1

MST209 2005

1. 1 2 1 so 2 2
x x
x x
y y
+ = =
cross multiplying gives B.
2. B

3. 2 2 so .( ) 1 2 2 1 = = + = b c i j k a b c
C
4. C

5. Integrating
2 3
sin 2 cos 2
and
2 2 6 4
1 1
when 0 so 0
4 4
t t t t
C
t C C
| | | |
= = + +
| |
\ . \ .
= = = + =
v i r i
r 0

D
6. Right hand spring is not extended A

7. Block is below datum level so minus.
Vertical distance is sin d u so D

8.

2 1 3 1 1
4 0 2 2 2
4 1 1 1 1
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

so B

9. Using the composite rule D.

10.

2 . At 1 2
1 4 so
t t = + = = +
= +
v j k v j k
v B


11. 1 so 2 2
2 (2 )
r
r mk
m k
o = > > so D

12. ( ) Momentum is 2 ( ) m u v m U V + + + i j i j B

13.
( ) ( ) ( ) cos
x
f x e f x = = so C

14.
3 2 3
div 2 2 2 xy z xyz x yz = + + F so B

15. C





16. Using page 26 of Handbook

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 3
4
2
2
2
2
exp exp 2ln
Equation becomes 2
Integrating
2
1
When 1 0 so
2
1
2 2
p x dx x x
x
d
x y x
dx
x
x y C
x y C
x
y
x
| |
= = =
|
\ .
=
= +
= = =
=
}

17. (a)


T = tension N = normal reaction
W = weight

(b)

( )

3 1
cos sin
6 6 2 2
cos sin
4 4
mg
t t
t t
= =
| |
| |
= + = +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
W j N N j
P P i j P i j
T
T T i j i j
2

(c)
For equilibrium + + + = W N P T 0
Resolving in the i-direction
3
3
0 so
2 2 2
+ = =
T P
T P
Resolving in the j-direction
0
2 2
3
2 2 2 2
mg
mg mg
+ + + =
= =
P T
N
P T P P
N
To remain in contact
( )
1 3
0 so
2
m
g
+
> > N P

N
W
T
j
P
i
2
18.

( )
( )
0
0 0
0
as no vertical motion
5
2 3 2
2 2
k x l
l l
k l x k x
=
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
1
2
N+ W= 0
H i
H i i

Newtons second law gives
mx = +
1 2
i H H
Resolve in i-direction
( ) ( )
0 0
0
5 2
3 6
mx k x l k l x
mx kx kl
= +
+ =


19. a)
From Handbook page 49
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
tan 1 tan
2
When , so
tan 1 tan (1)
2
When 2 , so
4
2 tan 1 tan (2)
2
1 4 gives
4
4 4 tan 1 tan (3)
2
3 2 gives
3
3 2 tan or tan
2
x g
y x
u
x d y h
d g
h d
u
x d y h
d g
h d
u
d g
h d
u
h
h d
d
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
= +
= =
= +
= =
= +

= +

= =

b) Substitute into (1)
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
3 9
1
2 2 4
9
2 4 2
4 9
4
h d g h
h
u d
g h h
d
u
g
u d h
h
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
+ =
|
\ .
= +





20. a) From Handbook page 51
( )
1
in out
in out
in out
1 1
in out
1 1
and
h
Here 10, h 100, 0.01, 1
1 1 12 100
so 0.01
10 100 100 12
15, 0, 2
100
so 2 15 250 W
12
b
q UA U
h k
h b k
U
A
q
u u
u u

| |
= = + +
|
\ .
= = = =
| | | |
= + + = =
| |
\ . \ .
= = =
= =

b) From Handbook page 51
out out
( ) where Temp at outer surface
so 250 100 2 so 1.25
s s
s s
q h A
C
u u u
u u
= =
= =

21. a)

b) ( ) cos sin
r r
mg
u
u u = = N N e W e e

c) By Newtons second law
( )
2
2
Using page 59 of Handbook
cos sin
Resolve in the -direction
cos
Resolve in the -direction
sin
r r r
r
m
mR mR mg
mR mg
mR mg
u u
u
u u u u
u u
u u
= +
+ = +
=
=
r N W
e e N e e e
e
N
e

22. a)
Substitute into equation giving
Divide by giving a constant
u XT X T XT
X T
XT k
X T
'' '' = =
'' ''
= =
as RHS is a function of t only and LHS is a
function of x only.
So 0 X kX '' = .
b)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0, , 0 0 0 0
If 0 i.e the equation becomes 0
u t u X X
k k X X
t t

= = = =
'' > = =
The solution of which is
x x
X Ae Be

= +
Fitting the boundary equations
0 and 0 0 A B Ae Be A B
t t
= + = + = =


N
H
2
H
1
W
i
j
N
W
3
22 b) (cont)
If 0 k = the equation becomes
0 X'' = . The solution of which is X Ax B = +
Fitting the boundary conditions
0 and 0 0 B A A B t = = = = .
If 0 k < i.e.
2
k e = the equation becomes
2
0 X X e '' + = which has solution
cos sin X A x B x e e = + . Fitting the boundary
conditions 0 and 0 sin A B et = =
For non trivial solutions
0 sin =0 where 1, 2,3 B n n et e = = =
2
so sin where and 1, 2, 3 X B nx k n n = = =

23. a) M of I of child = 0 so M of I of
roundabout together with child = I making
the angular momentum = I
b) New M of I of child = mR
2
.
Total M of I =
2
I mR +
Let new angular speed be .
As there are no external forces by
conservation of angular momentum
( )
2
2

I
I mR I
I mR
e
e + O = O =
+

c) KE at beginning =
2
1
2
Ie
K E at end = KE of child + K E of
roundabout
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
mR I = O + O
Substituting for gives K E at end
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2
I I
mR I
I mR
I mR
e e
= + =
+
+

( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
Change in K E
2 2
2
I
I
I mR
I mR
I mR
e
e
e
=
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .


24.
From page 26 of Handbook auxiliary equation
is
2
2 4 4 5
2 5 0 so 1 2
2
i

+ + = = =
and complementary function is
( ) cos 2 sin2
t
x e A t B t

= +



For particular integral (page 27 Handbook)
try

cos 2 sin 2
2 sin 2 2 cos 2
x a b t c t
dx
b t c t
dt
= + +
= +

2
2
4 cos 2 4 sin 2
d x
b t c t
dt
=
Substituting into the equation gives
( ) ( )
4 cos 2 4 sin 2 4 sin 2 4 cos 2
5 5 cos 2 5 sin 2 20 17cos 2
5 4 cos 2 4 sin 2 20 17cos 2
b t c t b t c t
a b t c t t
a c b t c b t t
+
+ + + = +
+ + + = +
Equating coefficients
5 20 4
4 17 and 4 0 17b=17
so 1 and 4
a a
b c c b
b c
= =
+ = =
= =

4 cos 2 4sin2
p
x t t = + +
Adding the two solutions together
( ) cos 2 sin2 4 cos 2 4sin2
t
x e A t B t t t

= + + + +
Fitting the initial conditions
( )
( )
2 sin 2 2 cos 2
cos 2 sin 2 2sin 2 8cos 2
5 when 0 gives 5 4 1 so 0
0 when 0 gives 0 2 8 so 4
4 sin 2 4 cos 2 4sin 2
t
t
t
dx
e A t B t
dt
e A t B t t t
x t A A
dx
t B A B
dt
x e t t t

= +
+ +
= = = + + =
= = = + =
= + + +
25. a) Choose the co-ordinate axis vertically
downwards as motion is downwards

R is the air resistance force and W is the
weight so
2 2
2
and c D v mg = = R i W i .
By Newtons second law m = + a R W
Resolving in the i-direction
2 2
2
ma c D v mg = +
b) For terminal speed 0 a =
so
2
2 2
2
0 giving
T T
mg
mg c D v v
c D
= =



W
R
i
4
25. b) (cont)
Using this and
dv
a v
dt
=
(Handbook page 32) the equation of motion
becomes
2
2
T
dv mgv
mv mg
dt v
=
Cancelling m and tidying up gives
( )
2 2
2 T
T
dv g
v v v
dx v
=
c)
Separating the variables gives
0 2 2 2
as
T T
T T
vdv g
dx v v v v
v v v
= > >

} }

Integrating
( )
2 2
2
1
ln
2
T
T
g
v v x C
v
= +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2
0 2
2 2
2
0
2 2
1
when 0 so ln
2
1 1
so ln ln
2 2
or ln
2
T
T T
T
T
T
T
v v x C v v
gx
v v v v
v
v v
v
x
g v v
= = =
=
| |

| =
|

\ .


26.
In matrix form the equations are

3 1 0
2 0 6
t
x x
y y e

( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (


For eigenvalues
( )( )
2
3 1
0 or 3 2 0
2
giving 1 2 0
so 1 or 2

= + =

=
= =

For eigenvectors using = 1
2 1 0 1
so 2 an eigenvector is
2 1 0 2
u
v u
v
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

For eigenvectors using = 2
1 1 0 1
so an eigenvector is
2 2 0 1
u
v u
v
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

Using page 43 of Handbook
the complementary function is
2
1 2
1 1
2 1
t t
x
C e C e
y
( ( (
= +
( ( (


For particular integral try
t
x a
e
y b

( (
=
( (




Substituting into the equation
3 1 0
2 0 6
t t t
a a
e e e
b b

( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (


so 3 giving 4
and 2 giving 6 6
1, 4
a a b b a
b a b a
a b
= =
= + =
= =

The particular integral is
1
4
t
x
e
y

( (
=
( (

General solution is
2
1 2
1 1 1
2 1 4
t t t
x
C e C e e
y

( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (


Using the initial conditions
1 2
0 1 1 1
0 2 1 4
C C
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (

so
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 and 2 4 giving 3 and 2
so 3 2 6 2 4
t t t t t t
C C C C C C
x e e e y e e e

+ = + = = =
= =

27. a)
As 0 x = the equation for y becomes
( ) y y B y = which is the logistic equation.
The starting point is between the equilibrium
points and so ( ) y B y is positive and the
population will grow tailing off as it
approaches the equilibrium point y B = .
b)
For equilibrium 0 y x = = so that
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 or
Also 0 so if 0 then 0 or
If , then - - 0 or
The equilibrium points 0, 0 , 0, and - ,
x y A x y A
y B x y x y y B
y A B x A x B A
B B A A
= = =
= = = =
= = =
c)
( )
2
so and
so and 2
0
,
u u
u xy Ax y A x
x y
v v
v By xy y y B x y
x y
B A
B A A
A A
c c
= = =
c c
c c
= = =
c c
(
=
(


J








5
27 c) i)
0 6
makes
5
5
A
A
B
A A
(
(
= =
(
(

J
For eigenvalues
2
2
2 2
0 so 0 5
5
4
1
5
1
2 2 5
A
A
A
A A
A A A
A

= + + =


| |
= =
|
\ .

Eigenvalues are both real and negative so the
point is a stable sink. (Handbook page 47)
ii)

0
2 makes
A
B A
A A
(
= =
(


J
For eigenvalues
( )
2 2
2 2
0 so 0
4
1 3
2 2
A
A A
A A
A A A A
i

= + + =


= =

Eigenvalues are complex with negative real
part so the point is a stable spiral sink.

28. a)
.
b)
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2
6 2 2
2
x y x y x
y x
A = A = =
A = A =
1
H i H i i
H H i

c)
+ = W N 0 for each particle as the motion is
horizontal. For the first particle
Newtons second law gives
1
4x = A +A
2
i H H
Resolving in the i direction
4 6 2 2 or 2
2
y
x x y x x x = + = +
For the second particle y = A
3
i H
Resolving in the i direction 2 2 y y x = +
In matrix form
1
2
2
2 2
x x
y y
( ( (
=
( ( (

as required.

d)
For eigenvalues
( )
( )( )
1
2
2
2
2
0 so 2+ 1 0
2 2
or 4 3 0 3 1 0
so eigenvalues are 3 and 1

= =

+ + = + + =


Normal mode angular frequencies are
3 e = and 1. e = .

e)
1
2
0 1
For 3 so 2
0 2 1
u
v u
v

( ( (
= = =
( ( (


| |
An eigenvector is 1 2
T

For 3 e = the components of an eigenvector
have different signs so the motion is phase-
opposed.

1
2
0 1
For 1 so 2
0 2 1
u
v u
v

( ( (
= = =
( ( (

| |
An eigenvector is 1 2
T

For 1. e = the components of an eigenvector
have the same sign so the motion is in-phase.

29. a)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
x y z
xyz x x z y x y
x x xy xy xz xz
xy xz
o o
o o
o o
c c c
V =
c c c

= +
= +
i j k
F
i j k
j k

b)
curl = F 0 when F is conservative so 2 o = .

c)
Choosing a straight line segment from O to
the point (a,b,c) we have
( ) ( ) 0 1 t at bt ct t = + + s s r i j k .



W
1

H
1
H
2
N
2
H
3
W
2
N
1
j
i
6
29 d)
Assuming C is the path above along the path
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
2 3 2 2
2 1 2
so . 2 2 2
4 2
at bct a ct bt a bt
d
a b c
dt
d
a bct a t a bct b t a bct
dt
a bct a b t
= + +
= + +
= + +
= +
F i j k
r
i j k
r
F
( ) ( )
1
2 3 2 2
0
. 4 2
C
d a bct a b t dt = +
} }
F r

( )
( )
1
2 4 2 2 2
0
2 2 2
a bct a b t
a bc a b
(
= +

= +

e)
If gradU = F then
( )
2 2 2
, , .
C
U a b c d a b a bc = = +
}
F r .
As a, b and c are arbitrary they can be
replaced by x, y and z respectively giving
( )
2 2 2
, , U x y z x y x yz = +
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
grad
+
z
= 2 2 2
x y x yz
x
U x y x yz
y
x y x yz
x xyz y x z x y
| | c
+ +
|
c
|
c
|
= +
|
c
|
c
|
+
|
c \ .
+
=
i
j
k
i j k
F

30. a)
In cylindrical polars the equation of the
sphere is
2 2 2
z R + = so the volume is given
by using Handbook page 70

( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2 2 2
0
3 3 3 3
2
3 3
2
2
3 3 2 24
5
16 12 1
24 24
R R
R R
R
R R z R R z
R z
R R
R
V d d dz d dz
dz R z dz
z R R R
R z
R R
t
t
u t
t t
t t
t t

= =
( = =

| | ( | |
= =
| | (
\ . \ .
= + =
} } } } }
} }



b)

( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
0
2
0
0
2 2 4
2 3
4 4 4 4
4
2
2 4
16 8 1
4 8 64 64
9
64
R
R R
R
R
R R z
B
R z
R R z R
R
R
I zdV z d d dz
z d dz z dz
z R z
zR z dz
R R R R
R
t
t
u
t t
t t
t
t
t

= =
( = =

(
= =
(

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
=
} } } }
} } }
}

c)
The centre of mass lies on the axis of
symmetry i.e. the z-axis. Using Handbook
page 71
B
B
M dV =
}
and
B
B B
G
B
B B
z dV zdV
I
z
V
dV dV

= = =
} }
} }
as
B
is constant.
So
4
3
9
27
64
5
40
24
G
R
R
z
R
t
t
= =
The centre of mass of the object is
27
0, 0,
40
R | |
|
\ .
.