Chapter 10: _______ Diagrams

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine two __________... what is the resulting _____________state? In particular, if we specify... -- the ____________ (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T ) then... How many __________ form? What is the composition of each __________? What is the _________ of each phase?

Phase A
Nickel atom Copper atom

Phase B

Chapter 10 - 1

Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit

Solution solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase Mixture ________________________ Adapted from Fig. 10.1,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Solubility Limit:
Temperature (C)

Sugar/Water Phase Diagram

100 80 60 40 20 0
Water

Maximum ____________ for which only a _____________ _________ exists.

Solubility Limit

L
(liquid)

Question: What is the

__________ limit for sugar in water at 20C?

L
(liquid solution i.e., syrup)

+ S
(solid sugar)

Answer: ___ wt% sugar.

At 20C, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup At 20C, if C > 65 wt% sugar:
syrup + sugar

Chapter 10 - 2

Sugar

20 40 6065 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar)

Components and Phases

Components:
________________________________________________
(e.g., Al and Cu)

Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions that form (e.g., and ).
AluminumCopper _______

(lighter _______) (darker _______)

Adapted from chapteropening photograph, Chapter 9, Callister, Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction, 3e.

Chapter 10 - 3

Effect of Temperature & Composition

Altering ______________________: path A to B. Altering ______________________: path B to D. B (100C,C = 70) D (100C,C = 90) 100
Temperature (C)
__ phase __ phases

80 60 40 20 0
0

L
(liquid)

watersugar system

L
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)

+ S
(solid sugar)

A (20C,C = 70)
__ phases

Adapted from Fig. 10.1, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

20 40 60 70 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar)

Chapter 10 - 4

Criteria for Solid Solubility

_____________ (e.g., Ni-Cu solution) Crystal Structure Ni Cu FCC FCC
electroneg

r (nm) 0.1246 0.1278

1.9 1.8

Both have the same _______________________ and have similar __________________ and atomic radii (W. Hume Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility. ________________________ in one another for all proportions.
Chapter 10 - 5

Phase Diagrams
Indicate phases as a function of T, C, and P. For this course:
- binary systems: ___________________. - independent variables: _________ (P = 1 atm is almost always
used).

Phase Diagram for Cu-Ni system

1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000

T(C) L (liquid)

2 phases:

____________ ____________
3 different phase fields: _______ _______ _______
Adapted from Fig. 10.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.3(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1991).

(FCC solid solution)

0 20 40 60 80

100

wt% Ni

Chapter 10 - 6

Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram

Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system.

T(C)
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 0 20

System is:
-- ___________
i.e., 2 components: Cu and Ni.

L (liquid)

Cu-Ni phase diagram

-- ___________
i.e., complete _________ of one component in another; phase field extends from 0 to 100 wt% Ni.

(FCC solid solution)

40 60 80 100

wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 10.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.3(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1991).

Chapter 10 - 7

Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase(s) present
Rule 1: If we know ____________, then we know:
-- which phase(s) is (are) present.

Examples:
A(1100C, 60 wt% Ni): ________________ B (1250C, 35 wt% Ni): ________________

T(C)
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200

L (liquid)
B (1250C,35)

(FCC solid solution)

A(1100C,60)

Cu-Ni phase diagram

Adapted from Fig. 10.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.3(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1991).

1100 1000 0 20 40

60

80

100

wt% Ni

Chapter 10 - 8

Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase compositions
Rule 2: If we know T and C0, then we can determine:
-- the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni system A L (liquid) B D
30 32 35 tie line

Examples:
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni At TA = 1320C: _______________________ CL _____________________ At TD = 1190C: _______________________ C _____________________

T(C) TA
1300

TB
1200 TD 20

(solid)
4043 50

At TB = 1250C: _______________________ CL = C liquidus ( = ___ wt% Ni) C = C solidus ( = ___ wt% Ni)

CL C0

C wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 10.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.3(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1991). Chapter 10 - 9

Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase weight fractions
Rule 3: If we know T and C0, then can determine:
-- the _________________ of each phase. T(C) TA L (liquid) B R S D
30 32 35

Examples: Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni

Cu-Ni system A
tie line

At TA : Only Liquid (L) present 1300 WL = _____, W = _____ TB At TD : Only Solid ( ) present _____________________ 1200 At TB : _____________________ TD

(solid)
50

WL = W =

S R +S

43 35 = = 0.73 43 32

20

CL C0

40 43

C wt% Ni

R = 0.27 R +S

Adapted from Fig. 10.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.3(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1991). Chapter 10 - 10

The Lever Rule

_________ connects the phases in equilibrium with each other also sometimes called an ___________
T(C)
tie line 1300

L (liquid) B (solid)
50

What fraction of each phase? Think of the tie line as a lever (teeter-totter)
ML M

TB
1200 20

R
30CL

wt% Ni

C0 40 C

Adapted from Fig. 10.3(b), Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

M x S = ML x R
R C0 CL W = = R + S C CL
Chapter 10 - 11

ML S C C0 WL = = = ML + M R + S C CL

Ex: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy

Phase ________: T(C) L (liquid)
Cu-Ni system.
1300 Consider L: 35 wt% Ni ____________ : 46 wt% Ni changes that accompany the 24 __________ of a L: 35wt%Ni

A
32 35

Cu-Ni system
46 43 L: 32 wt% Ni : 43 wt% Ni L: 24 wt% Ni : 36 wt% Ni

B C D E
36

C0 = 35 wt% Ni alloy

1200

(solid)
110 0 20 30

Adapted from Fig. 10.4, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

35 C0

40

50

wt% Ni
Chapter 10 - 12

Cored vs Equilibrium Structures

_______________________ Cu-Ni _____: First to solidify has C = ____ wt% Ni.
Last to solidify has C = ____ wt% Ni.

______rate of cooling:
Equilibrium structure
Uniform C: 35 wt% Ni

_____ rate of cooling:

Cored structure
First to solidify: 46 wt% Ni Last to solidify: < 35 wt% Ni

Chapter 10 - 13

Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System

Effect of ________________________ on:
-- Tensile __________ (TS)
Tensile Strength (MPa)

-- Ductility (%EL)
Elongation (%EL)
60 50 40 30 20 0 20 Cu 40 60 80 100 Ni %EL for pure Cu %EL for pure Ni

400 300 TS for pure Cu 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cu Ni

Adapted from Fig. 10.6(a), Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

TS for pure Ni

Composition, wt% Ni

Composition, wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 10.6(b), Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 10 - 14

Binary-Eutectic Systems
_________________ has a special composition with a min. melting T.
1200

Ex.: Cu-Ag system

T(C)

Cu-Ag system

3 single phase regions L (liquid) 1000 (L, , ) L + 779C Limited solubility: 800 __________________ TE 8.0 __________________ 600 TE : No _______ below TE + 400 CE : Composition at temperature TE 200 ____________ reaction
0 20 40

71.9 91.2

L +

60 CE 80

100

L(CE)

(CE) + (CE)
cooling heating

C , wt% Ag

Adapted from Fig. 10.7, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

L(71.9 wt% Ag)

(8.0 wt% Ag) + (91.2 wt% Ag) Chapter 10 - 15

EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150C, determine:
-- the phases present Answer: + -- the phase compositions
Answer: C = __ wt% Sn C = __ wt% Sn

T(C)
300

Pb-Sn system

L (liquid) L+
18.3
183C

-- the relative amount of each phase

C - C0 C - C =

200 150 100

Answer: S = W = ____ 99 - 40 = 99 - 11 W = R = R+S 40 - 11 = 99 - 11

61.9

L +
97.8

S
+
99100 C

59 = _____ __ C0 - C C - C 29 = _____ __

0 11 20 C

40 C0

60

80

Adapted from Fig. 10.8, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

C, wt% Sn

Chapter 10 - 16

EX 2: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 220C, determine:
-- the phases present: Answer: + L -- the phase compositions
Answer: C = __ wt% Sn CL = __ wt% Sn

T(C)
300 220 200

Pb-Sn system

-- the relative amount of each phase

L+
R

L (liquid)
S
183C

L +

Answer: CL - C0 46 - 40 = W = CL - C 46 - 17 6 = = _____ __ C0 - C 23 = = _____ WL = CL - C __

100

+
0 17 20 C 40 46 60 C0 CL 80 100

Adapted from Fig. 10.8, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

C, wt% Sn
Chapter 10 - 17

Microstructural Developments in Eutectic Systems I

For alloys for which Co < 2 wt% Sn Result: at room temperature
--____________ with grains of __________ having __________ Co
T(C)
400 L 300 L: C0 wt% Sn

L
: C0 wt% Sn

L+ (Pb-Sn System)

200

TE
100

Adapted from Fig. 10.11, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

0 10 20 30 C0 C , wt% Sn 2 (room T solubility limit)

Chapter 10 - 18

Microstructural Developments in Eutectic Systems II

For alloys for which 400 2 wt% Sn < Co < 18.3 wt% Sn Result: at ___________ in + range300 --polycrystalline with __ grains and small __-phase _______ 200
TE
100

T(C) L L +

L: C0 wt% Sn

L : C0 wt% Sn

+
0 10 20 30

Pb-Sn system Sn

Adapted from Fig. 10.12, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

C0 C , wt% 2 (sol. limit at T room ) 18.3 (sol. limit at TE)

Chapter 10 - 19

Microstructural Developments in Eutectic Systems III

For alloy of composition Co = CE Result: Eutectic microstructure (________ structure)
--alternating layers (__________) of and phases.

T(C)
L: C0 wt% Sn

Pb-Sn system

300

200
TE

L+

L
183C

Micrograph of Pb-Sn eutectic microstructure

L+
160 m
Adapted from Fig. 10.14, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

100

+
0 20 18.3 40

: 97.8 wt% Sn : 18.3 wt%Sn

Adapted from Fig. 10.13, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

60 CE 61.9

80

C, wt% Sn

100 97.8

Chapter 10 - 20

Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Adapted from Figs. 10.14 & 10.15, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 10 - 21

Microstructural Developments in Eutectic Systems IV

For ______ for which 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn Result: phase particles and a ________ microconstituent T(C)
Pb-Sn system
300

L: C0 wt% Sn L

Just above TE :
C = ____ wt% Sn CL = ____ wt% Sn W = S = 0.50 R+S WL = (1- W) = 0.50

200
TE

L+
R

L
S

L+
S

Just below TE :
C = _____ wt% Sn
primary eutectic eutectic

100

20 18.3

40

60 61.9

80

100 97.8

Adapted from Fig. 10.16, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

C, wt% Sn

C = _____ wt% Sn W = S = 0.73 R+S W = 0.27

Chapter 10 - 22

Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic

Adapted from Fig. 10.8, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.8 adapted from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

T(C)

300 200
TE

L L+ + L+

(Pb-Sn System)

100

0
(Figs. 10.14 and 10.17 from Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructures, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.)

20

40

60
eutectic 61.9

80

100

C, wt% Sn

hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn

hypereutectic: (illustration only)

175 m

eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn

160 m eutectic micro-constituent
Adapted from Fig. 10.14, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Illustration only) Chapter 10 - 23

Intermetallic Compounds
Adapted from Fig. 10.20, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Mg2Pb
Note: intermetallic compound exists as a ____ on the diagram - not an ______ - because of stoichiometry (i.e. composition of a ___________ Chapter 10 - 24 is a fixed value).

Eutectic, Eutectoid, & Peritectic

Eutectic - liquid transforms to two solid phases L
cool heat

(For Pb-Sn, 183C, 61.9 wt% Sn)

_______ one solid phase __________ to two other solid phases __________ compound - cementite S2 S1+S3 cool + Fe3C (For Fe-C, 727C, 0.76 wt% C)
heat

________ - liquid and one solid phase transform to a second solid phase S1 + L S2 +L
cool heat

(For Fe-C, 1493C, 0.16 wt% C)

Chapter 10 - 25

Eutectoid & Peritectic

Cu-Zn Phase diagram
________transformation + L

________transformation

Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 10 - 26

Ceramic Phase Diagrams

MgO-Al2O3 diagram:

Adapted from Fig. 10.24, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 10 - 27

Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram

T(C) 2 important 1600 points - ________ (A): 1400 L + Fe3C + Fe3C

L Fe3C (cementite)
1148C

- _________ (B):

1200 1000 800 600

+L (austenite)

A
+Fe3C

L+Fe3C

727C = T eutectoid

+Fe3C 0.76
1 2 3 4

120 m

400 0 (Fe)

4.30

C, wt% C

6.7

Result: _______ = alternating layers of and Fe3C phases

(Adapted from Fig. 10.31, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.)

Fe3C (cementite-hard) (ferrite-soft)

Adapted from Fig. 10.28, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. Chapter 10 - 28

1600

T(C)

Hypoeutectoid Steel
L Fe3C (cementite)
1148C

1400

+L 1200 (austenite)
1000 800 600
727C

L+Fe3C

(Fe-C System)
Adapted from Figs. 10.28 and 10.33,Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.28 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

+ Fe3C

1
0.76

+ Fe3C
2 3 4 5 6

400 0 (Fe)C0
pearlite

C, wt% C
100 m

6.7

______________ _____

pearlite

__________ ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 10.34, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. Chapter 10 - 29

1600

T(C)

Hypoeutectoid Steel
L Fe3C (cementite)
1148C

1400

+L 1200 (austenite)
1000
727C

L+Fe3C

(Fe-C System)
Adapted from Figs. 10.28 and 10.33,Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.28 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

W = s/(r + s) 800 r s W =(1 - W)

pearlite

+ Fe3C

600

RS
1
0.76

+ Fe3C
2 3 4 5 6

Wpearlite = W

400 0 (Fe)C0

C, wt% C
100 m

6.7

W = S/(R + S) WFe3C =(1 W) pearlite

_______________ ______

__________ ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 10.34, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. Chapter 10 - 30

1600

T(C)

Hypereutectoid Steel
L
1148C

1400

Fe3C

1000 800 600

+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)

+L 1200 (austenite)

(Fe-C System) L+Fe3C

0.76 1 C0 2 3

+Fe3C
4 5

400 0 (Fe) pearlite

C, wt%C

6.7

Adapted from Figs. 10.28 and 10.36,Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.28 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

60 m________________ steel

pearlite

_____________ Fe3C
Chapter 10 - 31

Adapted from Fig. 10.37, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

1600

T(C)

Hypereutectoid Steel
L
1148C

1400 Fe3C

1000 800

W =x/(v + x) WFe3C =(1-W)

+Fe3C v x X
1 C0 2 3

Fe3C (cementite)

+L 1200 (austenite)

(Fe-C System) L+Fe3C

V 600
0.76

Wpearlite = W

pearlite 400 0 (Fe)

+Fe3C
4 5

C, wt%C

6.7

Adapted from Figs. 10.28 and 10.36,Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.28 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

______________ ______________ pearlite

60 mHypereutectoid steel

proeutectoid Fe3C
Chapter 10 - 32

Adapted from Fig. 10.37, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Example Problem
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C steel at a temperature just below the eutectoid, determine the following: a) The compositions of Fe3C and ferrite (). b) The amount of cementite (in grams) that forms in 100 g of steel. c) The amounts of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite () in the 100 g.

Chapter 10 - 33

Solution to Example Problem

a) Using the RS tie line just below the _____________
C = ______ wt% C CFe C = ____ wt% C
3

b) Using the ______ rule with 1600 the tie line shown
WFe 3C = = R C C = o R + S CFe 3C C
T(C)
1400 1200

L (austenite)
1148C

L+Fe3C

0.40 0.022 1000 = ______ 6.70 0.022

800 600 400 0 1

+ Fe3C
727C

Amount of Fe3C in ______ g = (100 g)WFe3C = (100 g)(0.057) = ____

S + Fe3C
2 3 4 5 6

C C0

C, wt% C
Chapter 10 - 34

CFe

6.7
3C

Fe C (cementite)

+L

Solution to Example Problem (cont.)

c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and realizing that
C0 = 0.40 wt% C C = 0.022 wt% C Cpearlite = C = _______ wt% C

1600

1200 1000 800

(austenite)

1148C

L+Fe3C

0.40 0.022 = 0.512 0.76 0.022

+ Fe3C VX
727C

Amount of pearlite in 100 g = (100 g)Wpearlite

600 400 0

+ Fe3C
1 2 3 4 5 6

= (100 g)(0.512) = _____

C C0 C

6.7

C, wt% C
Chapter 10 - 35

Fe C (cementite)

Wpearlite =

V C C = 0 V + X C C

T(C)

1400

+L

VMSE: Interactive Phase Diagrams

Microstructure, phase compositions, and phase fractions respond interactively

Change alloy composition

Chapter 10 - 36

Alloying with Other Elements

Teutectoid changes:
T Eutectoid (C)
Ti Mo Si Cr Mn Ni

Ceutectoid changes:
Ceutectoid (wt% C)
Ni Cr Si Ti Mo W Mn

wt. % of alloying elements

Adapted from Fig. 10.38,Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.38 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, 1939, p. 127.)

wt. % of alloying elements

Adapted from Fig. 10.39,Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 10.39 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, 1939, p. 127.)

Chapter 10 - 37

Summary
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
-- the number and types of phases present, -- the composition of each phase, -- and the weight fraction of each phase

given the temperature and composition of the system. The microstructure of an alloy depends on
-- its composition, and -- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of equilibrium.

Important phase diagram phase transformations include eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic.

Chapter 10 - 38