Basic Flash Photography

Table of Contents
Flash Basics - Guide Numbers, Bounce, Camera Settings, Lens AOV Manual Flash - Power Adjustments Built-In Flash - Beyond your Instruction Manual Dedicated Flash - Shutter speeds, Adapters TTL Autoexposure Flash - Sensors, Light Meters, Autofocus

FLASH BASICS
Every time you use your flash do you wince? Did your inner self nudge you with that Its gonna be a lousy FLASH shot! question? Do you take more flash shots of the same thing than you really need just because the uncertainties of Flash Photography scare you? I might scare you but your flash can be tamed. Flash units provide portable light for your low-light photography. Thats low-LIGHT. You put batteries in and get bright light out. Ah, but how much light do you get out and how can you be sure its the correct amount of light? Read your Instruction Manual? Thats a start; but not a finish. In most situations you can set your flash to one setting and just leave it there. And as most people find themselves taking the same general types of pictures each time they grab the camera, you will find yourself actually remembering your flash settings without even considering the consequences. Itll come naturally to you. So, now that weve broken the ice lets get through the hard part that youll probably never need to know; Guide Numbers! A flash units Guide Number, or GN, is its rating of maximum light output at full power with fresh batteries. The higher the GN the brighter the light. Not too hard. But, theres a formula either YOU can use to calculate by or you can let your appropriately equipped camera/flash do the calculations.

As most cameras/flash units today do the calculations for you, the emphasis to remember this hard stuff is diminished. But everyone doesnt have or necessarily want to use automation and dedication; they have inquiring minds and just want to know. We just LOVE starving brains! The first thought to understanding flash: Flash works from reflected light. Reflected light is light that has reached your subject from your flash and your subject has reflected enough of it to expose your film correctly. So, you have a flash and you know its GN and you want to use it to take flash pictures. Is it strong, bright, enough for your kind of photography? Lets find out. We mentioned a formula: GN/distance = f/stop This says: Divide the GN of your flash by the distance your flash must travel to your subject. The dividend will be the lens aperture setting for a proper exposure. The f/stop is based on ISO 100 speed film. You have the flash unit and hopefully know its GN. You also know how far away your subject is. (Look at the distance ring on your lens.) You always have the first two parts of the formula; you want to know the third.

If your subject is 10 feet away and you have a GN of 46 you simply insert these two known values into the formula, 46 10 = 4.6, or f/4.6. Dont have an f/4.6 you say? Set your aperture ring halfway between f/4 and f/5.6. Well discuss this a bit more in a minute. Another example: Your flash has a GN of 80 and your subjects is 6 feet away. 80 6 = 13.3. Dont have one of these either, we bet. Can you guess? Between f/11 and f/16? Right. And another: GN = 80 and distance = 10 feet. 80 10 = 8. We know you can find this one; f/8. And one more: GN = 60 and distance = 30 feet. 60 30 = 2. Unless youre using your 50mm lens or have a nice lens arsenal you are probably going to have to either move closer to your subject or use a faster film. A faster film, hmmm... You can see by this last example that trying to use a lower powered flash is not such a good idea if youre shooting any distance. We know from past lessons that using faster films allows us to use smaller apertures. If the f/2 setting is going to be a problem you will want to use either ISO 200 (f/2.8) or even ISO 400 (f/4). For ISO 200 film we can stop down 1 stop because the ISO 200 film is 1 stop more light sensitive than ISO 100. Likewise, the ISO 400 film is 2 stops faster than ISO 100 allowing us to stop down 2 stops more than ISO 100 speed film would allow us in this 30 foot expanse of light. Your manual might have a chart showing the aperture settings and film ISOs at given distances, but if youre any good at math you can just figure GN/distance = f/stop and adjust your aperture setting based on your film speed.

Or you can buy a flash with a GN of up to 200. Gn (200) distance (30 feet) = 6.7, or f/5.6-f/8 with ISO 100. Its cheaper to use a faster film, but your enlarged image quality might suffer. Also, your DOF choices will increase when smaller apertures are available. One other point about setting your aperture. If youre using color negative film you dont have to worry about setting your lens aperture halfway between. You can round down or up; you probably wont notice the difference because of the exposure latitude of the film. HOWEVER, slide film users will want to be VERY careful to expose their film at the correct halfway setting if thats how it computes. Remember, 1/2 stop of incorrect exposure goes a long way into disaster with slide film. Comfortable? Good. Distance. Its not all its cracked up to be. Youve taken this kind of flash picture before; someone or thing against a wall. And the result was Me. And. My. ssshhhaDOW! One word; bounce. Bouncing your flashs light off the ceiling or a nearby wall would have diffused the harsh light and softened the shadows effect. But bouncing introduces several more aspects to our GN/distance=f/stop formula. You still need to know the distance your flash must travel to get to your subject. If the ceiling is your bounce source, your flash output must first get to the ceiling, a distance, and then get back down to your subject, another distance. Plus, you must correctly figure the angle of incidence (angle of light to the ceiling) and the angle of reflectance (angle back to the subject). Otherwise the flash might miss your subject. Pool players cannot apply english to bounce flash photography.

Assuming youve figured the distance and angles correctly you must also take into consideration the reflectance value of the ceiling; how much of your light will it absorb? And what color is the ceiling? If its other than white youre gonna get that color of light being reflected down onto your subject. If she wore a white gown at the wedding and the ceiling is red; well you get the disaster.... Many of todays cameras can sync their shutter speed to several settings that will work with your flash unit. Up to now weve only discussed setting the aperture correctly; but you KNOW, (dont you?) you must also set your shutter speed for any good exposure. Your flash unit has to syncronize with your shutter. Otherwise youll be shooting your propellar full of bullets! Depending on your camera brand and type your shutter speed selector dial will have an indication denoting the correct setting for using your flash, usually anywhere from 1/60 to 1/250 second. Cameras with auto-sync might not display any indication. If your camera allows, you may have a selection of several speeds from which to choose affording you the opportunity of stop action creativity. Keep exposure in mind as this can be tricky! If you neglect to properly set your shutter speed to the flash sync speed youll most likely be disappointed with your results. Choosing too fast a shutter speed will cause the shutter to open and close before the flash unit gets the signal to fire. Your shutter will already be closing before the flash can fire resulting in only a portion of your film being exposed. This was such a recurring problem in the past that the camera manufacturers introduced the auto-sync feature taking the burden of proof from the hands of the photographer.

One more basic consideration; your lens. Weve already considered the maximum aperture of your lens in relation to the power output of your flash, but the lens angle of view (AOV) must be covered. If you have interchangeable lenses you must take caution of the light coverage area of your flash unit. If your lens can see wider than your flash can cover youd better think again. Go shopping! Many flash units either come standard with zoom flash heads or can be adapted with add-on filters that will effectively spread-out the light to cover the lens youre using. Some will even auto-zoom if they are equiped to sense which lens youve attached to your camera! The flashes that have the zoom feature built-in simply require you to pay enough attention to adjust the zoom head as you change focal length. These units can adjust from wide angle to telephoto. The flashes that offer a zoom adapter require you to attach the filter holder and the appropriate filter before using another lens. The auto-zoom flash heads know which lens youve selected and will adjust themselves to the correct setting. Keep extra batteries on hand as these automated features must get their power from somewhere. Knowing which lens youre using, which flash filter is correct, and what your flash power output is adjusted to will take you a long way toward taking good flash pictures. Paying attention and applying these basic principles will do the rest.

MANUAL FLASH
In Basic Flash we talked about getting more for your money by using a faster ISO film which kinda increased the GN of your flash. Well, there are times when you might want to decrease your flashs light output. Such as... If you only had just a little more light to illuminate that flower you found growing in the forest. What a great picture with its purple petals against that deep green moss covering behind it. But its just too dark and the contrast is too subtle for an available light shot, but your flash is WAY too powerful and would cause the flower to wilt. What to do; what to DO!?! If your flash unit has a power setting then youre in luck. Figuring your exposure can be tricky, but you CAN get the shot just the way you want it. You figure you just need a little poof from your flash to highlight the flower without burning it and the moss into overexposure. First thing is to be certain your flash can aim at the flower. If its gonna shoot straight out over the top of everything then whats the sense in trying? Carry a portable ceiling around with you? Yep! Go to the camera store and buy an 18% grey card. One side is 18% grey while the other side is white. Bounce your flash off the white side of the card (or any white card) to soften the flash as it travels to the flower. Dont forget to measure the distance correctly. The white card will reflect almost all the light the flash fires.

After youve measured the distance youll be referencing your flashs exposure scale or computing its GN to figure your aperture setting. Lets do one. Your camera is only about 2 feet away from the flower. You know you want the green moss to be a bit soft so you also consider your DOF. Your flash has a GN of 80 and you have ISO 100 film loaded. 80 2 = 40. f/40? Wont wash! Even if your flashs GN is 40; 40 2 = 20. f/22 might be available but f/22 will also give you too much DOF. You know youre gonna bounce your flash; thatll help. Two feet up to the card and two feet back down equals 4 feet. GN80 4=20 (f/22), GN40 4=10 (f/11). Depending on which power flash you are using youre still gonna get more DOF that you probably want. And youre already using slow (ISO 100) film! So, what gives? Power. If this is your type of photography then youll want a flash unit that allows you to VARY or REDUCE its power output. That is, it can electronically, within itself, reduce how much light it fires. If you spend time shooting close-ups you will become very familiar with this information. Itll make life SO much simpler. Normally these power reduction values will look like this: 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32. Each of these is 1 stop less light output from the flash. Back to our examples, GN80 @4 ft = f/22, but by reducing the power to 1/16 (4 stops LESS flash power) you could open your lens aperture to f/5.6. Or f/4 at the 1/32 setting. Or, you could move the white card a little further away causing the flashs light to travel farther and open your lens aperture more, further reducing your DOF. Experiment with your power settings for different effects.

BUILT-IN FLASH
Your Owners Manual can sometime leave you with that WHAT? feeling. Someone had to write the explanatory text and then someone else editted that, and then someone else had the final job of making that text fit the booklet. As youve borne witness, were not limited to space. We want you to understand and prosper; or is that go forth and prospect? Flash... Even though your Manual says to keep your subject within a certain distance from the camera, you might have other flash settings, or distances, available to you. One of our fully automatic cameras with a built-in flash does just that; it gives the specifications for just one distance range. Were okay from 1&5/8 feet to 8&1/3 feet. Anyone know how far 5/8 of a foot is? Like youre not having to remember enough stuff trying to take a picture as it is. Why not say 1/2 foot. And 1/3? Come on...1/ 2 foot would do here just as well. If two inches is gonna mess me up, is 5/8 and 1/3 gonna make me healthy? Cease the criticisms. So, 1&1/2 to 8&1/2 feet is how near and how far my subject can be from my flash. Thats it? Then why did the camera manufacturer give me a low power setting for the flash? And how much light do I get at the low setting? I have to experiment. Really! So, I take a regular flash shot at full power and then another from the same position at low power. Then I move one-half the distance closer to my subject, leave the flash on low power and take another exposure. Then I move one-half of that distance closer and take one more exposure. Then I wait to see how they turn out. Doing this

experiment with slide film will give you a better basis on which to judge your available flash range as the photofinisher cant compensate for any over or underexposure. It turns out that low on this particular camera cuts the flash power in half. I still have a minimum distance of 1&1/2 feet, but my maximum distance is now only 4 feet. The flash still has the power to illuminate subjects up close properly, but the reduced power causes the light to drop off at about 4 feet. Avoid shooting with your flash if your subjects background is shiny such as glass or a mirror. If youll change your shooting angle to the side your flash will still illuminate your subject and the background wont blast you with reflectance. Changing the shooting angle will also help to prevent you from underexposing your film because of the extra reflectance the exposure meter will see. And then theres red-eye. Not the saloon or the flight, but the creature from another planet effect you see when you take a flash picture of a person while in a very dark area. The darkness of the surroundings causes your subjects eyes to dilate. When the flash fires the light reflected from your subjects retina is red and records onto your film as red dots. Preventing this has been a problem with cameras using built-in flash. Before you had to turn on all the lights so the persons eyes wouldnt dilate as much or you had to use an off-camera flash. Todays cameras have an electronic circuit that fires a pre-flash to make the subjects eyes stop down and then fires the exposing flash for the actual picture. Saves the day!

The further you can get the flash away from the camera lens the less likely you are to get red-eye. So some cameras have pop-up flash units that increase this angle of incidence to minimize the effect. Remember to raise the flash before snapping the shutter release! Now you know that Flash Photography works with reflected light. If the flash doesnt have the power to go the distance, then there wont be enough light reflected back to expose the film properly. Know the limitations of your flash unit and live within them. You can cheat a little with color negative film because of its exposure latitude, but slide film users BEWARE! DON'T YOU DARE!

DEDICATED FLASH
Dedicated flash units are specifically designed to automatically syncronize the cameras shutter speed setting for which they were designed whenever the flash unit is attached to the camera body and the flash is turned on. This forgoes the errant half-frame exposures most of us old-timers have encountered and allows you to relax knowing your flash pictures will at least be sync-ed properly. Most flash manufacturers offer the flash unit sold separately from the dedicated module that actually attaches to the camera body. This way its less expensive for them to make and less expensive for you to own, expecially if you have more than one camera type that accepts a dedicated flash; just buy the module that is sold separately. The dedicated module can also access other camera features such as exposure automation. The dedicated part of the flash is connected to a light meter within the camera body and can sense when there has been enough light on the film from the reflected flash to properly illuminate the scene and will cut the flash off automatically. Some of these dedicated modules have the same type of sensor built into them should the camera body not exhibit this internal feature. The results are usually similar, however the former is more accurate especially when doing close-up photography. Measuring the amount of light that actually hits the film is more accurate than the measurement the flashs built-in sensor reads.

If your camera has selectable and/or automatic features you will want to invest in a flash that can take advantage of all these features. If youre into manual control of your light you might also want a manual flash. You never know when youll need more light or an additional light from a different angle. These dedicated flash units are also handy when using a wide-angle flash adapter lens on your flash head. The reduced GN (because of the light being spread-out and not going so far) can be tricky to figure while the automatic sensor of the flash can take care of the proper amount of light to use. Most of these flash units have a failsafe indicator that will illuminate when there has been enough light reflected back to the sensor for a good exposure. If this sensor doesnt illuminate youd better shoot it again with more power, faster film, or closer proximity. This is a nice feature to have when bouncing your light onto your subject or when doing flash photography outdoors at night. And if your camera has the sensor built-in you can place your flash anywhere, separate from the camera, to better light your subject while letting the cameras internal sensor do all the work.

TTL AUTOEXPOSURE FLASH

TTL stands for Through-The-Lens. This usually means that the light entering your camera is being metered by a sensor positioned in such a way that it sees the light that actually hits the film during the exposure and judges when to termiSingle contact means nate the exposure based on its findings. This is a you get to do it ALL! different system than we had several years ago. Our only choice back then was to have a light meter that sensed light being reflected off the cameras mirror and into a sensor to judge our exposure. For flash photography this was useless as the mirror is up and out of the light path during an exposure. Flashes back then simply received a signal from the camera saying the shutter is open! you can flash now!. Technology has enabled the camera manufacturers to add more automated electronics to figure your exposure, your focus, your aperture, and your shutter speed. Either accept these advancements or rely on what youve been taught and have learned from experience to make that great exposure. The more contacts you see in the hotshoe, the more features and automation you can expect from your camera and flash. TTL metering sees it all; daylight, available light, flash, and fill. Its a wonderful advancement in photographic technology. If your camera doesnt have it you can take the same pictures, and equally well. Its just that TTL metering can be more accurate during those difficult and confusing times.

Your camera might even have an autofocus feature that works off the TTL meter inside the camera body. In dark situations when it would be difficult to focus, your TTL meter along with your flashs Auto Focus electronic circuitry work to provide enough light with which your cameras autofocus feature can work to not only properly expose your film but to accurately adjust the focus as well. When you trip the shutter release the camera sends a signal to the flash telling it to test the scene for lighting and focussing information using its built-in infra-red (IR) electronics. In the split second it takes to assertain this information the camera then knows where to set the autofocus and which aperture to select for the optimal exposure. The shutter then opens and closes for the automatic shutter speed time and the film is exposed by the proper flash power output. The time-lag of this operation will normally go unnoticed on film. Some of these same automatic cameras even know where your eye is looking within the viewfinder and will adjust their focus and DOF for that area of your scene!

Science fiction; where would technology be without it?