Hacking Erlang

building strange and magical creations

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 Things Worth Trying:
•code injection
•meta programming
•reverse engineering byte code
•anything that makes Ericsson cringe...

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 Step 1
understanding the abstract format

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

What are forms?

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

Forms are tuples that

represent top-level
constructs like function
declarations and
attributes

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

form

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

form

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

form

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

Taking a step back:

Where do forms come from?

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 The Abstract Format
• a tree-like structure representing parsed Erlang code
• comprised of a list of forms

Forms are generated by grouping

and interpreting tokens scanned
from source code.

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 Scanning Source Code
the first step in compiling

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 Scanning Source Code
the first step in compiling

• use regular expressions to tokenize string

input

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 Scanning Source Code
the first step in compiling

• use regular expressions to tokenize string

input
• generate a list of tuples, each representing
an atomic unit of source code

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 erl_scan

This module contains functions for

tokenizing characters into Erlang
tokens.

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 erl_scan

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 token

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 token

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 token

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 erl_parse

This module is the basic Erlang

parser which converts tokens into
the abstract form of either forms,
expressions, or terms.

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 erl_parse

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 erl_parse

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 erl_parse

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 compile

This module provides an interface

to the standard Erlang compiler. It
can generate either a new file which
contains the object code, or return a
binary which can be loaded directly.

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 compile

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 compile

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 compile

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 compile

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 dynamic_compile
The dynamic_compile module performs
the actions we’ve just seen, plus takes care
of macro expansion and inclusion of
external header files.

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dynamic_compile
 moving on...

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 the parse_transform
debate...

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 Programmers
are strongly advised
NOT to engage in parse
transformations

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 yeah, you can do
everything with macros
anyway

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 wait! parse_transforms are
cool and have their place in the
language...in moderation.

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 How do parse_transforms work?

If the option {parse_transform, Module}

is passed to the compiler, a user written
function parse_transform/2 is called by
the compiler before the code is checked
for errors.

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 How do parse_transforms work?

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 How do parse_transforms work?

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 a pizza example

encode pizza

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 a pizza example

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 a pizza example

remember, at runtime all references

to record instances have been
replaced with indexed tuples.

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 a pizza example

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 expand_records.erl

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 intermission

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 Act II
compiling custom syntax

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 Compiling Custom Syntax

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 Compiling Custom Syntax

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 Compiling Custom Syntax

leex - A regular expression based lexical analyzer

generator for Erlang, similar to lex or flex.

yecc - An LALR-1 parser generator for Erlang, similar

to yacc.

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 leex
The leex module takes a definition file with the
extension .xrl as input and generates the source
code for a lexical analyzer as output.

<Header>
Definitions.
<Macro Definitions>
Rules.
<Token Rules>
Erlang Code.
<Erlang Code>

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 example_scanner.xrl
<Header>
Definitions.
<Macro Definitions>
Rules.
<Token Rules>
Erlang Code.
<Erlang Code>

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 example_scanner.xrl
Definitions.
A = [a-z][0-9a-zA-Z_]*
I = [0-9]+
WS = ([\000-\s]|%.*)

Rules.
<Token Rules>
Erlang Code.
<Erlang Code>

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 example_scanner.xrl
Definitions.
A = [a-z][0-9a-zA-Z_]*
I = [0-9]+
WS = ([\000-\s]|%.*)

Rules.
\➸ : {token,{module,TokenLine}}.
\➽ : {token,{function,TokenLine}}.
\✓ : {token,{'->',TokenLine}}.
\◤ : {token,{'[',TokenLine}}.
\◥ : {token,{']',TokenLine}}.
{A} : {token,{atom,TokenLine,list_to_atom(TokenChars)}}.
{I} : {token,{integer,TokenLine,list_to_integer(TokenChars)}}.
\➟ : {token,{'<-',TokenLine}}.
\✈ : {token,{'||',TokenLine}}.
\❤ : {token,{heart,TokenLine}}.
\✂{WS} : {end_token,{dot,TokenLine}}.
{WS}+ : skip_token.

Erlang Code.
<Erlang Code>

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 example_scanner.xrl
Definitions.
A = [a-z][0-9a-zA-Z_]*
I = [0-9]+
WS = ([\000-\s]|%.*)

Rules.
\➸ : {token,{module,TokenLine}}.
\➽ : {token,{function,TokenLine}}.
\✓ : {token,{'->',TokenLine}}.
\◤ : {token,{'[',TokenLine}}.
\◥ : {token,{']',TokenLine}}.
{A} : {token,{atom,TokenLine,list_to_atom(TokenChars)}}.
{I} : {token,{integer,TokenLine,list_to_integer(TokenChars)}}.
\➟ : {token,{'<-',TokenLine}}.
\✈ : {token,{'||',TokenLine}}.
\❤ : {token,{heart,TokenLine}}.
\✂{WS} : {end_token,{dot,TokenLine}}.
{WS}+ : skip_token.

Erlang code.

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 example_scanner.xrl

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 yecc
The yecc module takes a BNF* grammar
definition as input, and produces the source
code for a parser.
<Header>
<Non-terminals>
<Terminals>
<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code>

* Backus–Naur Form (BNF) is a metasyntax used to express context-free grammars: that is, a formal way to describe formal languages

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 example_parse.yrl
<Header>
<Non-terminals>
<Terminals> The header
<Root Symbol> provides a chance
<End Symbol> to add
<Erlang Code> documentation
before the module
declaration in your
parser

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 example_parse.yrl
Header "%% Copyright (C)"
"%% @Author Jacob Vorreuter"
We could do
<Non-terminals> something like
<Terminals> this, but
<Root Symbol>
whatever
<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code>

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 example_parse.yrl
<Non-terminals>
<Terminals>
<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code>

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 example_parse.yrl
<Non-terminals>
<Terminals> Terminal symbols are literal
<Root Symbol> strings forming the input of a
<End Symbol> formal grammar and cannot be
<Erlang Code> broken down into smaller units
without losing their literal
meaning

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 example_parse.yrl
<Non-terminals>

Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.

<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code>

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 example_parse.yrl
<Non-terminals>

Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.

<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code> These terminal symbols are the
products of the regular expressions
in our lexical analyzer

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 example_parse.yrl
<Non-terminals>

Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.

<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol> Nonterminal symbols are the rules
<Erlang Code> within the formal grammar consisting
of a sequence of terminal symbols or
nonterminal symbols. Nonterminal
symbols may self reference to specify
recursion.

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.

Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code>

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.

Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
<Root Symbol> Here we are declaring symbols
<End Symbol> that will be further defined as
<Erlang Code> descendants of the root symbol

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.
Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
<Root Symbol>
<End Symbol> The root symbol is the most
<Erlang Code> general syntactic category
which the parser ultimately will
parse every input string into.

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.
Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.

Rootsymbol element.
element -> module_declaration : '$1'.
element -> function_declaration : '$1'.
module_declaration -> module atom :
{attribute,line_of('$2'),module,value_of('$2')}.
function_declaration -> function atom '->' function_body :
{function,line_of('$2'),value_of('$2'),0,[{clause,line_of('$2'),[],[],'$4'}]}.
function_body -> comprehension : ['$1'].
comprehension -> '[' ']' : nil.
comprehension -> '[' integer '<-' integer '||' heart ']' :
{lc,line_of('$2'),{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},[{generate,line_of('$2'),
{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},
{call,line_of('$2'),{remote,line_of('$2'),{atom,line_of('$2'),lists},
{atom,line_of('$2'),seq}},['$2','$4']}}]}.

<End Symbol>
<Erlang Code>

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.
Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
Rootsymbol element.
element -> module_declaration : '$1'.
element -> function_declaration : '$1'.
module_declaration -> module atom :
{attribute,line_of('$2'),module,value_of('$2')}.
function_declaration -> function atom '->' function_body :
{function,line_of('$2'),value_of('$2'),0,[{clause,line_of('$2'),[],[],'$4'}]}.
function_body -> comprehension : ['$1'].
comprehension -> '[' ']' : nil.
comprehension -> '[' integer '<-' integer '||' heart ']' :
{lc,line_of('$2'),{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},[{generate,line_of('$2'),
{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},
{call,line_of('$2'),{remote,line_of('$2'),{atom,line_of('$2'),lists},
{atom,line_of('$2'),seq}},['$2','$4']}}]}.

<End Symbol> the end symbol is a declaration of

<Erlang Code> the end_of_input symbol that your
scanner is expected to use.

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.
Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
Rootsymbol element.
element -> module_declaration : '$1'.
element -> function_declaration : '$1'.
module_declaration -> module atom :
{attribute,line_of('$2'),module,value_of('$2')}.
function_declaration -> function atom '->' function_body :
{function,line_of('$2'),value_of('$2'),0,[{clause,line_of('$2'),[],[],'$4'}]}.
function_body -> comprehension : ['$1'].
comprehension -> '[' ']' : nil.
comprehension -> '[' integer '<-' integer '||' heart ']' :
{lc,line_of('$2'),{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},[{generate,line_of('$2'),
{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},
{call,line_of('$2'),{remote,line_of('$2'),{atom,line_of('$2'),lists},
{atom,line_of('$2'),seq}},['$2','$4']}}]}.

Endsymbol dot.

<Erlang Code>

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.
Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
Rootsymbol element.
element -> module_declaration : '$1'.
element -> function_declaration : '$1'.
module_declaration -> module atom :
{attribute,line_of('$2'),module,value_of('$2')}.
function_declaration -> function atom '->' function_body :
{function,line_of('$2'),value_of('$2'),0,[{clause,line_of('$2'),[],[],'$4'}]}.
function_body -> comprehension : ['$1'].
comprehension -> '[' ']' : nil.
comprehension -> '[' integer '<-' integer '||' heart ']' :
{lc,line_of('$2'),{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},[{generate,line_of('$2'),
{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},
{call,line_of('$2'),{remote,line_of('$2'),{atom,line_of('$2'),lists},
{atom,line_of('$2'),seq}},['$2','$4']}}]}.
Endsymbol dot. The Erlang code section
can contain any functions
<Erlang Code> that we need to call from
our symbol definitions

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 example_parse.yrl
Nonterminals element module_declaration function_declaration function_body
comprehension.
Terminals atom integer heart module function '[' ']' '->' '<-' '||'.
Rootsymbol element.
element -> module_declaration : '$1'.
element -> function_declaration : '$1'.
module_declaration -> module atom :
{attribute,line_of('$2'),module,value_of('$2')}.
function_declaration -> function atom '->' function_body :
{function,line_of('$2'),value_of('$2'),0,[{clause,line_of('$2'),[],[],'$4'}]}.
function_body -> comprehension : ['$1'].
comprehension -> '[' ']' : nil.
comprehension -> '[' integer '<-' integer '||' heart ']' :
{lc,line_of('$2'),{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},[{generate,line_of('$2'),
{var,line_of('$2'),'A'},
{call,line_of('$2'),{remote,line_of('$2'),{atom,line_of('$2'),lists},
{atom,line_of('$2'),seq}},['$2','$4']}}]}.
Endsymbol dot.

Erlang code.
value_of(Token) -> element(3, Token).
line_of(Token) -> element(2, Token).
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 example_parse.yrl

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 example_parse.yrl

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 example_parse.yrl

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 example_parse.yrl

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 example4.erl

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 custom syntax in
the wild...
• Lisp Flavored Erlang

• Prolog Interpreter for Erlang

• Erlang implementation of the Django Template Language

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 END

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