Digital Communication Systems

H. S. Jamadagni, CEDT, IISc, Bangalore

Jamadagni H S

DC/V1/2004

Topics in Digital Communications

Digital communication system

advantages and disadvantages Digital communication system classification Digitization of analog signals Digital transmission systems Data communication systems Integrated Services Digital Network and other advanced digital communication systems

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Digital Communication advantages

Reliable communication; less sensitivity to changes in

environmental conditions (temperature, etc.) Easy multiplexing Easy signaling Hook status, address digits, call progress information Voice and data integration Easy processing like encryption and compression Easy system performance monitoring QOS monitoring Integration of transmission and switching Signal regeneration, operation at low SNR, superior performance Integration of services leading to ISDN

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Digital Communication System Disadvantages

Increased bandwidth 64 KB for a 4 KHz channel, without compression (However,

less with compression) Need for precision timing Bit, character, frame synchronization needed Analogue to Digital and Digital to Analogue conversions Very often non-linear ADC and DAC used, some performance degradation Higher complexity

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Types of Digital Communication Systems Signal Type

Analog Analog Digital Digital

Transmission
Analog Digital Analog Digital

Example
Classical telephony PCM TDM Modems ISDN, LANs

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Digitization of analogue signals

Signal sampling

Amplitude

Amplitude

Time

Time

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Nyquist Criterion, Aliasing

Amplitude

Original signal

Time
Amplitude

Aliased signal

Time Nyquist sampling rate fs > 2. fb

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Spectrum of baseband signals Amplitude

+B -B Frequency Spectrum of the properly sampled base band

Spectrum of the under sampled base band

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Speech signal digitisation

Input signal

PAM samples

Output signal

Pulse train Pulse amplitude modulation

LPF

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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) PAM samples Analog input

Low pass filter

A/D Digitally encoded samples

D/A

Low pass filter

Analog Output

Sample clock

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Quantisation of speech signal samples

011 010 001 000 100 101 110 111 010 011 010 000 011 001 001 Quantisation of analog samples 101 101 000
Quantisation errors

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Quantisation error in PCM

Decoder output

Quantized output signal Input signal

Input amplitude

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Quantisation error as a function of amplitude

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PCM system - Typical parameters

4 KHz Speech signal 8 KHz Sampling 8 bits / sample digitising per speech channel 8 x 8 bits = 64 kbps T1 carrier: 24 channels. 8 bits in 125 s / channel 24 x 8 = 192 bits in 125 s / frame, 1 bit per frame for sync 193 bits in 125 s, Line rate 193/125 sec = 1.544 Mbps ITU ( EUROPEAN) 32 Channels 8 bits/ 125 ss / channel 32 X 8 bits / 125 s = 2.048 Mbps 30 channels info; 2 channels management

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Idle channel noise minimisation Idle channel noise: Caused by uncertainty in coding a sample near zero value

Mid-riser quantizer

Mid-tread quantizer

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Signal to quantizing noise of uniform PCM 80 60

SNR (dB)

number of bits / sample 13 11

40 20

-40

-30
A/Amax

-20
(dB)

-10

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Non-linear AD conversion
Uniform Quantisation

Compressed sample values

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Input sample values DC/V1/2004

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Compression law - law

Normalised input 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.2 tuptuo desilamroN

0.4

0.6

0.8

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Compression law - A law

Normalised input 0 0 tuptuo desilamroN 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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Non linear AD conversion laws used in PCM for speech

ln(1 + ) ln(1 + .|x|)

F (x) = sgn(x)

law
F A (x) = sgn(x) 1 + ln A A|x|

A law

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Low bit rate coding: DPCM, Differential PCM

Sampler quantizer encoder

Differentiator Band limiting filter + -

Speech signal

A/D

Encoded difference samples

Previous input estimate

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D/A
Accumulator
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DPCM implementation
ADC DAC S&H

LPF

+ -

+ Decoder

LPF

+
S&H

Encoder DAC

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Delta modulation
Input +

LPF

+ -

"1"
Integrator

LPF

Output

Decoder 1
Integrator

0 Pulse generator

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Slope overload distortion in Delta modulation

Slope over load

Granular noise

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Low Data Rate Modulation

CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation)
Sample clock + S + P 1 G 0 C2 All 1s Step size control P G C1 Encoder All 0s Decoder P G 1 0 Receive clock FF P G

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Conceptual view of ISDN

Telephone Customer ISDN interface

Data terminal

"Digital pipe"

"Digital pipes"

Packet switched network Circuit switched network Other networks

PBX

Alarm

Subscriber loop and ISDN channel structures

Data bases

Other services

Local area network

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Block diagram of ISDN functions

Integrated Digital Network Digital circuit switched backbone Common physical interface ISDN central office Packet-switched backbone

Subscriber loop to ISDN channel structures: Basic = 64 kbps + 64 kbps + 16 kbps Primary = multiplexed 64 kbps channels Network-based processing services

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ISDN principles
ISDN

is based on concepts developed for telephony. Therefore, evolutionary changes from the present network to ISDN may require about one decade. digital connectivity to be obtained using digital transmission, TDM switching and or SDM switching. ITU standards part of new standards

Transition

End-to-end

Present In

early development of ISDN interim measures needed for interfacing with present networks

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Principles of ISDN (Cont.)

Supports Switched

a wide range of voice and non-voice applications and non-switched connections Circuit switching and packet

switching
Based

on 64 Kbps channels

Intelligence

for providing service features, maintenance and management integrated protocol used for implementation at specific national situations

Layered

Flexibility

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ISDN evolution

Digital exchanges commissioned in late 60's and 70's

Integrated digital transmission and switching established (IDN)

Integrating services in IDN is the latest step leading to ISDN INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK

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ISDN services: Definition of attributes

All services on the ISDN network are characterised by "attributes" defined in ITU 1.130 standards Attributes have a definition and allowable values Any service has a set of valid attributes

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ISDN services: Attributes

Attribute Name Info. transfer mode Info. transfer rate Info. transfer capability

Values Circuit, packet Bit rate Speech, 3.1 KHz audio 7 KHz audio 15 KHz audio Video Other values Bit error rate
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Connection performance
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ISDN service classification

Services defined by attributes

Bearer

services Teleservices Secondary services Bearer services provide capability to transfer information between ISDN access points and involve only low level layers (1,2 and 3)

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ISDN teleservices
Low High

layer attributes

layer attributes Type of user information Layer 4 protocols Layer 5 protocols Layer 6 protocols Layer 7 protocols
General

attributes Quality of service

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Customer access to services supported by ISDN 5 3 2 S 1 T

TEI

NT2

NT1

TE2

4 R

TA S

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Functional grouping

TE: Terminal equipment TE1: S interface terminal TE2: R interface terminal TA: Terminal adapter adapts TE2 to S interface NT: Network termination NT2: Optional, PBX applications NT1: S/T interface to U interface Interface structure 2B + D 192 Kbps line rate 23B + 4536 Kbps line rate
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Jamadagni H S

Network functional principles

Services to be internationally compatible UNI standardised so that TE is portable Standardise network capability

High Layer Low Layer Operation & manage

Layer 1:

Physical layer connection activation deactivation, bit transmission channel structure mutiplex. Data link connection establishment, Data link congestion handling How control, error, sequence control, frame sync.
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Layer 2:

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Access channel and rate

Channel name D

Bit rate 16 Kbps 64 Kbps 64 Kbps 384 Kbps 1536 Kbps 1920 Kbps
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B H0 H1 H11 H12
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Bearer services

64 Kbps unrestricted, 8 KHz structured 64 Kbps 8 KHz structured, speech 64 Kbps 8 KHz structured, 3.1 KHz audio 384 Kbps unrestricted 1536 Kbps unrestricted 1920 Kbps unrestricted Packet - mode services

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ISDN subscriber premises connections

<1 km
TE T R T R NT

(a) Point-to-point
< 100-200m TE T R TE TE

T R

NT

(b) Short passive bus TR = Terminating Resistor

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Extended passive bus

< 500m < 25-50m T R TE TE T R NT

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NT1 star

TE

T R

<1 km

T R NTI T R TE
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T R
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User - Network Interface: Layer 1 specifications B channel: 64 Kbps, two channels Bit timing and rate: 192 Kbps Octet timing Frame alignment D channel: 16 Kbps Power feeding : 40 V DC 1--mW max. Activating and deactivating Frame structure and organisation Line code: Pseudo - ternary D channel access control : Similar to HDLC

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Layer 1 functions
Encoding

of digital data for transmission across the interface. Full-duplex transmission of B channel data Full-duplex transmission of D channel data. Multiplexing of channels to form basic or primary access transmission structure. Activation and deactivation of physical circuit. Power feeding from network termination to the terminal. Terminal identification. Faulty terminal isolation. D channel contention access

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ISDN Layer 2

Traffic over D channel (control Info and data over D) Q 921 Q921 services
Convey

user Info between layers entities using D channel Support multiple terminals at user-NW installation Multiple layer 3 entity support two types of transfer Unacknowledged transfer (un no: frames) Acknowledged transfer (like X 25) HDLC

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Function of other layers

layer 3 : routing network connection establishment release multiplexing congestion control addressing error detection / recovery flow control layer 4 connection, release, muxing session connection, etc. management session - transport management encryption / decryption compression / expansion application related functions
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layer 4 :

Layer 5 :

layer 6 : Layer 7 :
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Modelling of basic and supplementary services

Terminal Call Processing
Supplementary Services Protocol (Facility)

Exchange Call Processing

Supplementary Services Protocol (Facility)

Basic Service Protocol (Q.931) Q.931 Messages

Basic Service Protocol (Q.931) Q.931 Messages

LAPD 1.430/1.431

LAPD 1.430/1.431

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Basic Call Control

interact with layer 2 (LAPD) to transmit / receive messages generate & interpret layer 3 messages admin of times and logical entities (call reference) used in control admin of resources (like B ch1) check to provide proper service consistent with user requirements routing / relaying network connection control error detection (sequences) error recovery sequencing layer 3 information

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Protocol reference model I 320

1. Protocol reference model I320 Circuit - switched connection under common channel signalling Packet - switched comm over B/D/H Signalling between users and network based facilities (data base fores.) End - to - end signalling for users Combinations for multimedia comm.

2. Types of Info flow 1. User Info: digitised voice, data between users. Transmitted transparently through ISDN or processed (encrypted for e.g.) 2. Control Info : acted upon this Info switching a connection / clearing change service characteristics

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Frame format in ISDN layer 2

FLAG

ADDRESS

CONTROL

INFORMATION

FCS

FLAG

8 bits

16

8 or 16

Variable

16

(a) Frame format

C/R

SAPI

TEI

C/R is Command/response SAPI is Service access point identifier TEI is Terminal endpoint identifier

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LAPD format

0 1 0 SS0

N(S) 0 0 0

P/F P/F

N(R) N(R)

Information transfer

Supervisory

1 1 M M P/F M M M

Unnumbered

N(S) N(R) S M P/F

= Transmitter send sequence number = Transmitter receive sequence number = Supervisory function bit = Modifier function bit = Poll/final bit
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LAPD commands and responses

Name

Control Field

C/R

Description

Information format I (Information) 0-N(S)--P-N(R)-- C Exchange user data

Supervisory Format RR (Receive Ready) 10000000*-N(R)-RNR (Receive Not Ready) REJ (Reject) Positive ack; ready to receive I-frame 10100000*-N(R)-C/R Positive ack; not ready top receive 10010000*-N(R)-C/R Negative ack; go back N C/R

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Unnumbered format
SABME (Set Asyn 1111P110 chronous Balanced Mode) DM (Disconnected 1111F000 Mode) UI (unnumbered 1100P000 Information) DISC (Disconnect) 1100P010 UA (Unnumbered 1100F110 Acknowledgement) FRMR (Frame Reject) 1110F001 XID (Exchange IDidentification) 1111*101 C Request logical connection

Unable to establish or main maintain logical connection C Used for unacknowledged information transfer service C Terminate logical connection R Acknowledge SABME or DISC Reports receipt of unacceptable frame Exchange identification information

R C/R

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Q931 message types

Circuit - mode connection control functions needed for circuit-switched B channel calls Packed - mode connection control functions needed for circuit-switched connections to ISDN packet-switched node. User - user signalling messages with global call reference functions are 4 types
call

establishment set up a call on B chl. call information user-NW Info transfer after set-up call clearing miscellaneous

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Messages
Signalling exchanged between user - network, network - network. Protocol discriminator (0001000) for Q931 call reference message type length (1 for BRI, 2 for PRI) call reference call reference value (assigned by TE for 0/9 NT for calls) (local significance) flag: 0: originator , 1: remote end call reference length = 0 CRF = global CRF supp.services Q932

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SAPI and TEI assignments

SAPI Value
0 16 32-61 63 All others

(a) SAPI Assignments Related Protocol or Management Entity

Call-control procedures packet communication conforming to X.25 level 3 Frame relay communication Layer 2 management procedures Reserved for future standardisation

TEI Value
0-63 64-126 127
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(b) TEI Assignments User Type

Nonautomatic TEI assignment user equipment Automatic TEI assignment user equipment Used during automatic TEI assignment
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Q931 messages for circuit mode connections

Call Establishment Messages Message Significance Direction Function

ALERTING global CALL PROCEEDING local CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE PROGRESS set-up set-up ACKNOWLEDGE global local

both both both both

global both global both local both

Indicates that user alerting has begun Indicates that call establishment has been initiated Indicates call acceptance by called TE Indicates that user has been awarded the call Reports progress of a call Initiates call establishment Indicates that call establishment has been initiated but requests more information

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Call information phase messages

Message Significance Direction Function

RESUME

local

RESUME local ACKNOWLEDGE RESUME REJECTlocal SUSPEND local SUSPEND local ACKNOWLEDGE SUSPEND REJECT local

Requests resumption of previously suspended call n u Indicates requested call has been re-established n u Indicates failure to resume suspended call u n Requests suspension of a call n u Indicates call has been suspended n u Indicates failure of requested call suspension

u n

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Call clearing messages

Message Significance Direction Function

DISCONNECT

global

both

RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE INFORMATION NOTIFY STATUS STATUS INQUIRY

local local local access local local

both both both both both both

Sent by user to request connection clearing; sent by network to indicate connection clearing Indicates intent to release channel and call reference Indicates release of channel and call reference Provides additional information Indicates information pertaining to a call Sent in response to a STATUS INQUIRY or at any time to report an error Solicits STATUS message

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Digital Signal Encoding Format in ISDN

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

NRZ-L

Bipolar-AMI

Pseudoternary

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Physical connector in ISDN

Contact Assignments for Plugs and Jacks of ISDN Contact Number a b c d e f g h

TE Power Source 3 Power Source 3 Transmit Received Received Transmit Power Sink 2 Power Sink 2

NT Power Sink 3 Power Sink 3 Receive Transmit Transmit Received Power Source 2 Power Source 2

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The U interface
Fixed by local administration

4 wire interface no echo cancellation procedures, simple line termination 2 wire interface Ping-Pong operation, no echo cancellation, only one cable pair, simple termination, limited lengths, extra processing for comm. direction handling 2 wire interface full duplex operation, echo cancellation, only one cable pair, no limitation on length , extensive processing for echo cancellation

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U interface circuit
Line Encoding

TX Data

Echo Cancellor

Hybrid

DSL

RX Data

Decision Feedback Equalisation

+
AD

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ANSI U interface frame and superframe structure

18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ISW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW 18 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 18 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 18 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 6 total 240 bits M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6

SW = Sync Word = +3+3-3-3-3+3-3+3+3 ISW= Inverted SW=-3-3+3+3+3-3+3-3-3 2B+D = |B1 |B2 |D | (|8|8|2) M1 to M6 over head bits Data are encoded as 00 = -3, 01= -1, 11=+1, 10 = +3

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TEI and SAPI assignment

User
Customer premises
TE(2) Layer 3 TE(1)

Network
ET/NT2 Connection endpoint suffix

PD
B 1

S I
1

S I
B1 2

S I
321 B ****

PD
1 16 * * B

Data link layer

TEI = 5 TEI = 127

* * 16

* * 0

Data link layer

*** 0

Data link layer

SAP identifier

TEI = 5
TEI = 127

TEI = 3, 8, 127

SI: Signalling information PD: Packet data

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SAPI = 0

SAPI = 16

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Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line

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ADSL basics (contd 1)

ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services will depend upon reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable, and profitable, for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

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ADSL basics (contd 2)

Three information channels a high speed downstream channel Speed ranges from 1.5 to 6.1 Mbps a medium speed duplex channel Speed range from 16 to 640 kbps a POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or an ISDN channel. The POTS/ISDN channel is split off from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted POTS/ISDN, even if ADSL fails. Each channel can be submultiplexed to form multiple, lower rate channels, depending on the system. Consistent with North American and European digital hierarchies

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ADSL reach
Data Rate 1.5 or 2 Mbps 1.5 or 2 Mbps 6.1Mbps 6.1 Mbps Distance 18,000 ft 15,000 ft 12,000 ft 9,000 ft Wire Size 0.5 mm 0.4 mm 0.5 mm 0.4 mm Distance 5.5 km 4.6 km 3.7 km 2.7 km

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Communication Systems
POINT-TO-POINT
ONE

BROADCAST
ONE SOURCE MANY SINKS FOR INFORMATION SINKS PRIVACY PROHIBITED NO SUCH REQUIREMENT PUBLIC INFO TRANSFER NO NO SWITCHING NO

SOURCE ONE SINK FOR INFORMATION FEED BACK FROM SINKS, IN FACT TWO WAY COMM. PRIVACY NEEDED EAVES DROPPING TO BE AVOIDED PRIVATE DATA, INFO EXCHANGE REQUIRES ESTABLISHMENT OF PATH BETWEEN PARTIES THIS PATH ESTABLISHMENT IS CALLED "SWITCHING" REQUIRES "SIGNALLING"

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History of Switching

Manual - through operator Step-by-Step Strowger First "big" strowger exchange # 1 Cross bar # 5 Cross bar # 3 Cross bar ESS I ESS II ESS III ESS ZB ESS IA

1880 onwards ~1897 1919 1938 1948 1974 1965 1970 1976 1976 1980 onwards

PAX : Private automatic exchange useful for local connections only PABX: Private automatic branch Exchange useful for local and trunk connections
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Types of Switching Systems

SWITCHING SYSTEMS

CIRCUIT SWITCHES
Mainly for interactive communication Voice, Video, etc.

NON-CIRCUIT SWITCHES For example: X25 service

Mainly for noninteractive communication Data terminals Computer communication

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Switching system topology

EPABX

Local Exchange 1000's of lines Primary Trunks 10 to 15% of sub lines

Secondary

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Signals in Switching Systems

Switching system objective: To interconnect two circuits for information exchange

Information: Voice, Data, FAX, Still Video, moving video, etc. Type of signal Voice Data Bandwidth 4 KHz Data rate 64 Kbps 300 bps to several mbps

Still video Moving video Mbps FAX 150 Mbps

1 to 4 MHz 4 to 10 MHz

1 to 30 30 to 9.6 Kbps

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Tasks of a Switch
1. SWITCHING: ESTABLISHING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SUBSCRIBERS
2. SIGNALLING CHANNEL ASSOCIATED - COMMUNICATION CHANNEL (ZW) USED FOR SIGNALLING FEED TONES REMOVE TONES DTMF, PULSE DIALLING FLASH DETECTION TONE OVER CONVERSATION..LINE SIGNALLING - SIGNALS TRANSMITTED BETWEEN EQUIPMENT THAT TERMINATE & CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR TRAFFIC CIRCUIT OFF-HK, ON-HK ETC. ARE EXAMPLES SELECTION SIGNALLING - ROUTING INFO DIGITS, C-O-S INFO ETC. COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING SEPARATE CHANNEL FOR SIGNALS

3. MANAGEMENT METERING , DIAGNOSTICS, CLASS OF SERVICE

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Call processing in a Switch

CALLING OFF-HOOK (ORIGINATE) DIAL TONE SWITCH IDENTITY SUBSCRIBER ALLOCATE COMMON RESOURCES DIGIT COLLECT ANALYSE PATH SET UP DISCONNECT TONES DISCONNECT RETURN RESOURCES RINGING CURRENT OFF-HOOK CONVERSE DISCONNECT CALL CALLED

DIAL DIGITS RING BACK TONE CONVERSE ON-HOOK (FORWARD CLEAR)

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Switching System Architectures

SPACE DIVISION establish connection through' galvanic connections once established, contact remains till disconnection dedicated paths expansion requires additional "paths" The actual switch is called a "CROSS POINT"

TIME DIVISION establish connections through data exchange in a memory contact between two parties at specific "time-slot" dedicated time-slot Expansion requires additional "time-slots" The actual switch is called a "SPEECH MEMORY"

SLOT ALLOTTED TO #6 SLOT ALLOTTED #1

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Switching System Operations

Path

establishment - using extensive signalling Information interchange - using error free communication Facilities - offering extensive facilities to subscribers Tariff computation - using extensive signalling Tearing down the path after information exchange is complete using signalling Billing - using computation facilities Maintenance - using computation facilities and a few added equipment Performance measurement - using computation facilities and a few added equipment
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Electronic Stored Program Control Switches

COMMON CONTROL CONTROL through' COMPUTER HW + SW BOTH TIME DIVISION & SPACE DIVISION POSSIBLE

SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING

USING REED CONTACTS FOR CROSS POINTS USING SOLID STATE (JFETS/MOS FETs) FOR CROSS POINTS USING THYRISTORS/TRIACS FOR CROSS POINTS

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Analogue Switch Features

Low

cost for small switches (say up to 64 subscribers) Low distortion due to direct speech switching Introducing tones very easy Cost vs service trade-off possible Fairly good bandwidth Blocking switch, particularly for large number of subscribers Cost increases with number of switches Expansion is difficult Handling data difficult Lower reliability due to switches

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A generic N by N switch

N input lines

N output lines
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Space division switch

First stage

Second stage

Third stage

Three-stage space-division switch

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Number of cross points for a non-blocking switch

Lines 128 512 2,048 8,192 32,768 131,072

Single-Stage 7,680 63,488 516, 096 4.2 x 10e6 3.3 x 10e7 2.6 x 10e8

Three stage 16,384 262,144 4.2 x 10e6 6.7 x 10e7 1 x 10e9 1.7 x 10e10

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SPC Digital Switch Block schematic

SUB

SUB LINE TERMINATE

SWITCH MATRIX

ANALOG TRUNK TERMINATE ANALOG TRUNKS

SUB LINE CONTROL

SWITCH CONTROL SYSTEM

TERMINALS CONSOLES

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Time slot interchange

I/P Stream Channel No. O/P Stream Channel No.

Time

5 Time

* One Frame delay

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Implementation of a digital TSI switch

PCM INPUT BUS

CONTROL

INFORMATION MEMORY

19

19

19

24

24

PCM output bus)

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CONTROL MEMORY

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TDM Bus switch

n inlets

n I O Pairs

A Simple Time-Division Switch

A Simple Folded Time-Division Switch

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n outlets

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Time-space-time Switch

TML 1 5

38 2 14 38

TML output 1 TML output 2

TML 20 2

14 2

20

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

TML n

TML output n
19

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Space-time-space switch

SPACE TML 16 1 3

TIME 1 16

SPACE 3 TML OUTPUT 1

TML 3 2

16

16

. . . .

TML OUTPUT 2

. . . .

. . . .
TML OUTPUT n
20

TML n
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Overview

Copper Access Bandwidth Requirements Distance vs. Rate ADSL Modulation Techniques Competing Technologies

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Copper Access Technologies // Voice

Voice Grade Modems

V.22 // V.32 // V.34

1,200 to 28,800 bps (33,600 bps) Full Duplex Data communications 56kbps modems are not full duplex (asymmetric much like ADSL)
Core Network

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Copper Access Technologies // Voice (V-series)

<300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 14.4K 28.8K

PSTN

V.19 V.20 V.22bis V.23

V.22bis V.26ter V.26

V.27ter V.32

V.32bis

V.34

Leased Lines

V.21

V.26 V.27 V.29 V.27bis

V.33

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DC/V1/2004

Copper Access Technologies // DSL (ISDN)

Digital Subscriber Line

DSL (ISDN BRI)

160 kbps (two 64 kbps (B) + one 16 kbps (D) + 16 kbps operation and maintenance channel [OMC]) Full Duplex ISDN, voice and data communications
DSL
Core Network

DSL

DSL

DSL

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Copper Access Technologies // HDSL and SDSL

High Data Rate and Single Line

(Symmetric)

HDSL and SDSL

1.544 Mbps // 2.048 Mbps Full Duplex T1/E1, telco feeders, WAN SDSL (single twisted pair)

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DC/V1/2004

Copper Access Technologies // ADSL and RADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line (Rate Adaptive)

ADSL // RADSL

1.5 Mbps to 9 Mbps (downstream) 16 kbps to 1.5 Mbps (upstream) Internet access, video on demand, remote LAN access, multimedia RADSL = adapt speeds based on conditions and distances

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DC/V1/2004

Bandwidth Requirements
Application Type E-mail Digitized Photo Documents 384k No No Video Conferencing 5M 23.1 m 5.2 m X-Ray Bulk File Transfer 20M 1.5 h 20.0 m Yes 1.7 m Yes 52.1 s Yes 25.9 s Yes 6.5 s File Size 30k Modem ISDN DSL DSL DSL 128kbps 384kbps 768kbps 1.544M bps 8.3 s 1.9 s 0.63 s 0.31 s 0.16 s 7.8 s 15.6 s 2.6 s 5.2 s 1.3 s 2.6 s 0.6 s 1.3 s DSL 6.144 Mbps 0.04 s 0.2 s 0.3 s

125k 34.7 s 250k 69.4 s

6.9 m

3.5 m

1.7 m

26.0 s

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DC/V1/2004

Distance vs. Rate (downstream)

ADSL (24g wire)

VDSL (24g wire)

1.544 Mbps @ 18,000 ft 2.048 Mbps @ 16,000 ft 6.312 Mbps @ 12,000 ft 8.448 Mbps @ 9,000 ft

12.96 Mbps @ 4,500 ft 25.82 Mbps @ 3,000 ft 51.84 Mbps @ 1,000 ft

Distance is from Central Office or RT (repeater terminal) unit

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ADSL

Asymmetric data streams

Most applications fit this model

video on demand home shopping Internet access remote LAN access

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Jamadagni H S

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ADSL basics (contd 1)

ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services will depend upon reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable, and profitable, for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

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ADSL basics (contd 2)

Three information channels a high speed downstream channel Speed ranges from 1.5 to 6.1 Mbps a medium speed duplex channel Speed range from 16 to 640 kbps a POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or an ISDN channel. The POTS/ISDN channel is split off from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted POTS/ISDN, even if ADSL fails. Each channel can be submultiplexed to form multiple, lower rate channels, depending on the system. Consistent with North American and European digital hierarchies

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ADSL in operation
POTS splitter

up

16kbps to 1.5 Mbps

DSLAM
Broadband Network Narrowband Network (PSTN)

down
1.5 to 6 Mbps

Existing copper line

POTS splitter

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Jamadagni H S

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ADSL reach
Data Rate 1.5 or 2 Mbps 1.5 or 2 Mbps 6.1Mbps 6.1 Mbps Distance 18,000 ft 15,000 ft 12,000 ft 9,000 ft Wire Size 0.5 mm 0.4 mm 0.5 mm 0.4 mm Distance 5.5 km 4.6 km 3.7 km 2.7 km

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Jamadagni H S

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Jamadagni H S

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ADSL (spectrum)

Frequency Spectrum
T1/T3 circuits, Bridge Taps, load coils are disturbers when in the same or adjacent binder as ADSL twisted pair. Upstream Data spectrum Downstream Data spectrum

POTS

4Khz

20Khz

1.1 Mhz

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Modulation Techniques (ADSL)

Discrete Multitone modulation

(DMT)

multicarrier sub-channels (256 downstream, 32 upstream) [4 Khz] inferior quality, traffic reassigned to different channel

6 Mbps downstream 640 kbps upstream

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Modulation Techniques (ADSL)

Carrierless Amplitude/Phase
modulation (CAP)

proprietary, mature technology single carrier system similar to V.34 automatic bit rate adjustments for line impairments

1.5 Mbps downstream 64 kbps upstream

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Competing Technologies

Cable Modems

18,000 ft limit (head-end) Most cable operators need to upgrade their networks to support bi-directional service 128 kbps up to 30 Mbps (shared bandwidth, up to 200 users on a loop) Security Reliability in question

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Competing Technologies

Digital Satellite transmission

Still need upstream data provider (usually handled through modem or ISDN) up to 30 Mbps downstream Also used for push-technology

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Q. 931 Message format Protocol discriminator 0 0 0 0 F Length 1 0 Other infromation elements if required 1 Info. element identifier Info. element identifier Contents of info. element Contents of info. element

Call reference value 0 Message type

Infromation element identifier Contents of information element

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Bearer capability infromation element identifier 1 2 3 4a 4b 5 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0/1 X X X X X X Bearer capability info.element identifier Length of bearer capability contents Codinbg std., info. transfer capability Transfer mode, transfer rate Rate multiplier Layer 1 identity, user info. layer 1

1 X X X X X X X 1 X X X X X X X

Layer 2 identity, user info. layer 2 Layer 3 identity, user info. layer3

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DC/V1/2004

Procedure for a circuit-switched call

off hk Set up Set up Ringing

ng i d e e c o r p Call k c a b g Rin

Alerting
Connect

RB stop

connect

Data Flow

S1

ST1

ET1

ET2

ST2

S2

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Modelling of basic and supplementary services

Terminal Call Processing
Basic Service Protocol (Q.931) Q.931 Messages Supplementary Services Protocol (Facility)

Exchange Call Processing

Basic Service Protocol (Q.931) Q.931 Messages Supplementary Services Protocol (Facility)

LAPD 1.430/1.431

LAPD 1.430/1.431

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Layer 3 Functions
Routing Network connection establishment Connection release Multiplexing Congestion control Addressing

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DC/V1/2004

Layer 2 Functions
Traffic over D channel (control Info and data over D) Q 921 Q921 services
Convey

user Info between layers entities using D channel Support multiple terminals at user-NW installation Multiple layer 3 entity: support two types of transfer Unacknowledged transfer (unnumbered frames) Acknowledged transfer (like X 25) HDLC

Jamadagni H S

DC/V1/2004

Function of other layers

layer 4 : Layer 5 : layer 6 : Layer 7 : error detection / recovery flow control layer 4 connection, release, muxing session connection management session - transport management encryption / decryption compression / expansion application related functions

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DC/V1/2004

Protocol reference model I 320

1. Protocol reference model I320

Circuit - switched connection under common channel signalling Packet - switched comm over B/D/H Signalling between users and network based facilities (data base fores.) End - to - end signalling for users Combinations for multimedia comm.

2. Types of Info flow

1. User Info: digitised voice, data between users. Transmitted transparently through ISDN or processed (encrypted for e.g.) 2. Control Info : acted upon this Info switching a connection / clearing change service characteristics

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DC/V1/2004

Basic Call Control

interact with layer 2 (LAPD) to transmit / receive messages generate and interpret layer 3 messages admin of times and logical entities (call reference) used in control admin of resources (like B ch1) check to provide proper service consistent with user requirements routing / relaying network connection control error detection (sequences) error recovery sequencing layer 3 information

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DC/V1/2004

Layer 1 Functions
Encoding

of digital data for transmission across the interface Full-duplex transmission of B channel data Full-duplex transmission of D channel data. Multiplexing of channels to form basic or primary access transmission structure. Activation and deactivation of physical circuit. Power feeding from network termination to the terminal. Terminal identification. Faulty terminal isolation. D channel contention access

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DC/V1/2004

Q931 message types

Circuit - mode connection control functions needed for circuit-switched B channel calls Packed - mode connection control functions needed for circuit-switched connections to ISDN packet-switched node. User - user signalling messages with global call reference functions are 4 types
call

establishment set up a call on B chl. call information user-NW Info transfer after set-up call clearing miscellaneous

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DC/V1/2004

Messages
Signaling exchanged between user - network, network - network. Protocol discriminator (0001000) for Q931 call reference Message type: length (1 for BRI, 2 for PRI) Call reference: call reference value (assigned by TE local significance) Flag: 0: originator, 1: remote end Call reference length = 0, Supplementary services Q932 CRF = 0, global CRF

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DC/V1/2004

Q931 messages for circuit mode connections

Call Establishment Messages Message ALERTING CALL PROCEEDING CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE PROGRESS SETUP SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE Significance global local global local global global local Direction both both both both both both both Function Indicates that user alerting has begun Indicates that call establishment has been initiated Indicates call acceptance by called TE Indicates that user has been awarded the call Reports progress of a call Initiates call establishment Indicates that call establishment has been initiated but requests more information

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Call information phase messages

Message Significance Direction Function

RESUME RESUME ACKNOWLEDGE RESUME REJECT SUSPEND SUSPEND ACKNOWLEDGE SUSPEND REJECT

local local local local local local

u n n u n u u n n u n u

Requests resumption of previously suspended call Indicates requested call has been reestablished Indicates failure to resume suspended call Requests suspension of a call Indicates call has been suspended Indicates failure of requested call suspension

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Call clearing messages

Message Significance Direction Function

DISCONNECT RELEASE

global local

both both both both both both both

RELEASE local COMPLETE INFORMATION local NOTIFY STATUS local STATUS INQUIRY local

Sent by user to request connection clearing; sent by network to indicate connection clearing Indicates intent to release channel and call reference Indicates release of channel and call reference Provides additional information Indicates information pertaining to a call Sent in response to a STATUS INQUIRY or at any time to report an error Solicits STATUS message

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Frame format in ISDN layer 2

FLAG 8 bits ADDRESS 16 CONTROL 8 or 16 INFORMATION Variable 16 FCS 8 FLAG

(a) Frame format

0 C/R

SAPI

TEI

C/R is Command/response SAPI is Service access point identifier TEI is Terminal endpoint identifier

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LAPD format
0 1 0 SS0 N(S) 0 0 0 M M M P/F P/F N(R) N(R)
Information transfer

Supervisory

1 1 M M P/F

Unnumbered

N(S) N(R) S M P/F

= Transmitter send sequence number = Transmitter receive sequence number = Supervisory function bit = Modifier function bit = Poll/final bit
DC/V1/2004 14

Jamadagni H S

LAPD commands and responses

Name

Control Field

C/R

Description

Information format I (Information) 0-N(S)--P-N(R)-- C Exchange user data

Supervisory Format RR (Receive Ready) RNR (Receive Not Ready) REJ (Reject) Positive ack; ready to receive I-frame 10100000*-N(R)-- C/R Positive ack; not ready top receive 10010000*-N(R)-- C/R Negative ack; go back N 10000000*-N(R)-- C/R

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Unnumbered format
SABME (Set Asyn 1111P110 chronous Balanced Mode) DM (Disconnected 1111F000 Mode) UI (unnumbered 1100P000 Information) DISC (Disconnect) 1100P010 UA (Unnumbered 1100F110 Acknowledgement) FRMR (Frame Reject) 1110F001 XID (Exchange IDidentification) 1111*101 C R C C R R C/R Request logical connection Unable to establish or main maintain logical connection Used for unacknowledged information transfer service Terminate logical connection Acknowledge SABME or DISC Reports receipt of unacceptable frame Exchange identification information

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SAPI and TEI assignments

SAPI Value
0 16 32-61 63 All others

(a) SAPI Assignments Related Protocol or Management Entity

Call-control procedures packet communication conforming to X.25 level 3 Frame relay communication Layer 2 management procedures Reserved for future standardisation

TEI Value
0-63 64-126 127
Jamadagni H S

(b) TEI Assignments User Type

Nonautomatic TEI assignment user equipment Automatic TEI assignment user equipment Used during automatic TEI assignment
DC/V1/2004 17

TEI and SAPI assignment

User
Customer premises
TE(2) Layer 3 TE(1)

Network
ET/NT2 Connection endpoint suffix

PD
B 1

SI
B 1

SI
B1 2

SI
321 B ****

PD
1 16 * B *

Data link layer

TEI = 5 TEI = 127

* * 16

* * 0

Data link layer

** * 0

Data link layer

SAP identifier

TEI = 5
TEI = 127

TEI = 3, 8, 127

SI: Signalling information PD: Packet data

Jamadagni H S

SAPI = 0

SAPI = 16

DC/V1/2004

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Digital Signal Encoding Format in ISDN

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

NRZ-L

Bipolar-AMI

Pseudoternary

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Physical connector in ISDN

Contact Assignments for Plugs and Jacks of ISDN Contact Number a b c d e f g h

TE Power Source 3 Power Source 3 Transmit Received Received Transmit Power Sink 2 Power Sink 2

NT Power Sink 3 Power Sink 3 Receive Transmit Transmit Received Power Source 2 Power Source 2

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The U interface
Fixed by local administration

4 wire interface no echo cancellation procedures, simple line termination 2 wire interface Ping-Pong operation, no echo cancellation, only one cable pair, simple termination, limited lengths, extra processing for comm. direction handling 2 wire interface full duplex operation, echo cancellation, only one cable pair, no limitation on length , extensive processing for echo cancellation

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U interface circuit
TX Data Line Encoding

Echo Cancellor

Hybrid

DSL

RX Data

Decision Feedback Equalisation

AD

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ANSI U interface frame and superframe structure

18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ISW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW 18 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 18 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 18 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D 6 total 240 bits M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6 M1 to M6

SW = Sync Word = +3+3-3-3-3+3-3+3+3 ISW= Inverted SW=-3-3+3+3+3-3+3-3-3 2B+D = |B1 |B2 |D | (|8|8|2) M1 to M6 over head bits Data are encoded as 00 = -3, 01= -1, 11=+1, 10 = +3

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