Chapter #14- Energy: Some Basics

1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis today? Explain. They over used it and decide to stop/slow down the use of it but it was all ready to late. They decide to import from other countries and try to learn new ways to provide energy for there country.

Energy Basics
2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation. Define the following: * Chemical Energy: Energy liberated by a chemical reaction or absorbed in the formation of a chemical compound. * Kinetic Energy: energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. * Heat Energy: describe the level of activity for the molecules in an object. An object with molecules that are very excited and zip around rapidly is known as being hot, while an object with molecules whose atoms move around less rapidly is known as cold. * Potential Energy: the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. 3: What is the first law of thermodynamics? Total energy must be conserved 4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy? Higher quality of the energy = more easily converted to work 5: What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Energy always tends to go from a more usable (higher-quality) form to a less usable (lowerquality) form

Energy Efficiency
6: Define: First-Law Efficiency Deals with the amount of energy without any consideration of the quality or availability of the energy 7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency Refers to how well matched the energy end use is with the quality of the energy source

Energy Units
8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined? The Metric System is based on the fundamental units of measure for length, volume, and mass. Metric System can be converted into units that are more appropriate for the quantity being measured by adding a prefix to the name of the base unit. 9: What is POWER? How is it expressed? An energy source that can only be used for a certain amount of time 10: What is thermal efficiency? The efficiency of a heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the heat supplied to it 11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause? When an electric current flows through any conductor, heat is generated due to collision of free electrons with atoms.

Energy Sources and Consumption

12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels?

90% of the energy consumed in the US comes from fossil fuels 13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently? 25%

Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration

Define the following: 14: Conservation: Using less energy 15: Cogeneration (defines and gives an example): Processes designed to capture and use waste heat (no thermal pollution) Captured waste heat increases overall efficiency of a typical power plant from 33% to 75% 16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating, Industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly 65% of the total energy use

Building Design
17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples. In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer

18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient?
Insulate your home, Revamp your windows, Replace old appliances, Use your appliances efficiently and Keep your water heater warm etc.

Industrial Energy
19: U.S. Industry consumes about 1/3 of the energy produced.

Values, Choices and Energy Conservation

20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy? Bike, walk, or take a bus or train to work 21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management? Sustainable alternative energy policy will have the following characteristics: Rely heavily on renewable energy resources, Diverse and tailored for maximum effectiveness, Flexible, accessible and understandable to most people, matched in energy quality, geographic distribution, and scale to end-use needs

Micropower
22: What is the concept of Micropower? Electrical power that is generated or utilized in relatively small quantities

Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030

23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global energy use to be in 2030? 474 exajoules in 2010, 2030 energy consumption of US may be 160 exajoules 24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year? 100 watts *.25=25 watts*365 days=9125 watts of energy from the brain 25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental damage? How?

The world more like the U.S. wont be able to keep everyone happy because there is already a shortage on supplies and as Americans use more and more and more people are being born in America its going to break down because the resources arent replenishing fast enough

26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States? Choosing to own fuel-efficient automobiles, living in more energy-efficient homes

Chapter #15: Fossil Fuels and the Environment

1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil? Exhausting one-half of the Earths oil supply, what is predicted to happen is that we will have to change our lifestyles and economies.

Fossil Fuels
2: How were fossil fuels created? Formed from incompletely decomposed organic matter converted by chemical reactions 3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they provide approximately 90% of the energy consumed worldwide.

Crude Oil and Natural Gas

4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created? Created in marine or lake sediments called depositional basins 5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks? Old rocks have had time to migrate, where they have eroded away 6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits? Anticline a arch shaped fold or a fault

Petroleum Production

7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production? Recovers only 25% of petroleum in reservoir 8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits? Increases the amount recovered to ~60%, Steam, water, or chemicals injected into the reservoir to push oil towards wells 9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found? In the Middle East 10: When will world oil production likely to peak? The world oil production will likely to peak in the next few decades, likely to be between 2020 2050

Natural Gas
11: How is natural gas primarily transported? By pipelines 12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel? Produces fewer pollutants than burning oil or coal, could be a transition fuel to alternative energy

Coal-Bed Methane
13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this represent?) Coal formation produces methane, Stored within coal Estimates = five-year supply Promising Energy Source 14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane? Environmental concerns Disposal of large volumes of salty water, Migration of methane, which may contaminate surrounding areas

Environmental benefits Produces much less carbon dioxide than coal or petroleum, Reduces the amount of methane released into the atmosphere

Black Shale Natural Gas

15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas? Water pollution and contamination of drinking water

Methane Hydrates
16: What is methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed? White, ice like compound, Made up of molecules of methane gas trapped in ice, Form as a result of microbial decomposition on the sea floor, Also found on land in permafrost 17: Where does methane hydrates form? Deposited beneath the seafloor at depths >500m

The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas

18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas? Air and water pollution, Acid rain, Global warming 19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas? Fractional Distillation at refineries, Crude oil heated so its components can be separated and collected 20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas? Accidental spills and slow leaks, Hydrocarbons released, polluting soil and ground water 21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge)?

For it has a lot of oil underneath the ground which America really needs but will end up using it all in 50 years Against it underneath Americas largest and oldest wild park reserve which is home to over a hundred animals and a millions insects

Coal
22: What is COAL? How is it created? Partially decomposed vegetation, Slowly transformed in solid, brittle carbonaceous rock if buried in a sedimentary environment, Most abundant fossil fuel, At current consumption rate could last 250 years 23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest? Anthracite highest 30-34, Lignite lowest 13-16

Coal Mining and the Environment

24: What is strip mining? Surface process, Overlying layers of soil and rock are stripped off to reach the coal, >1/2 of the coal in US mined this way 25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining? Acid mine drainage, Occurs where surface water infiltrates spoil banks, Water reacts with sulfide minerals to produce sulfuric acid, Acid pollutes streams and groundwater

Mountaintop Removal
26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal? Flood hazard increases, Coal waste sludge dams formed by mine waste, Toxic waste water is stored, Also produces large amounts of coal dust

27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require? US government required that mined land is restored to support pre-mining use, Prohibit mining on prime agricultural land, Reclamation includes, disposing of wastes, contouring the land, Replanting vegetation

Underground Mining
28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately 40% of the coal mined in the United States. 29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining? Mine shaft collapses, explosions, fires and respiratory illnesses. 30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining? Acid mine drainage and waste piles pollute streams, Land subsidence can occur over mine, Coal fires in underground mines, naturally caused, deliberately set

Transporting Coal
31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States? Freight trains, slurring pipelines

The Future of Coal

32: The burning of coal produces nearly 50% of the electricity used and about 25% of the total energy consumed in the United States today. 33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.? 50% of electricity, 25% of total energy consumed 34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate? Reducing coal emissions 35: What is allowance trading?

EPA grants utility companies tradable allowances for polluting, 1 allowance good for 1 ton of sulfur dioxide, Can be traded and sold by brokers

Oil Shale and Tar Sands

36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found? Fine grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter (kerogen), When heated to 500o C oil shale yields oil 37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale? Destructive distillation, Oil from shale called synfuel

Tar Sands
38: Why cant petroleum is recovered from tar sands from conventional methods? The oil is thick and big and cant flow as fast through the pipes 39: How is tar sands processed? Recovered by mining sands and washing the oil out with hot water, takes two tons of tar sand to produce one barrel of oil