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energy efficiency and reliability



White paper
Proper selection of passive and active power quality
filters for the mitigation of mains harmonics




Abstract
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, for instance, variable
speed motor drives (VSDs), raises questions about power quality and reliability. In this respect, a great
deal of attention has been focused on harmonics as they overload the network infrastructure, cause
reliability problems on equipment and system level, and waste energy. Passive and active harmonic
filters are used to keep these harmonic problems in check.
The use of both active and passive technology is justified. The difficulty is in how to select and deploy
harmonic filters correctly, which is key to achieving a satisfactory performance. This paper explains
which specifications are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and
which mistakes need to be avoided.

Andrzej Pietkiewicz, Ph.D., Project Manager Innovation Center
Stefan Melly, Business Development Manager

December 2008
1/15
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
2/15

Power quality and harmonics
The load exerted by harmonics on the power network infrastructure has increased dramatically over the
past few years. Harmonic currents are caused by non-linear loads. A non-linear load is a consumer of
electricity that draws a non-sinusoidal current from the supply network when supplied with a sinusoidal
voltage. These harmonic currents flow in addition to the active sinewave, generate additional losses in
electrical installations, and can result in thermal overload.
Harmonic currents flow through the system impedance, resulting in non-sinusoidal voltage drops that
can compromise network voltage quality. Sensitive loads, such as medical devices or IT infrastructure,
can have their operation affected if the voltage supply is distorted.
Measures for reducing harmonics are implemented nowadays in order to resolve this issue and comply
with national and international standards at every level of the network infrastructure. In this article, we
will focus solely on the use of passive and active harmonic filters in low-voltage installations.

Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
3/15

Typical topologies of non-linear loads
In our further observations we will be focusing on the six pulse rectifier bridge. The three-phase rectifier
has a key role to play because a significant portion of the electrical energy is drawn from loads with this
type of front-end circuit. One typical application that can be mentioned is the variable speed motor drive,
which has been used for years with high growth rates in almost every industrial sector.
The most common six-pulse rectifier topologies are shown in Figure 1. Topology A does not include any
magnetic components for smoothing the current. Topology B is operated using an upstream AC inductor
L
ac
, usually in the form of a laminated line-reactor. Topology C has a built-in DC choke L
dc
, which is
often integrated in higher power motor drives. In all three topologies the grid, including the line
impedance, is depicted on the left-hand side. On the right the constant power sink P=const represents
the active power drawn from the DC/AC inverter and motor that is taken, for example, to be 20 kW.


Figure 1: Common non-linear load topologies (six-pulse bridge rectifiers): A without chokes; B with
AC reactor L
ac
; C with DC-link choke L
dc
.
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
4/15

Figure 2 shows the input current i for topologies A, B and C from a balanced three-phase power line.
Z
line
represents the equivalent impedance of a distribution transformer, distribution line, fuses, etc., which
are assumed to be half inductance and half resistive in our example (L=18uH; R=6mOhm). The following
values are used:
DC-link capacitor C
dc
: 2000uF
AC-reactor (topology B) L
ac
: 500uH (2%)
DC-link choke (topology C) L
dc
: 1mH
A
C
B

Figure 2: Input current i (white) and its active i
a
(green) and reactive i
b
(red) components for topologies
A, B and C from Figure 1. All specified values are in A
RMS
.
Note: LabVIEW-based software specially developed by Schaffner was used to decompose the
waveforms in Figures 2 and 6, which was presented for the first time at the IEEE International
SPEEDAM 2008 (Virtual Laboratory for Harmonics Filtering Visualization).
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
5/15

The non-sinusoidal currents i (white waveforms in Figure 2), drawn from the sinusoidal voltage source,
can be decomposed into two orthogonal components, i
a
(active) and i
b
(reactive):
b a
i i i
The active current i
a
(green), is a sinusoidal fundamental component in phase with the voltage. This is
the only component of the current involved in transferring real power from the source to the load.
The reactive current i
b
(red), is therefore the remaining component of the current, representing the
difference between the white and green curves. It only moves reactive power back and forth between the
source and load, and is not at all involved in transferring real power. The reactive current spectrum
consists of harmonics and reactive components of the fundamental frequency.. However, the reactive
components of the fundamental in the waveforms in Figure 2 are negligible. The reactive current i
b

mainly comprises the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd and 25th harmonics, where higher-frequency
harmonics (>25th harmonic) are also negligible.
The reactive current generates additional losses in the power lines, and results in non-sinusoidal voltage
drops across the line impedance, which are ultimately responsible for power line voltage distortions and
thus for poor power quality. Consequently, it can be said that the reactive current is counterproductive
and should therefore be eliminated as far as possible.
The separation of non-sinusoidal currents (drawn from a sinusoidal voltage source) into active and
reactive components was first suggested by S. Fryze (1932).
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
6/15


Figure 3: Harmonic spectrum of the line current i for topologies A, B, and C in Figure 2. In addition to the
harmonics (blue bars), the table represents the limits of standard EN61000-3-12 (white fields) and the
actual THD values, as well as the individual harmonics (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th) and PWHD (partially
weighted harmonic distortion). The values with red background indicate non-compliance with the
standard, and the green background compliance with the standard. On the far right of each graph is a
slider that can be used to select the R
sce
parameter (R
sce
=120 in our example).
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
7/15


The RMS values of the currents i, i
a
, i
b
denoted as I , I
a
, I
b
are related according to the following formula:
2 2 2
b a
I I I
It can be observed that the reactive current I
b
can have a large variety of values, depending on the
topology used. In our example the RMS current values are 45.5 A, 17.4 A and 13.9 A (Figure 2). The
reactive current has a considerable influence on the input current I. In this example the RMS value of the
line current changes according to the topology (for the same output power) from 53.4 A to 31.1 A. Only
the active current I
a
remains more or less identical in all three topologies (28.0 A and. 27.8 A
respectively).
The conclusion that can be drawn from the above observations is that the RMS value for the active
current I
a
(which is proportional to the real power absorbed from the voltage source) can, in the case of
non-linear loads such as six-pulse rectifiers, be significantly lower than the value of the input current I. In
other words, it is not possible to determine the active current I
a
if only the value of the input current I is
known.
The most straightforward way to get I
a
is to calculate it from the real power absorbed from the power
line:
n p
a
U
P
I

3

P: real power drawn from the three-phase power line
U
p-n
: RMS value of the phase-neutral voltage

The value for the real power P can be calculated from:

M
P
P
P
M
: real power absorbed by the motor
: efficiency of the motor drive (typically 0.96)

Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
8/15

The ideal harmonic filter
The ideal harmonic filter can be seen as a device that is capable of completely eliminating reactive
current i
b
by removing harmonics and correcting the phase of the fundamental current. As a result, this
kind of filter converts the non-sinusoidal line current into a sinusoidal current, and thus the non-linear
load into a linear load that only draws useful active current i
a
. If we additionally assume the loss-free
operation of the filter, the real power drawn from the power line will not be changed by the presence of
the filter and thus the active current i
a
will not be increased.

Figure 4: ECOsine harmonic filters from Schaffner for non-linear loads (six-pulse rectifier loads)

ECOsine filters were recently introduced for applications with six-pulse rectifier front end. They provide
a state-of-the-art solution and come very close to offering the features of the ideal harmonic filter.
Harmonic currents are reduced to a total harmonic current distortion level (THID) of 3.5 to 5.0%, in other
words, almost completely eliminated. And with an efficiency of 98.5 to 99.4% (depending on the model),
ECOsine filters are actually almost loss-free.
Figure 5 shows how ECOsine harmonic filters can be installed in series between the power line and
the input of the non-linear load, regardless of the rectifier topology being used.

Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
9/15


Figure 5: six-pulse rectifiers arranged in topologies A, B and C with the ECOsine harmonic filter
connected on the line side.
Note: Passive harmonic filters must be connected directly at the input of a non-linear load (or group of
non-linear loads). Due to the voltage distortion at the filter output, which occurs as a result of the non-
sinusoidal voltage drop across the series impedance, it is not appropriate to supply power to other loads
at the filter output.
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
10/15

Figure 6 illustrates the shape of the waveform for the input current of one phase when ECOsine
harmonic filters are used, in the case of all three rectifier topologies.
A
C
B

Figure 6: The line current i (white) and its active i
a
(green) and reactive i
b
(red) components for
topologies A, B and C with an ECOsine harmonic filter installed at the input.
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
11/15

Important observations
If passive series harmonic filters, like ECOsine, are used at the input of the six-pulse rectifier, the
following important observations can be made:
1. There is barely any reactive current i
b
(red) visible in the waveforms (Figure 6).
Topology Reactive current i
b
without Filter Reactive current i
b
with Filter
A 45.5 A
rms
1.1 A
rms

B 17.4 A
rms
1.2 A
rms

C 13.9 A
rms
1.2 A
rms


2. The RMS values of the line current i (white) are reduced; the currents shape is almost sinusoidal (free
of harmonics).
Topology Line current i without filter Line current i with filter
A 53.4 A
rms
28.3 A
rms

B 32.8 A
rms
28.3 A
rms

C 31.1 A
rms
28.3 A
rms


3. The active current i
a
(green) has remained practically unchanged.
Topology Active current i
a
without
filter
Active current i
a
with filter
A 28.0 A
rms
28.3 A
rms

B 27.8 A
rms
28.3 A
rms

C 27.8 A
rms
28.3 A
rms

Note: The increase in current is a result of the fact that a harmonic filter is never ideal, but always slightly
lossy. However, due to the minimal losses of ECOsine filters, the increase in real power is negligible.

Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
12/15

Proper selection of passive harmonic filters
The conclusions obtained above makes it obvious where the problem lies: the proper rating of a
harmonic filter must be concluded from the ratings of a non-linear load without a harmonic filter. The
comparison between the following two tables makes it clear that the line current of the non-linear load is
not suitable for selecting a harmonic filter, such as the Schaffner ECOsine, as it changes according to
the topology.

Rectifier Line current I
[A
rms
]
Active current I
a
[A
rms
]
Reactive current I
b
[A
rms
]
Output real power
[kW]
A (without magnetics) 53.4 28.0 45.5 20
B (with L
ac
) 32.8 27.8 17.4 20
C (with L
dc
) 31.1 27.8 13.9 20
Table 1: Rating of non-linear load (topologies A, B, C) without harmonic filters. The values in red are
usually not available from the non-linear load specifications.

Rectifier Line current I
[A
rms
]
Active current I
a
[A
rms
]
Reactive current I
b
[A
rms
]
Output real power
[kW]
A (without magnetics) 28.3 28.3 1.1 20
B (with L
ac
) 28.3 28.3 1.2 20
C (with L
dc
) 28.3 28.3 1.2 20
Table 2: Rating of the passive harmonic filters for topologies A, B and C. The values in red are usually
not available from the harmonic filter specifications.

In fact, only the active current I
a
and real power P are identical for all three topologies, thus making them
suitable for selecting the filter. Unfortunately, the active current I
a
(which is actually the harmonic filters
input rated current) is generally not known based on the specifications of non-linear loads (e.g. motor
drives). The only specified value that is suitable without any restrictions for selecting the passive
harmonic filter is therefore the real power P of the non-linear load.
To simplify the filter selection for the user, Schaffner specifies its ECOsine harmonic filters based on
the motor drives power rating and not, like other manufacturers of comparable products, on the input
current.
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
13/15

Proper selection of active harmonic filters
Unlike passive harmonic filters, active filters are installed in parallel to the power line (shunt filters). Note
that only topologies B and C are represented in figure 7. Topology A is not advisable because active
shunt filters require magnetic components on the load for economic reasons. This is obvious from
another look at the waveforms in Figure 2. If there were no magnetic components (topology A) the
required corrective current of the active filter would be so high that the filter would need to be
significantly oversized.

i
Active
harmonic
filter
i
b
i
a
i
Active
harmonic
filter
i
b
i
a
L dc
C dc
P =
const
U
3
Z line
C
C dc
P =
const
Z line
B
L ac
U
2
U
1
U
3
U
2
U
1

Figure 7: six-pulse rectifiers for topologies B and C with an active harmonic filter connected in parallel
(shunt filter).

If, for simplicitys sake, an ideal shunt filter is considered based on topologies B and C in Figure 7, it is
not difficult to realize that
the line current corresponds to the active current i
a
in Figure 2 (B and C)
the filters corrective current corresponds to the reactive current i
b
in Figure 2 (B and C)
the rectifiers input current corresponds to the input current i in Figure 2 (B and C).

These statements are true, provided that the line impedance Z
line
is negligible in relation to the
impedances of L
ac
(topology B) and L
dc
(topology C). In our example this condition is fully met.
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
14/15

When selecting active harmonic filters, a similar issue needs to be addressed as when chosing the
passive versions. One must dimension the filter based on the rectifier parameters without a filter.
Table 3 lists key parameters for topologies B and C (without a filter). The only value that is really of any
use is the reactive current I
b
, which describes the active filters most important parameter: the corrective
current required.
Rectifier Line current I
[A
rms
]
Active current I
a
[A
rms
]
Reactive current I
b
[A
rms
]
Output real power
[kW]
B (with L
ac
) 32.8 27.8 17.4 20
C (with L
dc
) 31.1 27.8 13.9 20
Table 3: Rating the active harmonic filter for topologies B and C. The values in red are usually not
available from the load specifications.

Unlike in the case of passive harmonic filters, there is a difference when it comes to dimensioning active
harmonic filters for topologies B and C. The required corrective current for topology B is 17.4 A
rms
,
whereas it is only 13.9 A
rms
for topology C. To give the complete picture, it should also be mentioned at
this point that the corrective current required without any magnetic components (topology A) would be
45.5 A
rms
. Unfortunately, the value for the reactive current I
b
is usually not available from the specification
of the non-linear load.
The simplest way to find this value would be to calculate it from the following formula:
2
2
3

n p
b
U
P
I I

I: rms of the line current of the non-linear load without a harmonic filter
P: real power of the load
U
p-n
: phase-neutral voltage of the power line
All these values can usually be found in the specification of the non-linear load.
In our example this would be:
4 . 17
240 3
20000
) 8 . 32 (
2
2

b
I (Topology B)
9 . 13
240 3
20000
) 1 . 31 (
2
2

b
I (Topology C)
The calculated results match exactly with the values from Figure 2 which were calculated using FFT
(Fourier Transformation).
Schaffner EMV AG
White paper
Rating of harmonic filters
December, 2008
15/15

Conclusion
Proper selection of passive and active harmonic filters may quickly lead to misunderstandings due to a
number of unknown parameters of the non-linear load. But selecting the correct size of filter is key to
achieving the optimum cost/benefit ratio, i.e. the desired reduction in current harmonics with minimal
filtering effort. Given that some motor drive peripherals such as EMI filters, line-reactors or output filters
are designed and selected based on the line current I, it is often wrongly assumed that this is also
appropriate for harmonic filters. The correct procedure however is to select passive harmonic filters
based on the loads real power P, and to select active harmonic filters based on the calculated reactive
current I
b
.

Literature

1. Fryze, S. (1932) Wirk-, Blind- und Scheinleistung in elektrischen Stromkreisen mit
nichtsinusfrmigem Verlauf von Strom und Spannung, Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, June, 596-
9.

2. A. Pietkiewicz, Virtual Laboratory for Harmonics Filtering Visualization, Proceedings of IEEE
International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion,
(SPEEDAM 2008), Ischia, Italy, p.508-512.

3. IEC 61000-3-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3-12: Limits for harmonics current
produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current >16A and <
75A per phase. IEC, Aug. 2004.

4. Engineering Recommendation G5/4-1 Planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion and the
connection of nonlinear equipment to transmission systems and distribution networks in the
United Kingdom. Energy Network Association, Oct. 2005.

5. IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power
Systems. IEEE Std 519-1992