:
MISTI (internships)http://web.mit.edu/misti
Public Service Center (fellowships, grants, d-Lab,
etc.)http://web.mit.edu/mitpsc
UROP (IROP - international research) http://web.mit.
edu/urop/basicinfo/irop.html
Alumni Association (externships) http://alum.mit.
edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram
In addition to the listings above, a wider collection of global
opportunities can be found on the MIT Go Global website
at http://web.mit.edu/goglobal.
Study Abroad Opportunities
Planning Study Abroad
You have probably already heard from other MIT students
about the life altering experience of their study abroad
program. It is never too early to start thinking about your
own study abroad experience and to start planning for it.
Be strategic in thinking about the study abroad possibilities that
might benefit you most. Contemplate these programs from the
point of view of your major, as well as your professional and
research interests and goals. The more integrated your experi-
ence abroad will be with your goals and interests, the more you
will benefit from that opportunity.
If you already have developed an interest in a particular
culture or region of the world by your freshman year,
you may wish to start learning (or continue learning if
Study Abroad Programs
MIT students who plan to study abroad have many exciting options from which to choose.
The following table includes the various categories of opportunities with examples.
Program Type Year-Long Semester IAP Summer
MIT-Managed
Institute Wide CME MIT-Madrid IAP-Madrid
(spring only) IAP-Germany
Departmental Aero/Astro Aero/Astro
Architecture
Materials Science
Direct Enrollment Examples include: Examples include:
Through MISTI Ecole Polytechnique, Ecole Polytechnique,
France France
Other Direct Examples include: Examples include: LSE
Enrollment Technion, Israel Technion, Israel
U. of Edinburgh Barcelona, Spain
LSE (General Course) Mexico
U. of Edinburgh
Outside Providers Examples include: Examples include: Examples include: Examples include:
Oxford, UK Cambridge, UK Mexico France
Australia South Africa Ireland Germany
New Zealand Turks & Caicos Islands Argentina Ireland
Spain, UK
you started in high school) the foreign language most
commonly used in that culture or region. You also might
want to explore the international locations of exciting
developments in the academic/research fields that interest
you.
If you start to think about study abroad in your sophomore
or junior year, you should still be able to find a study abroad
program to fit your interests and goals. Even in your senior
year you may find some opportunities, especially intern-
ships and post-graduate foreign fellowships.
Deadlines
Please keep in mind that each study abroad program has its
own application deadlines. In addition, the Global Education
Office has its own internal deadlines (May 1 for summer,
full-year or fall semester study and December 1 for spring
semester study) to ensure that students are prepared and that
all the relevant MIT offices can be informed of the students
approved for study abroad.
How to Begin Study Abroad
We invite you to visit the Study Abroad website (http://
web.mit.edu/studyabroad) and we look forward to meeting
with you to discuss your study abroad ideas and to help
you find a program that will work best for you. Please make
an appointment to meet with us by contacting the Global
Education Office, 12-189, [email protected] or at (617)
253-0676.
Distinguished Fellowships
The Distinguished Fellowships Program, in 12-189, is avail-
able to provide support and guidance for students preparing
applications for the most prestigious awards for foreign study.
In many cases, these awards pay for the full costs of graduate
programs or international research. They are wonderful
opportunities to further ones horizons without burdening
oneself. These awards, including but not limited to the Rhodes,
Marshall, Mitchell, Gates-Cambridge, and Fulbright, have
fostered the careers of the worlds best students. Winners
have gone on to become a United States President, a leading
string theorist (Brian Greene), CEOs, and even MIT professors.
Please keep in mind that these types of awards require a great
deal of work and are on extremely strict deadlines, so please
visit our website for the application schedule and deadlines.
If you are interested in learning more, please visit our website
http://web.mit.edu/scholarships and contact Kimberly Benard
([email protected] or 617.253.4378) for an appointment.
Key Qualities Valued in Distinguished Fellowship Competitions:
Strong Academic Record
History of Volunteering/Public Service
Desire for Further Research or Studies
Graduate School Advising
You may be considering earning an advanced degree
for several reasons, including the opportunity to gain
knowledge in a particular field of interest, an interest in
expanding career opportunities and increasing earning
potential, or postponing a job search until economic condi-
tions improve.
A 2008 survey conducted by the MIT Global Education and
Career Development Center found that 42% of graduating
seniors planned to pursue advanced degrees right after
graduation. According to the Council of Graduate Schools,
graduate school enrollments are on the rise, and this trend
is likely to continue.
Strong undergraduate academic preparation is essential
to succeed in graduate school. Key skills for success as a
graduate student include: (1) critical thinking, (2) analytical
abilities, (3) research abilities, (4) written communication,
(5) verbal communication, (6) time management, (7) self-
motivation, and (8) self-discipline.
Range of Degrees
Graduate degrees include
M.S.= Master of Science
M.A.= Master of Arts
M.B.A= Master of Business Administration
Ph.D.= Doctor of Philosophy
Sc.D.=Doctor of Science
M.D.= Doctor of Medicine
D.D.S.= Doctor of Dental Surgery
D.V.M.= Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
J.D.= Juris Doctor
LL.M.= Master of Laws
J.S.D.= Doctor of the Science of Law
Top Ten Criteria to select a Graduate Program
Matching your career interests/goals with the program
Quality of the program Department and faculty
strength and reputation in the profession
Faculty/student ratio
Program costs
Internship or field-work opportunities
Quality of research facilities, laboratories, and libraries
Financial Aid resources
What recent alumni are doing in the field now
Can you easily make connections with alumni for
purposes of discussing how graduate school may
enhance your opportunities
The best experts on assistantships and fellowships,
whether you are interested in MIT or other graduate
schools, are the staff in the Office of the Dean for Graduate
Education (3-138). See their website for up-to-date informa-
tion on the subject, http://web.mit.edu/odge/financialaid.
They also have various compendia listing individual
fellowship programs. For information on the aid available in
a particular discipline, a good place to turn is the graduate
office in the corresponding MIT department.
Most graduate schools will require you to take the
Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) before you apply. See
http://www.gre.org for more information and to apply to
take the GRE. For more in depth information, see our online
workshop Applying to Graduate School at: http://web.mit.
edu/career/www/workshops/gradschool.
Preprofessional Advising
The Preprofessional Advising staff works with students
interested in applying to:
Medical, dental, and other health related professional
schools
Law school
The following services are available to both current MIT
students and alumni/ae:
Walk-in Hours: 15-minute sessions, set up to answer
quick questions. Appointments: 30-45 minute sessions,
via phone or in-person. Call our front desk (617-
253-4733), or come into our office (12-170) to schedule
an appointment.
Mock Interviews: 45-minute sessions to help current
applicants prepare for medical/health profession
school interviews.
Credential Service: Service for Prehealth students
that stores recommendation letters at the MIT Career
Development Center (12-170) and sends letters to
schools through DHL or electronic submission.
More information on our services and upcoming events can
be found at http://web.mit.edu/career/www/preprof.
Staff:
Erin Scott, Counselor for Preprofessional Advising:
[email protected]
Shonool Malik, Associate Director for Preprofessional
Advising: [email protected]
Tamara Menghi, Assistant Director for Preprofessional
Advising: [email protected]
Shanell Littlejohn, Administrative Assistant: [email protected]
Considering & Exploring a Professional School/Career:
Individuals interested in health related careers, law or
business careers should consider the following:
What is my motivation for entering this career?
How can I explore this career during my time at MIT?
What are my core interests and skills and how do they
align with this career?
To help answer these questions, we strongly recommend
that you set up an appointment with a member of our staff
to discuss your interest in these careers. In addition, we
encourage the use of the resources on the Preprofessional
Advising website http://careers.mit.edu/preprof/ and the
Alumni ICAN database (https://alum.mit.edu/
cs/ican/index.html).
Personal Statement/ Essay
Regardless of the type of school you are applying to, you will
be required to submit a personal statement as part of the appli-
cation process. Graduate school application essays typically
ask applicants to discuss their previous experience, future
professional goals, and how they believe that the graduate
program can assist them in achieving those objectives.
Graduate programs seek individuals with clear commitment to
the field, who have corresponding ideas and aspirations. The
personal statement provides the applicant with the opportu-
nity to articulate these goals and display strong writing skills.
Your essay should be well thought out, concise, compelling,
and interesting to the reader. Remember, admissions officers
read hundreds of personal essays. It will be important for you
to keep in mind the following suggestions:
1. Start your essay with something that will grab the
readers attention. Personal anecdotes can often help
draw the reader into the essay.
2. Make the essay personal. Do not simply repeat
the information that can be read on your applica-
tion. Provide the reader with an inside view on your
thoughts, interests and drives.
3. Make your motivation and commitment clear to the
reader. The admissions officer wants to get a sense
from the essay that you are extremely interested and
motivated to obtain the graduate degree and will
apply the education to your professional work.
4. Create a well-written document. Your essay is a
sample of your writing abilities. It is important that you
convey your thoughts clearly, with carefully chosen
vocabulary and correct grammar.
Attend the Essay Writing workshop offered by MIT Career
Development Center. http://careers.mit.edu. For specific
tips on writing a personal statement for professional
school, please see our online essay writing workshop.
GPA
GPA standards vary among different programs. While these
numerical records are an important factor, they are not the
only thing considered. Students with a range of GPAs and
test scores are accepted. Most of the time, the average
GPA of students currently enrolled in the program or the
minimum GPA accepted can be found on the admissions
webpage. Admissions committees consider all aspects of
an application when making selection decisions. Look at
our website, to see the MIT applicant range of GPAs and
test scores that have been accepted to medical and law
schools. http://careers.mit.edu/infostats/
Prehealth Information
The following information pertains most directly to students
applying to medical and dental schools. Many of the criteria
are similar for other health related professional schools.
For more specific information on other health related
professional schools, please visit our website. http://
careers.mit.edu/preprof/
Course Requirements:
There is no required major for applying to health related
professional schools. There are however, a number of
recommended courses one must take prior to applying.
Review the course list online with your academic advisor
and meet with a Preprofessional Advising Staff member if
you have any questions.
Volunteer / Service Activities:
Admissions officers are interested in applicants who, in addi-
tion to having good academic credentials, are humanistic in
nature, who care genuinely about others and have shown
evidence of this interest through volunteer or community
service activities. Your participation in volunteer work and
leadership activities can help develop personal qualities such
as integrity, breadth of interest, human relations skills, and
motivation towards a career in the health professions.
Prehealth Advisors
MIT draws its advisors from many groups: MIT faculty,
physicians at MIT Medical, MIT Dental, and the
MIT-Harvard Health Sciences and Technology (HST)
Program, and research affiliates from HST, Massachusetts
General Hospital, and Brigham and Womens Hospital.
Advisors volunteer their time to discuss medical careers
with advisees and write a letter of recommendation for
them. Their expectation in return: responsible, timely, and
continuing communication throughout the year.
Getting an Advisor
Individuals who want a prehealth advisor are encouraged to
open a credential file and apply for an advisor two years prior
to the year they are interested in matriculating at a health
related professional school. For example, a person looking
to matriculate in fall 2011 must request an advisor in fall 2009.
Early registration enables the Preprofessional Advising staff
to determine the number of advisors needed, and provides
an advisee with adequate time and opportunity to develop a
meaningful relationship with his or her advisor.
Preference in the advisor assignment process is given to
current undergraduate and graduate students. Local area
alumni may be assigned an advisor in late fall semester,
provided that there are advisors available once all current
students have been assigned. Please be advised that we
cannot guarantee an advisor to all those with requests
past the November 30th deadline. Visit the following site
for detailed steps on requesting a Prehealth Advisor
and call 617-253-4733 to set up an appointment with a
Preprofessional Advising staff member: http://web.mit.edu/
career/www/preprof/advisors.html.
Application Process
Please note: The information provided below pertains
primarily to medical school and dental school. For more
details on how to apply to other health related professional
schools, please see our website.
The American Medical College Application Service
(AMCAS) is a nonprofit, centralized application processing
service for applicants to the first-year entering classes at
participating U.S. medical schools. http://www.aamc.org/
The AMCAS application will include:
Academic information from all of the colleges you
attended
Copies of all undergraduate and graduate, transcripts
MCAT scores
Personal essay/statement
It is important to note that many admission decisions to
medical schools are made as applications are received and
reviewed. It is critical that you submit your AMCAS appli-
cation as early as possible, preferably by June 30th. Once
your AMCAS application is received it may take approxi-
mately a month to receive a secondary application from
individual schools.
The Associated American Dental Schools Application
Service (AADSAS) is a service available to students applying
to dental schools participating in the application service.
AADSAS simplifies the application process by providing one
standardized form, relieving students of the need to complete
multiple applications. AADSAS serves only as an information
clearinghouse and does not influence the dental schools
appraisal or selection of applicants. Each dental school has
the right to request supplemental information from the appli-
cants. http://www.adea.org
Entrance Tests: MCAT and DAT
The Medical College Application Test is a standardized
examination comprised of multiple-choice questions and a
writing assessment. The test is divided into four sections.
Scores for the Verbal Reasoning, Physical Sciences, and
Biological Sciences are reported numerically, while the
Writing Sample is scored alphabetically. The MCAT is
scored on a scale of 1-45.
The paper MCAT exam was replaced in 2007 with a
computer based test (CBT). The CBT MCAT is offered
several times a year, allowing more scheduling flexibility
and quicker score reporting.
The Dental Admission Test (DAT) is conducted by the
American Dental Association (ADA) and has been in opera-
tion on a national basis since 1950. The Dental Admission
Test is administered by computer on almost any day of the
year. The testing program is designed to measure general
academic ability, comprehension of scientific information,
and perceptual ability. For more information on the DAT &
the ADA visit the following sites: http://www.ada.org/ prof/
ed/testing/dat/index.asp and http://www.ada.org/.
Recommendation Letters
All applicants need at least three letters of recommenda-
tion. We recommend obtaining three to five letters, of
which two should be from a science professor and one
from a humanities professor. Your prehealth advisors letter
will count as one of your letters and will also act as a cover
letter for your other recommendation letters.
It is important to choose your writers with care and good
judgment. Please be certain that the people you ask to write
letters for you will be writing the letter you expect. Meet
with them and discuss your reasons for wanting to pursue a
health career.
As a courtesy, give each recommender at least two months
to write your letter of recommendation. It is suggested that
your letters be from the following areas: science classes,
humanities classes, research experiences, and community
service or leadership experiences. Letters from faculty
members from a variety of academic disciplines are very
important.
Credential Service
The Credential Service is designed to provide a reliable,
efficient means of disseminating letters of recommenda-
tion for MIT students and alumni/ae for the use of entering
medical or other health related professional programs.
Letters are mailed or electronically transmitted to the
schools designated by the applicant, once his or her file is
complete.
Students and alums may open a file as early as they would
like to store recommendation letters for future applications to
medical or other health profession programs. It is ideal that the
credential file be opened two years prior to the year they are
interested in matriculating at a health profession school.
Secondary Applications (for medical school)
Secondary applications are received approximately a
month or more after submitting your AMCAS application.
These applications will request similar, if not the same
information, provided in the AMCAS application and will
also request additional specific personal statements or
essays. It is important that you do not submit the same
essay you submitted with the AMCAS application. Your
recommendation letters are sent to schools during the
secondary application phase.
Interviews
Interviews are required for medical and dental schools
and are the final phase of the application process.
Interviews may be held by one member of an admissions
committee or by a group of individuals. Applicants should
be prepared to discuss all aspects of their application,
including their specific interest in the institution with
which they are interviewing. It is recommended that
applicants participate in a mock interview and review
the interview workshop, as well as, the sample interview
questions sheet in preparation for a formal school inter-
view: http://careers.mit.edu/preprof/.
Prelaw Information
The Official Guide to ABA-Approved Law Schools,
published by the Law School Admission Council (LSAC),
lists the following as the criteria used most by law schools
in evaluating prospective students.
Personal statement
Course of study
Quality of undergraduate courses
Letters of recommendation
LSAT score
Grade Point Average (GPA)
College activities
Ethnic background
Post college activities
Uniqueness/Personality
Motivation to study Law
Activities and Work Experience
Experiences both in and out of the classroom are important
in evaluating applicants. Law schools are looking for indi-
viduals that bring a unique perspective, background, and
insight to strengthen the classroom dynamic and intellec-
tual exchange in law school. Student leadership activities,
work experiences, and personal life challenges are all
elements that are considered when evaluating and making
decisions on which applicants to accept.
Academic and LSAT Credentials
Your GPA and Law School Admission Test (LSAT) score
are important factors to being competitive with other law
school applicants; however they certainly arent the only
factors considered. Admissions committees consider all
aspects of an application, i.e., work experience, leader-
ship, etc., when making selection decisions. Visit the MIT
Law School applicant data for more detailed information on
the average GPA and LSAT scores: http://careers.mit.edu/
infostats/
Prelaw Advisors
Advisors are professionals within the MIT community
active in the practice of law, legal scholarship, teaching,
and/or counseling. These individuals volunteer their time
to speak with students about current trends in the legal
profession, as well as experiences they have had both in
law school and as a professional. Students and alumni are
welcome to contact one or all of the advisors to explore
their legal interests. Advisors names and contact
information can be found at: http://careers.mit.edu/preprof/
lawadvisors.html
Prior to contacting an advisor, it is recommended that a
student do the following:
Review the information provided throughout the
Prelaw website.
Utilize the resources (books, school pamphlets, LSAT
information, etc.) available in the Preprofessional
Advising Office, 12-185.
Make an appointment by calling 617-253-4733 to meet
with a member of the Preprofessional Advising staff to
discuss basic law school information and the applica-
tion process.
Application Process
Applicants must obtain applications directly from law
schools online or by mail. It is important to note that many
admission decisions are made on a rolling basis as
applications are received and reviewed. It is critical that
you submit your application as early as possible, preferably
by the end of December.
LSAC
http://www.lsac.org
The Law School Admission Council (LSAC) is a nonprofit
corporation whose members are 200 law schools in the
United States and Canada. Programs and Services offered
by the LSAC:
The Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
The Law School Data Assembly Service (LSDAS)
Candidate Referral Service (CRS)
Law School Forums
MILE Program (Minorities Interested in Legal
Education)
Publications, Software, and Videos for Legal Education
Questions
LSDAS
http://www.lsac.org/
The Law School Data Assembly Service (LSDAS) provides
a means of centralizing and standardizing undergraduate
academic records to simplify the law school admission
process.
The LSDAS prepares and provides a report for each law
school to which you apply. Your report will include:
An undergraduate academic summary.
Copies of all undergraduate, graduate, and law school
transcripts.
LSAT scores: Up to 12 exam scores are reported in the
LSDAS report. Exam scores are averaged when more
than one reportable score is on file.
Writing sample copies: If more than one LSAT has
been taken, photocopies of the last three LSAT writing
samples are provided in the LSDAS report.
Copies of Letters of Recommendation if processed by
LSAC.
Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) is a half-day
standardized exam that is designed to measure skills that
are considered essential for success in law school. It is
comprised of five 35-minute sections of multiple-choice
questions and is scored on a scale of 120-180. One of
the five sections is un-scored and used to pretest new
test items and forms. In addition to the five sessions, a
30-minute writing sample is administered at the end of the
test. The test is divided into the following five sections:
1 Reading Comprehension
1 Analytical Reasoning
2 Logical Reasoning
1 Experimental section (un-scored section)
It is suggested that applicants take the LSAT no later than
December for admission in the following falls entering class.
Recommendation Letters and Deans Letter/
Certification:
http://careers.mit.edu/preprof/
Applicants need at least two letters of recommendation. It
is preferable to have two academic letters, however, some
schools will accept one letter which is a non-academic
letter of recommendation.
We recommend that you ask people to write you a letter
of recommendation early in the fall of the application year,
and give them at least one month to write your letter of
recommendation. The best recommendation letter will
come from an individual who knows you best. Provide
your recommenders detailed information to ensure that
your letters will have accurate information regarding your
activities, such as dates and places you worked. If you take
responsibility in giving your recommenders solid informa-
tion in writing, you help yourself in getting solid, informative
letters of reference.
On the Letter of Recommendation Form, provided through the
LSDAS, candidates have the choice to waive their rights to
see their letter of recommendation. The assumption is that a
waived letter of recommendation is bound to be more candid.
However, please note that law schools do not hold it against
candidates if they choose to retain their rights to the letters.
A Deans letter or certificate provides information on
whether there have been any academic or disciplinary
action taken against the applicant during their undergrad-
uate career. This document also confirms an applicants
GPA and/or class rank. To obtain a letter from the Dean
of Undergraduate Education at MIT, visit the Registrars
Academic Records office located in room 5-119.
Pre-MBA Information
Are you considering pursuing an MBA? Self-assessment
can help you decide if an MBA is the right degree for you. It
will also help you to convince business school admissions
counselors about your motivations for wanting to earn
an MBA. Admission counselors will look for evidence of
your professional interests and how that ties into the MBA
degree as well as your leadership potential and academic
achievement. A typical MBA candidate has a few and
sometimes several years of full-time, post-undergraduate
work experience in a responsible capacity.
Informational interviewing is another powerful tool to help
you in this process by answering questions such as what
are typical MBA careers and which industries actively
recruit MBAs. The Institute Career Assistance Network
(ICAN) is a good place to get names of alumni/ae in the
specific field in which you are interested. You can access
this database online at: http://alum.mit.edu/benefits/
CareerGuidance/ICAN, click on Get Connected.
Once you have decided that an MBA is indeed right for you,
there are many things to consider when selecting a school.
Schools vary significantly on teaching strategy, financial
aid, geographic location, student population, faculty, insti-
tution, and cost of the program. Choose criteria that are
important for you and choose a school that matches it. It
is also important that you fit in with the culture of a school.
Visit http://www.mba.com and http://www.gmac.com to
gather additional information.
GMAT
The Graduate Admission Management Test (GMAT) is a
standardized assessment designed to measure the qualifi-
cations of applicants for business and management studies
programs. It assesses your verbal, mathematical and
analytical writing skills. The test consists of three sections:
(1) Analytical Writing Assessment, (2) Quantitative Section,
and 3) Verbal Section. Total GMAT scores range from
200-800. Two-thirds of test takers score between 400 and
600. See http://www.mba.com.
References
When considering references for your applications to busi-
ness school, be sure to ask people who know you very well.
The more specific they can be about your candidacy for
an MBA, the stronger will be your application. If the school
does not specify from whom you should obtain refer-
ences, try to choose people with whom you have worked in
different settings, such as previous employers.
Interview
The interview process may vary depending on the school to
which you are applying. For the most part, interviews are by
invitation only and cannot be requested. During the inter-
view, demonstrate strong interpersonal skills while you
develop a clearer feeling for the school. In preparation for
a business school interview, the MIT Career Development
Center recommends that applicants participate in a mock
interview and review the Winning Interview Techniques
workshop online, http://web.mit.edu/career/www/
workshops/interviewing.pdf.
Academic Career
Nearly half of the doctoral graduates of MIT pursue an academic
career (junior faculty position or postdoc) upon completion of
the doctoral degree. The Career Development Center offers
several services for those considering an academic career:
CV Workshop (offered each semester, and available
online at http://web.mit.edu/career/www/workshops/
cv. (Also see Related Links on this site.)
Workshop on Preparing for the Academic Job
Interview. Emphasis is on the on-site interview day
beyond the job talk. (Offered each semester.)
Individual advice on any aspect of the academic
career search (call 617-253-4733 for an appointment).
Academic Career Series, faculty presentations on
four different topics, co-sponsored by the Career
Development Center, Graduate Student Council, and
Postdoctoral Advisory Council. (summers) http://web.
mit.edu/provost/pds.html.
Bibliographies and web links on academic careers
http://web.mit.edu/career/www/graduate/academic
careers.html.
In addition, there are services available through the MIT
Writing Center http://web.mit.edu/writing (including
opportunities to practice the job talk) and the Teaching and
Learning Laboratory http://web.mit.edu/tll.
For information about Distinguished Fellowships and
other scholarship opportunities see http://web.mit.edu/
scholarships.
Seeking a postdoctoral fellowship? See PostDoc
Resources at http://web.mit.edu/career/www/infostats/
respostdoc.html.
Sample Statement of Research Interests
CURRENT RESEARCH
Active Control of Rotorcraft Vibration
I am currently working with Boeing Helicopters to develop advanced control techniques for control of rotorcraft
vibration, so that the vibration typically experienced by helicopters can be significantly reduced. My advisor Prof.
Steven Hall and his former doctoral students developed the X-frame actuator for those purposes, and I am
working on the design and implementation of the advanced Higher Harmonic Control (HHC) algorithms using the
X-frame actuator for an MD-900 helicopter. The advanced HHC includes an intelligent anti-windup scheme, which
shows better performance than traditional discrete HHC. The intelligent anti-windup algorithm ensures that the
output signals from each controller do not saturate, so that multiple HHC systems can be implemented without
causing any difficulties. The active rotor system with the advanced HHC algorithms will be flight-tested in 2003.
Active Control of Noise Radiated from Underwater Vehicles
I have worked with Northrop Grumman Corp. and Materials Systems Inc. to develop new technology for the
reduction of radiated noise from vibrating underwater vehicles using smart structures technologies. This project
has been funded by the Office of Naval Research, with an objective of developing smart underwater vehicle
systems so that the enemy cannot detect attack in advance. My responsibility in this project is to develop the control
architecture and methodology to reduce the radiated noise from vibrating structures. In order to accomplish this,
I have designed two different controller architectures. The first one is the assembly of local controllers, which
are implemented for each sensor/actuator pair to reduce its vibration level. The second one is a global controller,
which makes the structure a weak radiator by coordinating the action of local controllers. In order to implement
the global controller successfully, I have developed a new wavenumber domain sensing method and applied it to
the feedback controller design for active structural acoustic control. The approach is to minimize the total acoustic
power radiated from vibrating structures in the wavenumber domain. The new sensing method greatly simplifies
the design of MIMO LQG controllers for active structural acoustic control by reducing the effort to model the
acoustic radiation from the structure and allowing the systematic development of state-space models for radiating
wavenumber components. Further, I have extended the concept to general complex structures, so that it can be
applied for reducing radiated noise from any vibrating structures. The new sensing method is numerically
validated on a thick-walled cylindrical shell with 55 piezoelectric panels mounted.
FUTURE RESEARCH GOALS
My future research goal is to develop intelligent structural systems, from the micro-scales (MEMS) to
macro-scales (aerospace systems and underwater vehicles), which will contain array of sensor/actuator pairs
and embedded devices for controls and decision-making algorithms. Those systems should be able to coordinate
large numbers of devices and adapt themselves to uncertain environmental changes in an intelligent manner.
For this research goal, I will focus on the following three research areas. First, I will carry out research on structure/
fluid/control interaction phenomena for complex systems. The phenomena will be critical design issues in those
complex structural systems, both in micro- and macro- scales, so the fundamental understanding of the
phenomena is very important to successful implementation of the structural/acoustic control algorithms. Second,
I will extend my specialization in smart structures technologies to the development of advanced sensors and
actuators for intelligent structural systems. Since the systems will contain arrays of embedded devices, such as
micro-sensors and actuators, the development of novel sensors and actuators that can be coordinated and integrated
within the systems will be critical in future areas of research. Finally, I will continue my research on advanced
control and decision-making algorithms for noise and vibration reduction of complex structural systems. Some
of the important requirements of the algorithms include: (1) the ability to handle many sensors and actuators in an
efficient manner, (2) robustness to modeling error and uncertain environmental changes, (3) the ability to modify
their functions adaptively even in the unexpected change in the plant or environment, and (4) the ability to detect
the failure in the plant and maintain the performance by reconfiguring the algorithm architecture. As mentioned
earlier, I have developed the novel wavenumber domain feedback controller design method for active structural
acoustic control of complex structural systems, which satisfies the first and second requirements. I will continue
my research to improve the performance of the method, and therefore to develop intelligent control design
methodology for complex structural systems, so that those four requirements given above will be successfully
satisfied.
My goal in teaching is that each and every student leaves my classroom with a solid understanding of
engineering concepts and a sound background to analyze engineering systems. I strongly believe that a
thorough understanding of undergraduate/graduate courses is most fundamental to young engineers for
their future research. My responsibility as instructor would be to help students acquire a solid foundation
in the subject matter, and to encourage them to build confidence in their knowledge of the course
material, so that they can apply what they learned in my classroom to engineering problems with
confidence. I have a very strong undergraduate and graduate education in mechanics, dynamics and
controls. Also, I have extensive research experience in structural dynamics, acoustics, and controls,
which would allow me to teach students fundamental concepts of engineering systems thoroughly.
My primary interests in undergraduate/graduate level teaching lie in the following areas:
UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL
Mechanical VibrationThis course would involve basic introduction to mechanical vibration,
including free and forced vibration of single- and multi-degree of freedom systems, fundamentals of
frequency and modal analysis, and approximate solution techniques.
Engineering MathematicsThis course would be an undergraduate-level introduction to engineering
mathematics, including linear algebra, differential equations, complex analysis, Laplace and Fourier
transform, etc.
Feedback Control of Dynamic SystemsThis course would involve introduction to design of feed-
back control systems, focusing on properties and advantages of feedback systems, time-domain and
frequency-domain performance measures, stability and degree of stability, root locus method, Nyquist
criterion, and frequency-domain design.
GRADUATE LEVEL
Advanced Structural Dynamics and AcousticsThis course would first review single and multiple-
degree-of-freedom vibration problems, using matrix formulation and normal mode superposition
methods. Then, this would present various topics in structural dynamics and acoustics, including time
and frequency domain solution, random vibration, vibration and noise measurement and analysis
techniques, wave motions in structures, structure/fluid interaction problems, and acoustic radiation.
Control of StructuresThis course would present fundamental control-structural dynamic
interaction from a unified viewpoint, applicable to active control of flexible structures, and active
structural acoustic control of structural systems.
Multivariable Feedback Control SystemsThis course would be an introduction to the state-space
approach to control system analysis and control synthesis, focusing on design of robust controllers
for mechanical systems, including optimal control methods and the Kalman filter.
Continuous and Discrete Time Signal ProcessingThis course would provide a theoretical
foundation of signal processing techniques necessary for mechanical engineers. This course would
focus on the analysis and processing of experimental data, and real-time experimental control methods,
including Laplace and Fourier transform, spectral analysis, filter design, system identification.
These present general topics and I would be happy to teach more specific courses according to the needs
of the students and the department.
Sample Statement of Teaching Philosophy and Interests
Advertiser Index
College Recruitment Media and Massachusetts Institute of
Technology wish to thank the above participating sponsors for
making this publication available to students.
CNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Consumer Information Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Earth Share. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
GraduatingEngineer.com. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
IFMR Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
LogMeIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
M4 Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Sandia National Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
StratGenius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Vecna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover
[email protected]
GoalMind
Business
Software
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Kiosk
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Software
Engineers,
Join Vecna
Change the world.
Better Technology, Better World
To set up an interview today, email

Working at Vecna is great
mental exercise; learning,
solving tough problems,
taking-on new responsibili-
ties and having fun are all
integral parts of the job.
I always wanted a job I
would look forward to
when I woke up each day.
Vecna is defnitely that
place.
The fun, challenging
and dynamic work
keeps me interested.
Every day is a new
adventure.
I really enjoy the cool work, but
just as important, the teamwork,
cooperation, and camaraderie
in a low-ego environment is
better than any other company
for which I have worked.
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