DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SHAFTS

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!

Basis for Beam Design

Stress Variations Throughout a Prismatic
Beam
Design of pristmatic beams
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!

Steel beams
Wooden beams

Design of Shaft
!
!

Combined bending
Torsion

Basis for Beam Design

- The effects of an internal axial force are often neglected in design.
- Application of shear and flexure formulas are limited to beams made of a
homogeneous material that has linear-elastic behavior.
- The cross-sectional area must have an axis of symmetry in the plane of
the loading.
- The design does provide an adequate means of obtaining both a safe and
economical design.

Stress Variations Throughout a Prismatic Beam

P
w
A

B-

RA
V

RA

RC

2m

2m
RA
+
RA - P
Mmax

x
-RC
x

NA
B-

5
4
3
2
1

4
3
2

Shear stress
distribution ()

4
2
5

Bending stress
distribution ()

5
M
4
3
2
1 V

NA
B-

y
5

3
2

max

1
x (-5, 0)

y (0, 0)

max

y
4

x (-4, 4)
1

max

maxy (0, -4)

y
3

x (0, 3)
2
y (0, -3)

5
M
4
3
2
1 V

NA
B-

3
2

2
1

y
2

2
2

x (2, 2)
2

1
y (0, -2)
max

max

max

x (1, 0)

y (0, 0)

max

Prismatic Beam Design

Section Modulus (S)

Mc
I

M
I /c

M
S

S req 'd =

allow

Example 1
A beam is to be made of steel that has an allowable bending stress of
allow = 150 MPa and an allowable shear stress of allow = 100 MPa.
Select an appropriate W shape that will carry the loading shown.

100 kN

200 kN

2m

2m

2m

200 kN

100 kN
Allowable normal stress: allow = 150 MPa

50 kN
2m

250 kN
2m

2m

V(kN)
50

+
-

(200x103) = 1333x103 mm3

150x106
x(m) Using the table in Appendix B,
the following beams are adequate:

-150
M(kNm)
100
+
-200

M
allow

100
+

Sreqd =

M
S

x (m)

W 610x82

S = 1870x103 mm3

W 460x97

S = 1910x103 mm3

W 460x89

S = 1770x103 mm3

W 460x82

S = 1610x103 mm3

W 460x74

S = 1460x103 mm3

W 410x85

S = 1510x103 mm3

Use W 460x74 because the beam having the least weight.

200 kN

50 kN
2m

W 460x74 : A = 9460 mm2, d = 457 mm,

tw = 9.02 mm, bf = 190 mm,
tf = 14.5 mm, INA = 333x106 mm4,

100 kN

2m

221.25

250 kN
2m

NA

14.5
214
9.02

457

V(kN)
50

100

190

x(m)

-150

Check allowable shear stress: allow = 100 MPa

QNA = (221.25)(190x14.5)

+ (214/2)(214x9.02)

= 816.08x10-6 m3

max =

VQ
It

V(816.08x10-6)
(333x10-6)(0.00902)

= 32.6 MPa <100 MPa, O.K.

= 271.7V= (271.7 )(150x103)

200 kN

100 kN
Check shear and normal stress at B

50 kN
2m

2m

200 kNm

max

214

V(kN)
50

max=137.2 MPa

250 kN
2m

100
+

x(m)

-150

x (m)

B, MPa

mm4

B =

30.44 MPa
128.5 MPa

B =
- Shear: B

-200

333x106

- Bending: B

M(kNm)
100
+

INA =

150 kN

My
I

(-200x103) (0.214)
=
(333x10-6)
= -128.5 MPa

VmaxQB
It

9.02
221.25

(150x103) [(0.2213)(0.19x0.0145)]
(333x10-6)(0.00902)

NA
QB

14.5

190

= 30.44 MPa

10

30.44 MPa
y

average =

x + y

128.5 MPa
R =
=

avg = -64.27 MPa

2
(

x - y
2

-128.53+0
2

= -64.27 MPa

2
)2 + (xy)

(64.27)2 + (30.44)2

= 71.11 MPa

(-64.27, 71.11)

average - R

y (0, 30.44)

(-135.4, 0)

O
2

average + R

(6.84, 0)
1

max = 71.11 MPa < 100 MPa, O.K.

(-128.5, -30.44) x

max = 135.4 MPa < 150 MPa, O.K.

(-64.27, -71.11)
|(x - y)/2| = |(-128.5)/2| = 64.27

11

Comments

221.25

NA

Q = yA

14.5
214

QNA = (221.25)(190x14.5)
9.02

457
190

221.25

NA

= 816083.71 mm3

max =

VQ
It

avg =

Vmax
Aweb

14.5
214
9.02

457

NA

14.5
214

avg =
9.02

= 816.08x10-6 m3

V(816.08x10-6)

(333x10-6)(0.00902)

457

Vmax
Aweb

= 271.7V

V
(0.457 - 2x0.0145)(0.00902)

= 259.03V

190

221.25

+ (214/2)(214x9.02)

4.7 % off

V
(0.457)(0.00902)

= 242.59V

10.7 % off

190

Note: dimension in mm INA = 333x106 mm4,

12

Example 2
The laminated wooden beam shown supports a uniform distributed loading of
12 kN/m. If the beam is to have a height-to-width ratio of 1.5, determine its
smallest width. The allowable bending stress is allow = 9 MPa and the allowable
shear stress is allow =0.6 MPa. Neglect the weight of the beam.
12 kN/m
1.5a
1m

3m

13

12 kN/m
1.5a
A
1m

B
32 kN

3m

16 kN a
Check allowable shear stress

V (kN)

16 12 x = 0

20

x=1.33 m

+
-

=
x (m)

-12

-16

M (kNm)

-6

VQ
It

V
= 1.5
A
20x103
6
0.6x10 = 1.5
1.5(a2)
a = 0.183 m = 183 mm

10.67
+

allow = 0.6 MPa

x (m)

Use a = 185 mm

14

12 kN/m
1.5a = 277.5
A
1m

B
32 kN

3m

16 kN

a = 185 mm
Check allowable normal stress

V (kN)

16 12 x = 0

20

x=1.33 m

+
-

x(m)

-12

(10.67x103)(278/2)
(1/12)(185)(2783)

= 4.48 MPa
10.67
+

-6

Mc
max =
I
=

-16

M (kNm)

allow = 9 MPa

4.48 MPa < 9 MPa , O.K.

x (m)

Use a = 185 mm

15

Example 3
The wooden T-beam shown is made from two 200 mm x 30 mm boards.
If the allowable bending stress is allow =12 MPa and the allowable shear stress
is allow = 0.8 MPa, determine if the beam can safely support the loading shown
without having the deflection more than L/240. The spacing of nails specified to
hold the two boards together if each nail can resist 1.50 kN in shear are: between
BC use 125 mm, and CD use 250 mm. Take E = 12 GPa, and the formula for
deflection at the the mid-span:
5wL4
PL3
C =
)
+(
768EI
48EI
200 mm
w=0.5 kN/m P=1.5 kN
30 mm
B

200 mm

D
C
2m

2m
30 mm

16

0.5 kN/m

1.5 kN

D
1.5 kN
2m

C
2m

1 kN

V (kN)
1.5
0.5

x (m)

-1.0

-1.0

M (kNm)
2.0
+
x (m)

17

 Section property
200 mm
30 mm
NA
200 mm

y'

y =

yA
A

(100 )( 200 30 ) + ( 215 )( 200 30 )

2 ( 200 30 )

= 157.5 mm
30 mm

y ' = 230 157 . 5 = 72.5 mm

I = ( I + Ad 2 )
= ( I + Ad 2 )web +

( I + Ad 2 )flang

= [(1/12)(30)(2003 ) +(30x200)(157.5-100)2]
+ [(1/12)(200)(303) + (200x30)(215-157.5)2]
= 60.125x106 mm4 = 60.12x10-6 m4

18

0.5 kN/m

1.5 kN

- Stress distribution at point C

D
C

1.5 kN
2m

2m

1 kN

0.309

V (kN)

1.5 kN

B-, MPa

1.5
0.5

x(m)

-1.0

-1.0

Check allowable shear stress: allow = 0.8 MPa

max =

VmaxQ
It

(1.5x103) [(0.07875)(0.03x0.1575)]
(60.12x10-6)(0.03)

200
30

72.5
157.5

NA

200

= 0.309 MPa
0.309 MPa < 0.8 MPa , O.K.

30
I = 60.12x10-6 m4

19

0.5 kN/m

- Stress distribution at point C+

1.5 kN

D
1.5 kN
2m

C
2m

20 kNm

1 kN

M(kNm)

0.206

B+

2.0

1 kN

5.24
B+, MPa

B+, MPa

x (m)
200
Check allowable normal stress: allow = 12 MPa
Mc
max =
I

(2x103) (0.1575)
(60.12x10-6)

= 5.24 MPa
5.24 MPa < 12 MPa , O.K.

72.5
157.5

30

NA

200 2 kNm

30
I = 60.12x10-6 m4

20

w=0.5 kN/m P=1.5 kN

5wL4
PL3
+(
CL =
)
C
768 EI
48EI
B

D
1.5 k N
L/2=2 m

L/2=2 m

1 kN

200
30

72.5

NA

200

157.5

30

I = 60.12x10-6 m4

Check maximum deflection: allow = L/240

5(.5) 4 4
(1.5)43
5wL4
PL3
)+(
)=
)
CL = (

9
6
9
6
768 EI
48 EI
768(12 10 )(60.12 10 ) 48(12 10 )(60.12 10 )
4
= 0.00115 0.00277 = 0.00392 m, () <
= 0.0167 m, O.K .
240

21

0.5 kN/m

1.5 kN

D
1.5 kN
2m

1 kN

2m

V(kN)

200
30

72.5

1.5
+

NA

200

157.5

0.5

x(m)

30
I = 60.125x10-6 m4

-1.0

-1.0

B-, MPa

Nail spacing: sBC = 125 mm, and sCD = 250 mm; (Fs)allow= 1.5 kN
- Segment BC

Fnail = Ashear
Fnail =

= (

VQ
) (sBCx0.03)
It

(1.5x103)[(0.0575)(0.2x0.03)]
(0.125x0.03)
-6
(60.12x10 )(0.03)

= 1.076 kN < 1.5 kN, O.K.

22

1.5 kN

0.5 kN/m
B

D
1.5 kN
V (kN)

1 kN

2m

2m
1m

1.5

30

72.5

1
+

200
NA

200

157.5

0.5

x(m)

30
I = 60.125x10-6 m4

-1.0

-1.0

B-, MPa

Nail spacing: sBC = 125 mm, and sCD = 250 mm; (Fs)allow= 1.5 kN
- Segment CD

Fnail = Ashear
Fnail =

= (

VQ
) (sCDx0.03)
It

(1x103) (0.0575)(0.2x0.03)
(0.25x0.03)
-6
(60.12x10 )(0.03)

= 1.434 kN < 1.5 kN, O.K.

23

Example 4
From the beam shown, determine the largest load P that can be applied to the
beam.
Requirements specified:
allow = 12 MPa
allow = 0.8 MPa
Nail spacing @ 150 mm
= 3 mm
allow = 200 MPa
200 mm

72.5 mm NA

D
C
2m

2m

157.5 mm

30 mm
200 mm

INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4

24

200 mm

D
P/2

V (N)

C
2m

2m

P/2

157.5 mm

P/2

x (m)
M (Nm)

200 mm

INA = 60.125x10-6 mm4

P/2
-P/2

30 mm

72.5 mm NA

Qneck = Aneck y
= (0.03 0.2)(72.5

-P/2
P

30
)
2

= 0.345 m 3

x (m)
Maximum shear force on Nail: Nail spacing @ 150 mm, = 3 mm, allow = 200 MPa
Fs = (allow)nail(Anail)
= (200x106)(x0.00152)
=1414 N

1414 = (

VQ
)(t s)
It

P
( )(0.345)
2
)(0.150)
1414 =
6
(60.125 10 )

P = 3286 N

25

200 mm

72.5 mm NA

D
C
2m

2m
V (N)

157.5 mm

P/2

x (m)
M (Nm)

200 mm

INA = 60.125x10-6 mm4

P/2
-P/2

30 mm

-P/2
P

Qmax = Amax y
= (0.03 0.1575)(

0.1575
)
2

= 0.372 10 3 m 3

x (m)
Bending: allow = 12 MPa

=
12 10 6 =

Mc
I
P (0.1575)
60.125 10 6

P = 4580 N

Shear : allow = 0.8 MPa

VQ
It
P
( )(0.372 10 3 )
2
0.8 10 6 =
(60.125 10 6 )(0.03)

P = 3879 N

26

 allow = 12 MPa
allow = 0.8 MPa
Nail spacing @ 150 mm
= 3 mm
allow = 200 MPa
P
B

D
C
2m

2m

Summary:
Nail , shear 3.28 kN, use 3 kN
Beam , bending 4.58 kN
Beam , shear 3.88 kN

27

Example 5
From the beam shown, determine the largest load w that can be applied to the
beam.
Conditions specified: Wood
allow = +12 MPa in tension
allow = 8 MPa in compression
allow = 0.8 MPa
For each nail, (Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN @ 100-mm spacing
200 mm
w

72.5 mm NA

D
4m

2m

157.5 mm

30 mm
200 mm

INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4

28

w
B

D
C

1.5w

M (Nm)

200 mm

4m

4.5w
2m

72.5 mm NA
157.5 mm

30 mm
200 mm

INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4

1.125w
x (m)
-2w

Beam : Bending : allow = +12 MPa in tension, allow = 8 MPa in compression

- Compression
(2 w)(0.1575)
8 106 =
60.12 10 6
w = 1.527 kN/m
8 106 =

(1.125w)(0.725)
60.12 10 6

w = 5.897 kN/m

- Tension
12 106 =

(1.125w)(0.1575)
60.125 10 6

w = 4.071 kN/m
12 10 6 =

(2 w)(0.725)
60.12 10 6

w = 4.975 kN/m

29

w
B

200 mm
D

1.5w

72.5 mm NA

4.5w
2m

4m

157.5 mm

200 mm

INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4

2w

V (N) 1.5w

30 mm

x (m)
M (Nm)

1.125w

-2.5w
x (m)

-2w
Beam: Shear @ NA, allow = 0.8 MPa

0.8 10 6 =

VQ
It

0.1575
)
2
(60.125 10 6 )(0.03)

(2.5w)(0.1575 0.03

w = 1.55 kN/m

Shear on nail : (Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN

spacing = 100 mm
VQ
(
)(t s )
=
Fs = (allow)nail(As)
It
1.5 =

(2.5w)(0.2 0.03 0.0575)

(t )(0.1)
(60.125 10 6 )(t )

w = 1.04 kN/m

30

allow = +12 MPa in tension

allow = 8 MPa in compression
allow = 0.8 MPa
(Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN
Nail spacing = 100 mm
w
B

D
4m

2m

Summary:
Beam bending,

compression 1.53 kN/m

tension
4.07 kN/m

Beam shear, 1.55 kN/m

Nail shear 1.04 kN/m, use 1 kN/m

31