Math 150 Exam 3 Review Sheet

Local Extrema: Function f has a local maximum at the point (c, f (c)) if f (c) f (x) for all x near c and a local minimum at the point (c, f (c)) if f (c) f (x) for all x near c. Here, near means any open interval containing c. Usually the local extrema corresponds to peaks and valleys in the graph. Determining Intervals of Increasing/Decreasing: (1) Determine the domain of the function, including any vertical asymptotes; (2) Find all critical values of the function; (3) On a number line, choose test points (in the domain) around the critical values and asymptotes; (4) Plug the test points into f (x) and determine the corresponding signs; (5) f is increasing on any open intervals where f (x) > 0 and decreasing on any open intervals where f (x) < 0.
+12 Example of Increasing/Decreasing: Let f (x) = xx . (1) Domain is all reals excepts x = 2, 2 2 4x12 x6) (x2)(2x)(x2 +12) = x ( = (x+2)( =0 which is a vertical asymptote. (2) f (x) = (x2)2 x2)2 (x2)2 when x = 2 and x = 6. These are the critical values. Note that x = 2 makes f undened
2

but is not a critical value since it is not in the domain. (3-4) + -3 -2 0 2 3 6 + 7

(5) Increasing on (, 2) (6, ) and decreasing on (2, 2) (2, 6). First Derivative Test: If c is a critical value of f with f continuous at c, then (a) if f changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local max at (c, f (c)); (b) if f changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local min at (c, f (c)); (c) if the sign of f does not change at c, then it is neither a local max nor min. In the previous example, (-2,-4) is a local max and (6,12) is a local min. Concavity: Function f is concave up on an interval (a, b) if it opens upward on this interval (we can think of this as looking similar to at least a portion of an upward opening parabola). Similarly, f is concave down on interval (a, b) if it opens downward on this interval. These ideas equate to the second derivative being positive and negative, respectively. Determining Intervals of Concavity: (1) Find domain and vertical asymptotes of the function f ; (2) Determine when the second derivative equals zero and is undened (on the domain); (3) On a number line choose test values about these points and the vertical asymptotes; (4) Plug the test points into f (x) and determine the corresponding signs; (5) f is concave up on any open interval where f (x) > 0 and concave down on any open interval where f (x) < 0. (Note that this is identical to determining increasing/decreasing, except using f .)

ii Inection Points: If the concavity of f changes at x = c, then (c, f (c)) is an inection point. Use the intervals of concavity to determine where inection points occur. Sketching Functions: A reasonably accurate graph can be made of function f by determining the following: (A) Domain; (B) Intercepts (for y -intercept, set x = 0 and for x-intercepts, set y = 0); (C) Symmetry (f is even if f (x) = f (x) and odd if f (x) = f (x)); (D) Asymptotes (vertical asymptotes are usually obtained by setting the denominator equal to zero and horizontal asymptotes are given by limx f (x)); (E) Intervals of increasing/decreasing; (F) Local extrema; (G) Intervals of concavity and inection points; (H) Sketch. Optimization Problems: (1) Determine the function to be maximized/minimized and the constraint; (2) Substitute the constraint into the function to simplify to a function of one variable; (3) Determine extrema of the function. Antiderivatives: Function F is an antiderivative of function f if F (x) = f (x). The most general antiderivative of f is F (x) + C , with C an arbitrary constant. The Denite Integral: The denite integral from a to b, denoted by a f (x) dx, gives the net area under the curve. Here, under the curve means below the curve and above the x-axis. However, if the curve lies below the x-axis, these portions are counted as negative areas. * Using Riemann Sums to Evaluate Denite Integrals: f (x) dx = limn formulas for n i=1 i,
b a n ba i=1 f (xi )x where x = n and xi = a + ix. n n 3 2 i=1 i will be supplied for the exam.) i=1 i , and b a a b

(The summation

Special Properties: (1) a f (x) dx = b f (x) dx; (2) a f (x) dx = 0; b c b (3) a f (x) dx = a f (x) dx + c f (x) dx; (4) If f (x) g (x) on [a, b],
b a

f (x) dx

b a

g (x) dx.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Suppose f is continuous on [a, b]. (1) If x g (x) = a f (t) dt, then g (x) = f (x) (ie. derivatives cancel out denite integrals); (2) a f (x) dx = F (b) F (a) where F is any antiderivative of f (so we can always take C = 0 in the most general antiderivative when evaluating denite integrals). Indenite Integrals An indenite integral has no limits of integration (a and b), and is denoted by f (x) dx. The answer to an indenite integral is the most general antiderivative.
b

iii Common Integrals: Any integrals not listed here will be supplied. k dx = kx + C 1 dx = ln |x| + C x sin x dx = cos x + C sec2 x dx = tan x + C csc2 x dx = cot x + C 1 dx = tan1 x + C 1+x2 f (g (x))g (x) dx = xn dx = x + C (n = 1) n+1 x x e dx = e + C cos x dx = sin x + C sec x tan x dx = sec x + C csc x cot x dx = csc x + C
n+1

u-Substitution: Let u = g (x) be differentiable and f continuous on the range of u. Then f (u) du. Example of u-Substitution: Consider x2 cos x3 dx Let u = x3 . Then du = 3x2 dx; so we 1 rewrite the integral as 3 3x2 cos x3 dx, which then becomes
1 cos u du = 1 sin u + C = 3 sin x3 + C . (Comparing to the above denition, we have 3 g (x) = x3 , g (x) = 3x2 , and f (x) = cos x.) 1 3

Area Between Curves: Suppose f and g are continuous with f (x) g (x) on [a, b]. Then, the b area A bounded between f (x) and g (x) from x = a to x = b is A = a [f (x) g (x)] dx (ie. top minus bottom). It is similar for functions of y except we use right minus left. *Average Value of a Function: The average y -value taken on by function f over the interval b 1 f (x) dx. [a, b] is fave = b a a *Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: If f is continuous on [a, b], then there is a number c between a and b such that f (c) = * Formula will be provided.
1 ba b a

f (x) dx.