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Analog Transmission: Solutions To Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

This document summarizes key concepts in analog transmission and modulation techniques: 1) Analog transmission involves converting baseband digital or analog signals into a complex analog signal suitable for transmission over a channel. 2) Digital-to-analog conversion, also called modulation, changes characteristics like amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal based on digital data. 3) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is the most susceptible modulation technique to noise since amplitude is more affected than phase or frequency. 4) Formulas are provided to calculate parameters like symbol rate, bandwidth, and number of modulation levels needed based on the data rate and channel bandwidth. 5) Common analog modulation techniques are described

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109 views4 pages

Analog Transmission: Solutions To Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

This document summarizes key concepts in analog transmission and modulation techniques: 1) Analog transmission involves converting baseband digital or analog signals into a complex analog signal suitable for transmission over a channel. 2) Digital-to-analog conversion, also called modulation, changes characteristics like amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal based on digital data. 3) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is the most susceptible modulation technique to noise since amplitude is more affected than phase or frequency. 4) Formulas are provided to calculate parameters like symbol rate, bandwidth, and number of modulation levels needed based on the data rate and channel bandwidth. 5) Common analog modulation techniques are described

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shahabzaheer
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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CHAPTER 5

Analog Transmission
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

Review Questions
1. Normally, analog transmission refers to the transmission of analog signals using a
band-pass channel. Baseband digital or analog signals are converted to a complex
analog signal with a range of frequencies suitable for the channel.
3. The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the
information in digital data is called digital-to-analog conversion. It is also called
modulation of a digital signal. The baseband digital signal representing the digital
data modulates the carrier to create a broadband analog signal.
5. We can say that the most susceptible technique is ASK because the amplitude is
more affected by noise than the phase or frequency.
7. The two components of a signal are called I and Q. The I component, called in-
phase, is shown on the horizontal axis; the Q component, called quadrature, is
shown on the vertical axis.
9.
a. AM changes the amplitude of the carrier
b. FM changes the frequency of the carrier
c. PM changes the phase of the carrier

Exercises
11. We use the formula S = (1/r) × N, but first we need to calculate the value of r for
each case.

a. r = log22 =1 → S = (1/1) × (2000 bps) = 2000 baud


b. r = log22 =1 → S = (1/1) × (4000 bps) = 4000 baud
c. r = log24 =2 → S = (1/2) × (6000 bps) = 3000 baud
d. r = log264 =6 → S = (1/6) × (36,000 bps) = 6000 baud

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13. We use the formula r = log2L to calculate the value of r for each case.

a. log24 =2
b. log28 =3
c. log24 =2
d. log2128 =7

15. See Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1 Solution to Exercise 15

a. b.
Q Q

I I
2 3 –3 3

Q Q

2 2

I I
–2 2

–2 –2

c. d.

a. This is ASK. There are two peak amplitudes both with the same phase (0
degrees). The values of the peak amplitudes are A1 = 2 (the distance between
the first dot and the origin) and A2= 3 (the distance between the second dot and
the origin).
b. This is BPSK, There is only one peak amplitude (3). The distance between each
dot and the origin is 3. However, we have two phases, 0 and 180 degrees.
c. This can be either QPSK (one amplitude, four phases) or 4-QAM (one ampli-
tude and four phases). The amplitude is the distance between a point and the
origin, which is (22 + 22)1/2 = 2.83.
d. This is also BPSK. The peak amplitude is 2, but this time the phases are 90 and
270 degrees.
17. We use the formula B = (1 + d) × (1/r) × N, but first we need to calculate the
value of r for each case.

a. r = 1 → B= (1 + 1) × (1/1) × (4000 bps) = 8000 Hz


b. r = 1 → B = (1 + 1) × (1/1) × (4000 bps) + 4 KHz = 8000 Hz
c. r = 2 → B = (1 + 1) × (1/2) × (4000 bps) = 2000 Hz
d. r = 4 → B = (1 + 1) × (1/4) × (4000 bps) = 1000 Hz
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19.
First, we calculate the bandwidth for each channel = (1 MHz) / 10 = 100 KHz. We
then find the value of r for each channel:
B = (1 + d) × (1/r) × (N) → r = N / B → r = (1 Mbps/100 KHz) = 10
We can then calculate the number of levels: L = 2r = 210 = 1024. This means that
that we need a 1024-QAM technique to achieve this data rate.
21.

a. BAM = 2 × B = 2 × 5 = 10 KHz
b. BFM = 2 × (1 + β) × B = 2 × (1 + 5) × 5 = 60 KHz
c. BPM = 2 × (1 + β) × B = 2 × (1 + 1) × 5 = 20 KHz
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