Macroscopic energy balance 1

CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 10

Reading: Fox 4.8 and 4.9

Q

W =
dE
dt

sys
E
sys
=

M
sys
e dm =

V
sys
edV
e = u +
v
2
2
+gz
(1) (2) (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Macroscopic energy balance 2: RTT
4
Apply the Reynolds transport theorem to E
sys
:
Recall: Reynolds Transport Theorem:
1: rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property of the
system
2: time rate of change of arbitrary extensive property N, with
the corresponding intensive property
3: net rate of flux of extensive property N out through the
control surface
dN
dt

sys
=

CV
dV +

CS
vdA
1 2 3

Q

W =
dE
dt

sys
=

CV
e dV +

CS
evdA
Macroscopic energy balance 3: work
Types of work done by control volume (remember W > 0 when
work is done by CV on surroundings):
.
1: Shaft work: rate of work transferred out through CS by shaft
2: Work done by normal stresses:
5

W = lim
t0
W
t
= lim
t0
F ds
t
= F v

W =

W
s
+

W
normal
+

W
shear
+

W
other
1 2 3 4
dF
normal
v =
nn
dA v

W
normal
=

CS

nn
dA v =

CS

nn
v dA
work done by CV through CS
dF
shear
= dA

W
shear
=

CS
vdA
3: Work done by shear stresses:
n
Macroscopic energy balance 4: work
3: Work done by normal stresses:
4: Other work: includes terms from electromagnetism
(we will generally neglect this term)
6

W
shear
=

CS
vdA =

A
shaft
vdA

A
surf
vdA

A
port
vdA
v = 0

W
shear
= 0
dF
shear
= dA

W
shear
=

CS
vdA
already
accounted
for in 1
0
v = 0 on
surface
by choice of CS s.t. dA is perpendicular
to velocity, can be made 0
and
n
n n
n
n
Macroscopic energy balance 5: all together
Defnition of specifc volume:
7
Rearrange:

Q

W
s
+

Cs

nn
v dA

W
shear

W
other
=

CV
e dV +

CS
ev dA

Q

W
s

W
shear

W
other
=

CV
e dV +

CS
ev dA

Cs

nn
v dA
=
1
v

CS

nn
v dA =

CS

nn
vv dA
Macroscopic energy balance 6: energy eqn
8

nn
p
Ignore viscous effects and assume
Final energy equation (with substitution for enthalpy):

Q

W
s

W
shear

W
other
=

CV
e dV +

CS
(e + pv)v dA
Substitute into energy equation:

Q

W
s

W
shear

W
other
=

CV
e dV +

CS
(e
nn
v)v dA
Review: energy, enthalpy of ideal gases
For an ideal gas:
energy
enthalpy
9
u = u(T)
c
v
=
du
dT
u
2
u
1
=

T
2
T
1
c
v
dT = c
v
(T
2
T
1
)
c
p
=
dh
dT
h
2
h
1
=

T
2
T
1
c
p
dT = c
p
(T
2
T
1
) h = u +
p

= u(T) +
RT
M
w
= h(T)
from ideal gas law
v
f
Example: air compressor 1
Given: Air at STP enters a compressor at velocity
v
i
= 75 m/s and leaves at absolute pressure P
f
=
200 kPa and temperature T
f
= 345 K and velocity
v
f
= 125 m/s. The fow rate is m = 1 kg/s. The
cooling water circulating around the compressor
casing removes dQ/dm = 18 kJ/kg of air.
Calculate: the power required by compressor.
Assumptions:
10

s
v
i
Continuity:
.
.
m
Example: air compressor 2
11
v
f

s
v
i
Check for solution:
Recall: power is energy/time!
.
m
Equation
Example: Compressed air 1
Given: Compressed air stored in bottle with volume V = 0.5 m
3
at
pressure p = 20 MPa and temperature T = 60C. When a valve is
opened, mass fows from bottle at rate m = 0.05 kg/s.
.
Calculate: rate of change of temperature in bottle.
Apply continuity: Assumptions:
Apply 1
st
law:
12
Example: Compressed air 2
Using continuity, defnition of c
v
:
13
Check for solution:
Simplify the previous equation:
Example: pump 1
14
Given: Centrifugal water pump with 0.1-m diameter inlet and 0.1-m
diameter discharge pump has a fow rate of 0.02 m3/s. Inlet pressure
0.2m Hg vacuum and exit pressure 240 kPa. Inlet and outlet at same
elevation. Measured power input 6.75 kW.
Calculate: pump effciency.
Apply continuity: Assumptions:
Basic equation:
Example: pump 2
15
Given: Centrifugal water pump with 0.1-m diameter inlet and 0.1-m
diameter discharge pump has a fow rate of 0.02 m3/s. Inlet pressure
0.2m Hg vacuum and exit pressure 240 kPa. Inlet and outlet at same
elevation. Measured power input 6.75 kW.
Calculate: pump effciency.
Checks: