#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header #include <util/delay.

h> //delay header #define LCD_DPRT PORTA //LCD DATA PORT #define LCD_DDDR DDRA //LCD DATA DDR #define LCD_DPIN PINA //LCD DATA PIN #define LCD_CPRT PORTB //LCD COMMANDS PORT #define LCD_CDDR DDRB //LCD COMMANDS DDR #define LCD_CPIN PINB //LCD COMMANDS PIN #define LCD_RS 0 //LCD RS #define LCD_RW 1 //LCD RW #define LCD_EN 2 //LCD EN //******************************************************* void delay_us(unsigned int d) { _delay_us(d); } //******************************************************* void lcdCommand( unsigned char cmnd ) { LCD_DPRT = cmnd; // send cmnd to data port LCD_CPRT &= ~(1<<LCD_RS); // RS =0 for command LCD_CPRT &= ~(1<<LCD_RW); //RW = 0 for write LCD_CPRT |= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(1); //wait to make enable wide LCD_CPRT &= ~ (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 0 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(100); //wait to make enable wide } //******************************************************* void lcdData( unsigned char data ) { LCD_DPRT = data; //send data to data port LCD_CPRT |= (1<<LCD_RS); //RS = I for data LCD_CPRT &= ~ (1<<LCD_RW); //RW = 0 for write LCD_CPRT |= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(1); //wait to make enable wide LCD_CPRT &= ~ (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 0 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(100); //wait to make enable wide } //******************************************************* void lcd_init() { LCD_DDDR = OxFF; LCD_CDDR = OxFF; LCD_CPRT &= ~ (1<<LCD_EN); delay_us(2000); lcdCommand(0x38); lcdCommand(0x0E); lcdCommand(0x01); delay_us(2000); lcdCommand(0x06); //LCD_EN = 0 //wait for init. //init. LCD 2 line, 5 x 7 matrix //display on, cursor on //clear LCD //wait //shift cursor right

} //******************************************************* void lcd_gotoxy(unsigned char x, unsigned char y) { unsigned char firstCharAdr[]={0x80,0xC0,0x94,0xD4};//Table 12-5

lcdCommand(firstCharAdr[y-1] + x - 1); delay_us(100); } //******************************************************* void lcd_print( char *str ) { unsigned char i = 0; while(str[i] !=0) { lcdData(str[i]); i++ ; } } //******************************************************* int main (void) { lcd_init(); lcd_gotoxy(1,1); lcd_print("The world is but"); lcd_gotoxy(1,2); lcd_print("one country"); while(1); //stay here forever return 0; } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /* Program 12-5: Communicating with LCD Using 8-bit Data in C CHAPTER 12: LCD AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING 445 Program 12-6 shows how to use 4-bit data to interface an LCD to the AVR in C lan guage. #include <avrao.h> //standard AVR header #include <util/delay.h> //delay header #define LCD_DPRT PORTA //LCD DATA PORT #define LCD_DDDR DDRA //LCD. DATA DDR #define LCD_DPIN PINA //LCD DATA PIN #define LCD_CPRT PORTB //LCD COMMANDS PORT #define LCD_CDDR DDRB //LCD COMMANDS DDR #define LCD_CPIN PINB //LCD COMMANDS PIN #define LCD_RS 0 //LCD RS #define LCD_RW 1 //LCD RW #define LCD EN 2 //LCD EN void delay us(int d) { _delay_us(d); } void lcdCommand( unsigned char cmnd ) { LCD_DPRT = cmnd & OxFO; //send high nibble to D4-D7 LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_RS);//RS = 0 for command LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_RW); //RW = 0 for write LCD_CPRT 1= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(1);//make EN pulse wider LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN =0 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(100); //wait LCD_DPRT = cmnd<<4; //send low nibble to D4-D7

LCD_CPRT 1= (1<<LCD_EN);//EN = 1 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(1); //make EN pulse wider LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 0 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(100); //wait } void lcdData( unsigned char data ) { LCD_DPRT = data & OxFO; //send high nibble to D4-D7 LCD_CPRT 1= (1<<LCD_RS);//RS= 1 for data LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_RW); //RW = 0 for write LCD_CPRT 1= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(1); //make EN pulse wider LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_EN);//EN = 0 for H-to-L pulse LCD_DPRT = data<<4;//send low nibble to D4-D7 LCD_CPRT 1= (1<<LCD EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L pulse Program 12-6: Communicating with LCD Using 4-bit Data in C (continued on next pa ge) 446 delay_us(1); //make EN pulse wider LCD_CPRT &= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 0 for H-to-L pulse delay_us(100); //wait void lcd_init() LCD_DDDR = OxFF; LCD_CDDR = OxFF; LCD_CPRT &=-(1<<LCD_EN);//LCD _EN = 0 lcdCommand(0x33); //send $33 for init. lcdCommand(0x32); //send $32 for init. lcdCommand(0x28); //init. LCD 2 line,5x7 matrix lcdCommand(Ox0e); //display on, cursor on lcdCommand(0x01); //clear LCD delay_us(2000); lcdCommand(0x06); //shift cursor right void lcd_gotoxy(unsigned char x, unsigned char y) unsigned char firstCharAdr[]={0x80,0xCO30x94,0xD4}; lcdCommand(firstCharAdr[y-1] + x - 1); delay_us(100); void lcd_print(char * str ) { unsigned char i = 0; while(str[i] !=0) lcdData (strf ) ; i++ ; } int main (void) lcd_init(); lcd_gotoxy(1,1); lcd_print("The world is but") lcd_gotoxy(1,2); lcd_print("one country"); while (1); //stay here forever return 0; Program 12-6: Communicating with LCD Using 4-bit Data in C CHAPTER 12: LCD AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING 447 Program 12-7 shows how to use 4-bit data to interface an LCD to the AVR in C lan

guage. It uses only a single port. Also there are some useful functions to print a string (array of chars) or to move the cursor to a specific location. #include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header #include <utilidelay.h> //delay header #define LCD_PRT PORTA //LCD DATA PORT #define LCD_DDR DDRA //LCD DATA DDR #define LCD PIN PINA //LCD DATA PIN #define LCD_RS 0 //LCD RS #define LCD_RW 1 //LCD RW #define LCD_EN 2 //LCD EN void delay_us(int d) { _delay_us(d); } void delay_ms(int d) { _delay ms(d); } void lcdCommand( unsigned char cmnd) LCD_PRT = (LCD_PRT & Ox0F)| (cmnd & OxF0) LCD_PRT &= (1<<LCD_RS); //RS = 0 for command LCD_PRT &= (1<<LCD_RW); //RW = 0 for write LCD_PRT 1= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L delay_us(1); //wait to make EN wider LCD_PRT &= (1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 0 for H-to-L delay us(20); //wait LCD_PRT = (LCD_PRT & Ox0F) | (cmnd << 4); LCD_PRT 1= (1<<LCD EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L delay_us(1); //wait to make EN wider LCD_PRT &= (1<<LCD_EN); EN = 0 for H-to-L void lcdData( unsigned char data ){ LCD_PRT = (LCD_PRT & 0x0F) | (data & OxF0); LCD_PRT |=(1<<LCD_RS); LCD_PRT &= //RS = 1 for data LCD PRT 1=(1<<LCD_RS); //RW= 0 for write LCD_PRT |=(1<<LCD_EN); //EN = 1 for H-to-L Program 12-7: Communicating with LCD Using 4-bit Data in C (continued on next pa ge) 448 */