EECS240 Spring 2010

Advanced Analog Integrated Circuits Lecture 1: Introduction

S.Gambini
sssimone at eecs dot berkeley dot edu

Dept. of EECS

Course Focus
Focus is on analog design
Typically: Specs ! circuit topology ! layout

Will learn spec-driven approach

But will also look at where specs come from

Key point:
Especially in analog, some things are much easier to do than others Sometimes the right thing to do is change the specs
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Course Goal
Learn how to create systematic approaches to analog design
Based on fundamental principles For a wide variety of applications

Will show specific design methodology example

OTA designs embedded in ADCs

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Administrative
Course web page:
Use bspace for all class communications (bspace.berkeley.edu)

Webcast link:
http://webcast.berkeley.edu

Office hours
Tues. and Thurs. 11am-12pm (right after class)

All announcements made through bspace

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Lecture Notes
Based on material from (myself,) Prof.E.Alon, Prof. Bernhard Boser, and Prof. Ali Niknejad Primary source of material for the class
No required text reference texts on next slide

Notes posted on the web at ~ 1 hour before lecture

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Reference Texts
Analysis and Design of Integrated Circuits, Paul R. Gray, Paul J. Hurst, Stephen H. Lewis, Robert G. Meyer, 4th Ed., Wiley, 2001. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, Behzad Razavi, McGraw-Hill, 2000. The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Thomas H. Lee, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2003. Analog Integrated Circuit Design, D. Johns and K.Martin, Wiley, 1997. The Designers Guide to SPICE & SPECTRE, K. S. Kundert, Kluwer Academic Press, 1995. Operation and Modeling of the MOS Transistor, Y. Tsividis, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 1999.

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Grading
Grading:
HW: 20%
One HW roughly every two weeks Essential for learning the class material Need to setup HSPICE or equivalent simulator (SpectreRF, Eldo, or other favorite tool)

Project: 25%
Groups of 2 find a partner ahead of time

Midterm: 20% Final Exam: 35%

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Homework
Homework:
Can discuss/work together But write-up must be individual Drop in EE240 drop-box Generally due 5pm on Thursdays

No late submissions
Start early!

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Schedule Notes
ISSCC Week: 2/20 2/24 (no lectures) Midterm: March 11 (tentative) Spring break: 3/21 3/25 Project:
Start After Midterm, Due May 6 (tentative)

Final: Wed., May 11, 11:30am-2:30pm

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Analog ICs in a Digital World?

Digital circuitry:
Cost/function decreases by 29% each year 30X in 10 years

Analog circuitry:
Cost/function may not scale very well Common complaints about scaling analog: Supply voltage is too low, device gain is low, horrible matching!

Analog will die everything will be digital!

Who agrees?
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(Good) Digital Design Needs Analog Insights

Can synthesize large blocks at medium frequencies in ASIC flow, but
Need to know transistors to design the cells Really need to know transistors to design memories

Lots of analog issues to deal with when push digital performance, power, etc.
Charge sharing, interconnect parasitics, etc.

Matching growing concern in advanced CMOS technologies

Especially in memories
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The More Fundamental Reason

The real or physical world is analog
Analog is required to interface to just about anything
Digital signals have analog characteristics too!

In many applications, analog is in the critical path

Examples:
Wireline, optical communications RF transceivers (receiver + transmitter) Sensors and actuators (e.g., MEMS)

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RF Receiver

Why so many RF and analog building blocks? Why not just put the ADC right after the antenna?
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RF Transceiver Layout

Source: Mehta et al, An 802.11g WLAN SoC, JSSC Dec. 2005

Analog building blocks take up significant die area

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Even in 0.18um!

MEMS Accelerometer
Acceleration MEMS sensor C/V conversion

Amplication

A/D Conversion
M. Lemkin and B. E. Boser, A Three-Axis Micromachined Accelerometer with a CMOS Position-Sense Interface and Digital O!set-Trim Electronics, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-34, pp. 456-468, April 1999

DSP Digital Output

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Another Example
Look at interface between two digital chips
Is received bit a 1 or a 0?

Analog circuits critical for receiving bits correctly

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TX

RX

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Initial eye

Digital Versus Analog Design

Abstraction in digital is Boolean logic (1s, 0s)
Works because of noise margins

At a higher level, its gates and registers (RTL) Digital layout is often automated Abstraction in analog is the device model
(BSIM is a few thousand lines long)

At a higher level, its the (opamps) (filters) (comparators)

Abstraction depends on the problem youre solving

Analog layout is usually hand crafted

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Analog versus RF
RF = Analog with inductors RF signal is usually narrowband (i.e., sinusoidal)
Tuned circuit techniques used for signal processing.

RF impedance levels are relatively low

Cant make antenna impedance too high

Analog impedances are high (low) for voltage (current) gain.

Voltage/current gain versus power gain.

Mixed-signal analog is often discrete time (sampled).

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RF Shifting Toward Analog

Classic RF uses inductors to tune the circuits

Inductors are big would be nice to get rid of them

With increasing fT , moving towards wideband analog & feedback

Whats the penalty?
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Mixed-Signal Design

Many building blocks involve analog and digital circuit co-design

PLLs, ADCs, etc.

Sometimes hard to even distinguish between analog and digital

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Is VCO analog, or digital?

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Digitally-Assisted Analog

Source: B. Murmann, Digitally-Assisted Analog Circuits A Motivational Overview, ISSCC 2007.

In 90nm, one RF inductor (200"# 200") takes same area as a microprocessor!

Leverage digital processing to improve analog circuits

Good analog design doesnt go away though

Need to find right partitioning to maximize the benefit
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Syllabus
Devices (both passive and active):
Models, simulation, layout, and matching

Electronic noise Basic support functions:

Current sources, references, biasing

Basic analog gate: amplifier

Opamps, OTAs, feedback, settling time, commonmode feedback

Application driver: A/D converters

Motivates additional building blocks As well as why you care about certain specs Data converters, comparators, offset cancellation, filters, sample & hold
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EECS 240 versus 247

EECS 240
Transistor level building blocks Device and circuit fundamentals A lot of the class at a low level of abstraction
SPICE/SPECTRE

EECS 247
Macro-models, behavioral simulation, large systems Signal processing fundamentals High level of abstraction Matlab
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240 versus 242/142

142/242 mostly concerned with narrowband circuits operating at a high carrier frequency
Signals mostly look like sinusoids Inductors ubiquitous Use of feedback is rare

240 focuses on more wideband, generalpurpose analog and mixed-signal

Signals are arbitrary Spend a lot of time worrying about capacitance Feedback common
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240 versus 231

231 concentrates on device physics 240: device physics abstracted to the extent possible
Device models from a circuit designers perspective Treat transistor as black box described by complex equations Equations relevant for biasing, nonlinear effects (output swing), and some charge storage effects Mostly outside design loop ! small signal analysis

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