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Politehnica University of Bucharest
Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages
Chemical Engineering Division
Design of a
Rectification Unit
Eugen S. Andreiadis
Group 1244 E
Year 2003 - 2004
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
2
Foreword
The objective of this project is the calculation of two rectification towers, one
employing short-cut methods and the second using rigorous methods.
The project begins with a brief presentation of the method of separation
employed (i.e. rectification), its advantages over distillation and the problems
which may arise in multi-component rectification.
Following, the first column calculation is done, starting with mass balances and
the determination of the temperature profile, and continuing with the minimum
reflux ratio (by the Underwood method) and the total reflux ratio (employing
the Fenske equation). An optimal reflux ratio and the corresponding theoretical
number of trays are obtained by the Galliland method, after which all the
previously computed values are verified against a Hysys simulation, thus
finalizing the first column calculation.
The second column is assumed to be fed with a binary mixture, simplifying in
this way the computations. This more rigorous analysis also includes a
hydrodynamic calculus and the determination of the mass transfer coefficients
and the real number of trays. Knowing this specific details, it is possible to draw
a scaled representation of the second column.
The project ends with several Appendixes containing raw data extracted from
Hysys concerning the first and also the second column simulations.
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
3
Project Outline
Project Brief 4
Signification of Symbols 5
1. Justification 6
2. First Column Calculation 9
2.1. Mass Balances 9
2.2. Temperature Profile 11
2.3. Minimum Reflux Ratio 14
2.4. Total Reflux Ratio 15
2.5. Optimum Reflux Ratio 16
2.6. Hysys Simulation 17
3. Second Column Calculation 19
3.1. Theoretical Number of Trays 19
3.2. Hydrodynamic Calculus 22
References 33
Appendixes 34
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
4
Project Brief
A ternary mixture containing the following components
component 1: C
2
H
6
(ethane),
component 2: C
3
H
8
(propane) and
component 3: nC
4
H
10
(n-butane)
is to be separated by continuous rectification, given the conditions below:
Value Parameter Symbol
Column 1 Column 2
Feed flow F 950 kmole/h -
Feed composition (mole fractions) x
F,i
x
F,1
= 0.2
x
F,2
= 0.3
-
-
Thermal state of feed q 0.45 -
Degrees of recovery s s
v
= 0.99
s
h
= 0.98
s
v
= 0.95
s
h
= 0.97
Pressure at the top of the columns p 14 bar 8 bar
Type of condenser - total total
Type of reboiler - equilibrium equilibrium
Type of column - plates valves
Project content:
1. Justification of chosen methods and solutions.
2. Thermodynamic and physical properties.
3. First column calculation using short-cut methods: minimum and optimum
reflux, number of theoretical plates.
4. Binary column calculation using rigorous methods:
- material balance;
- thermal state of feed;
- optimum reflux and number of theoretical plates;
- column diameter and hydraulic calculations;
- mass transfer coefficients and real number of plates.
5. Drawings
6. References
Separation scheme imposed:
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
5
Signification of Symbols
F feed stream or feed flow
D distillate stream or distillate flow
W waste stream or waste flow
y
i
vapour composition of component i
x
i
liquid composition of component i

ij
relative volatility of i to j
s
i
degrees of recovery
LKC light key component
HKC heavy key component
K
D,i
distribution coefficient of component i
P
r
reduced pressure
P
c
critical pressure
P
v
vapour pressure
T
r
reduced temperature
q thermal state of feed
L
min
minimum reflux ratio (infinite number of trays)
N
min
minimum number of theoretical trays (infinite reflux ratio)
N
T
theoretical number of trays (optimum reflux ratio)
Q
V
, Q
L
vapour or liquid flow
density
dynamic viscosity
surface tension
w vapour or liquid velocity
D
i
diameter of the column
S
r
free area of the tray (hole area)
S transversal section area
S
d
downcomer area
S
a
active area
z number of valves
h
z
weir height
H tray spacing
t valve spacing
l
d
weir length
d
e
equivalent diameter
d
S
valve tray diameter
d
0
valve hole diameter
h
S
maximum valve height
e liquid entrainment
G
1
valve mass
S
tray thickness
D
V
, D
L
diffusion coefficients
k
x
, k
y
partial mass transfer coefficients
K total mass transfer coefficient
Re Reynolds criterion
Sc Schmidt criterion
Sh Sherwood criterion
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
6
1. Justification
Separation of individual substances in a homogeneous liquid mixture or complete
fractionation of such mixtures into their components is an important step in many
production processes. Different separation procedures can be used for this purpose,
but distillation is the most important industrial method.
Distillation utilizes a very simple separation principle based on the development of
intimate contact between the homogeneous mixture and a second phase, which
thereby allows mass transfer to occur between phases. The thermodynamic conditions
are chosen so that only the component to be separated enters the second phase. The
phases are subsequently separated; one of them contains the desired substance, and
the other consists of a mixture that is largely free of this substance.
Three steps are always involved in industrial implementation of this separation principle:
Creation of a two-phase system
Mass transfer between phases
Separation of the phases
A large number of separation techniques utilize this very effective principle or
modifications thereof. Absorption, desorption, evaporation, condensation, and
distillation involve a gaseous and a liquid phase; solvent extraction uses two liquid
phases. Separating techniques that utilize a fluid phase and a solid phase are
adsorption, crystallization, drying, and leaching. In most of these separations, the
necessary two-phase system is created by adding an auxiliary phase to the mixture;
the diluted substances to be separated collect with the auxiliary agent. However, in
distillation, the second phase is produced by partial vaporization of the mixture.
Hence, the use of an auxiliary substance, which usually requires laborious recovery,
can be avoided, and the components to be separated can be recovered as pure
substances. Indeed, distillation requires energy only in the form of heat, which can
subsequently be removed from the system.
The vapour and liquid are brought into intimate contact by countercurrent flow and
mass exchange occurs because the two phases are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
The phases produced during rectification are formed by evaporation and
condensation of the initial mixture. The separation of a liquid mixture into its pure
components can be controlled solely via the heat supply.
The basis of this unit operation is the volatility difference between the properties of
the liquid and the vapour phase, respectively, on the vapour-liquid equilibrium of the
system.
Among the main methods used in distillation practice (differential, flash, batch,
azeotropic, extractive distillation, a.s.o.), we are interested here solely in rectification.
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
7
Figure 2. Multiple distillation of a binary mixture a-b
Flow diagram with (A) condensation or without (B) condensation
Figure 1. Continuous distillation of
a binary mixture a-b
A) Flow diagram showing symbols for total
molar streams or flow rates (F, L, etc.) and
mole fractions of the more volatile component
a (x
F
, x
D
, etc.); B) A y-x diagram showing
equilibrium and operating lines
In differential or flash distillation, the vapour leaving the still at any time is in
equilibrium with the remaining liquid, and there will normally be only a small increase
in the concentration of the more volatile component. The essential merit of
rectification is that it enables the vapour to be obtained to be substantially richer
than the liquid left in still. This is achieved by an arrangement known as fractionating
column which enables successive vaporisation and condensation to be accomplished
in one unit.
Figure 1 and 2 illustrate the differences between
continuous distillation and multiple distillation,
i.e. rectification.
The fractionating column consists of a cylindrical
structure divided into sections by a series of
perforated trays which permit the upward flow
of vapour. The liquid reflux flows across each
trays over a weir and downcomer to the tray
below. The vapour rising from the top tray
passes to a condenser and then to some form
of reflux divider where part is withdraw as a
product D and the remainder is returned to the
top tray as reflux. The reflux stream is
frequently passed from the condenser through
a reflux drum and then pumped to the column at a rate determined by a suitable
control device. The liquid in the base of the column is heated, either by condensing
steam or by a hot oil steam, and the vapour rises through the perforations to the
bottom tray.
A more commonly used arrangement consists of an external reboiler. Here the
liquid from the still passes into a reboiler where it flows over the tubes and leaves as
the bottom product; the more volatile material returns as vapour to the still.
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
8
Vapour of composition y
w
enters the bottom tray (say n) where it is
partially condensed and then revaporised to give vapour of
composition y
n
. This operation of partial condensation and partial
vaporisation of the reflux liquid id repeated on each tray.
The feed stream is introduced on some intermediate tray where
the liquid has approximately the same composition as the feed.
The part of the column above the feed point is known as the
rectifying section, while the lower part is known as the stripping
section.
Figure 3. Flow of vapour and liquid
through a rectification column
Multi-component mixture rectification is a more frequently operation in industrial
chemistry and refineries compared with a binary one, and this project implies the
existence of such a mixture, having 3 components. One of the main problems such an
approach exhibits is the optimal selection and sub-sequencing of separation
operations and adequate equipment in order to meet the specified process
requirements.
For example, let us consider such a mixture of 3 components A, B and C (given in
order of decreasing volatility) which should be separated until a given purity by
continuous rectification. Three schemes can be imagined, as follows from Figure 4.
Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3
Figure 4. Sequencing of rectification towers
Scheme 1 uses the first column for obtaining A like distillate. This fraction still contains
some quantities of B and C (only traces, and if the relative volatility of A is big enough,
these quantities can be neglected). The waste fraction (a binary mixture of B and C,
contaminated with small quantities of A) is separated in the second column.
A+B+C
A+B+C
(A+)B(+C)
A+B+C
1
2
1
2
1
2
A(+B)
(A+)B+C
(A+)B
(B+)C
A+B(+C)
(B+)C
A(+B)
B(+C)
A(+B)
(B+)C
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
9
Scheme 2 uses the first column for obtaining C like waste (in the bottom). The
distillate, also containing a small quantity of C, is separated further in the second
column in order to obtain two fractions corresponding of A and B. According to the
relative volatility, the component C cannot be found in the distillate of the second
column.
The third scheme is much more complicated, because of the side streams in both
columns, but is also more economic.
In practice, choosing one of the schemes is a matter of costs. The first scheme is more
economic than the first because it boils only one component, A (assuming A is liquid).
On the other hand, when the third component C is corrosive or toxic, it is better to
eliminate it first. Anyway, one column can reasonably isolate only one component, so
for n components we have n-1 columns.
The sequencing scheme imposed for our project is the second, so we are to separate
component C in the first column and then isolate A and B in the second one.
2. First Column Calculation
The feed introduced in the first column contains three components. An important
approximation that has to be made concerns the so called key components. The
volatile components are called light and the less volatile ones are called heavy. The
light key component (LKC) will be considered to be that light component which is
found as an important fraction of the waste flow (all the lighter ones could be
neglected). If all light components are significant fractions of the waste, the lightest
one will be called the light key component. The heavy key component (HKC) is that
heavy component which could be found as an important amount in the distillate (or
the heaviest one, if all key components are present in the distillate).
LKC: component 2 (propane)
HKC: component 3 (butane)
external: component 1 (ethane)
In our case (scheme 2), the LKC is considered to be component 2, while the HKC is
considered to be component 3. Assuming that the keys were chosen properly (which
will be verified later using the Shiras, Hanson and Gibson equation), the calculus
evolves, with some modifications, like for a binary mixture composed of these key
components.
2.1. Mass Balances
A simple representation of the flows and the composition of the flows in the case of
the first column is given below in Figure 5.
The separation degrees are as follows
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
10
2 F
2 D
v
x F
x D
s

= (1)
3 F
3 W
h
x F
x W
s

= (2)
and the key component approximation actually implies
0 x
1 W
= (3)
The mass balances are
W D F + = (4)
1 W 1 D 1 F
x W x D x F + = (5)
2 W 2 D 2 F
x W x D x F + = (6)
The system above contains only six equations but should
calculate eight unknowns. We also have to add the stoichiometric restrictions
1 x
Dj
=
_
(7)
1 x
Wj
=
_
(8)
The computations were done first by hand and then were verified in an Excel sheet.
The results obtained after solving the system are presented below
Similarly we can compute the mass balance for the second column, taking into
account the differences between the equations of the system and the fact that the
distillate from the first column becomes the feed for the second.
1 F
1 D
v
x F
x D
s

= (1)
2 F
2 W
h
x F
x W
s

= (2)
0 x
3 D
= (3)
W D F + = (4 )
2 W 2 D 2 F
x W x D x F + = (5)
3 W 3 D 3 F
x W x D x F + = (6)
F
L D
V
L
V
W
Figure 5. First Column
Data for the mass balance: F, x
Fj
, s
v
, s
h
s
v
(%) = 99 s
h
(%) = 98
Calculus hypothesis: x
W1
= 0
Flows (kmol/h): Concentrations 1 2 3 Verification:
F= 950 x
F
= 0.2 0.3 0.5 1
D= 481.65 x
D
= 0.3945 0.5858 0.0197 1
W= 468.35 x
W
= 0.0000 0.0061 0.9939 1
Total balance: 0 Partial balances 0 2E-14 0
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
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1 x
Dj
=
_
(7 )
1 x
Wj
=
_
(8 )
We get the values
We see that in both cases the mass balances close, although for some columns there
may be obtained instead of zero very small values, because of the truncation errors.
2.2. Temperature Profile
The temperature in the column is needed in order to verify the components
distribution. The temperatures of the distillate, the feed and the waste are dependent
upon the type of condenser and reboiler used and also upon the thermal state of feed q.
Top and Bottom Temperatures
The temperature at the top of the column is dependent upon the type of condenser
employed. Thus, for the case of a total condenser, it means that the vapour fraction
on the first theoretical stage has a known composition y
Di
= x
Di
. The pressure being
given, a Dew T calculus with this composition gives the desired temperature.
The temperature at the bottom of the column depends on the type of reboiler used.
If the reboiler works at equilibrium (it is considered a theoretical plate), the reboiling
ratio W/V is needed to estimate the temperature (see Figure 5). The real temperature
is between the boiling point of the liquid fraction W and the temperature of the
vapour which enters the N+1 stage. In order to simplify the calculus, the dew point of
W is considered to be the searched temperature.
The calculations are done employing a Pascal program which tries several
temperatures until the needed conditions are fulfilled (verification is done using the
Riedel Plank Miller relationship, see below). We found the values
T
D
= 29.21 C (for the top of the column)
T
W
= 95.85 C (for the bottom of the column)
Data for the mass balance: F, xFj, sv, sh sv (%) = 95 sh (%) = 97
Calculus hypothesis: xD3 = 0
Flows (kmol/h): Concentrations: 1 2 3 Verification:
F= 481.65 xF= 0.3945 0.5858 0.0197 1
D= 188.975 xD= 0.95521 0.044792 0 1
W= 292.675 xW= 0.03246 0.935119 0.03242 1
Total balance: 0 Partial balances: 0 0 0
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
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Verification of Computed Values
The two values obtained have been verified using the De Priester diagram and also
the Riedel-Plank-Miller relationship. In the case of the Dew T calculus, the mole
fractions in the vapour phase (y
i
) are known, we need to verify if indeed the estimated
values for K
di
verify the relation
_ _
= = 1
K
y
x
Di
i
i
(9)
For the case of the Bubble T calculus, the relation to be used is
_ _
= = 1 K x y
Di i i
(10)
The Riedel-Plank-Miller relationship states that
( ) | |
3
i , r i
2
i , r
i , r
i
vi , r
T 1 g T 1
T
G
P log + = (11)
where P
r,vi
is the reduced vapour pressure of component I, T
r,I
is the reduced
temperature and G
i
and g
i
are two constants specific for each component. The
relation allows the estimation of P
v
similarly to the Antoine equation, only that it offers
much more confidence at higher pressures because of the presence of reduced
(involving critical) parameters.
The computations were done using Mathcad, an example of the results obtained in
the case of n-Butane being presented below
G 1.50014 := g 1.81934 :=
temp redusa = temp / temp critica
pres redusa = pres / pres critica
Tcr 425.12 := Pcr 37.34 := Tr
302.36
Tcr
:=
etan Tcr = 32.3 C = 305.45 K
Pcr = 48.2 atm
propan Tcr = 96.68 C = 369.83 K
Pcr = 41.92 atm
n-butan Tcr = 151.97 C = 425.12 K
Pcr = 37.34 atm
lg
G
Tr
|

\
|
.
1 Tr
2
g 1 Tr ( )
3
+

:=
lg 1.135 =
Parametrii Miller (G si g)
C2H6 1.38881 1.55945 etan
C3H8 1.44933 1.69639 propan
nC4H10 1.50014 1.81934 n-butan
Pvap 10
lg
Pcr :=
Pvap 2.739 =
Kd
Pvap
13.82
:=
from Lange's Handbook of
Chemistry, 15th Ed, John A. Dean
Kd 0.198 =
The results are systematised in Table 1. We see that the temperatures are very well
verified, as it was to be expected since the Pascal program computed them on the
basis of the same equation.
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
13
Table 1. Riedel Plank Miller validation
T (C) Comp K
Di
x
Di
_ Di
x
1 3.268 0.1207
2 0.751 0.7800 29.21
3 0.198 0.0995
1.0023
1 12.213 0.0000
2 2.988 0.0182 95.85
3 0.996 0.9899
1.0081
The results obtained using the De Priester diagram are also given in Table 2. The
values obtained are also in good agreement with the expected ones.
Table 2. De Priester validation
T (C) Comp K
Di
x
Di
_ Di
x
1 2.55 0.1547
2 0.82 0.7144 29.21
3 0.26 0.0758
0.9449
1 5.15 0.0000
2 2.4 0.0146 95.85
3 1.0 0.9939
1.0085
Feed Temperature
The temperature of the feed stream is a function of its thermal state q. This parameter
is defined as the ratio between the liquid part of the feed and the total feed,
F
F
q
L
= (12)
The calculus is done using the same algorithm as before and the same Pascal
program, the condition to be fulfilled in this case being
_ _
=
+
= 1
) q 1 ( K q
x
x
i , D
i , F *
i , F
(13)
where
*
,i F
x denotes the composition of the liquid part of the feed. We have obtained
T
F
= 60.21 C
and the following phase composition
*
1 , F
x = 0.0523
*
1 , F
y = 0.3208
*
2 , F
x = 0.2347
*
2 , F
y = 0.3534
*
3 , F
x = 0.7129
*
3 , F
y = 0.3251
The average temperature in the column is computed as an arithmetic mean between
the top and the bottom temperature, giving
T
m
= 62.53 C
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
14
2.3. Minimum Reflux Ratio
The minimum reflux ratio requires an infinite number of theoretical plates in order to
separate the key components as required, so it is a value that cannot be practically
achieved, and any reflux ratio has to be grater than this quantity.
Relative Volatilities
Employing the same Riedel-Plank-Miller relation, this time for the mean temperature
in the column, we can obtain the distribution coefficients K
D,i
and from here the
relative volatilities (given in respect to the HKC) according to
HKC , D
i , D
i
K
K
= o (14)
The results are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Relative volatilities
T (C) Comp K
Di

i
1 1.579 13.275
2 6.412 3.269 62.53
3 0.483 1
Shiras, Hanson and Gibson Validation
The calculus done using the minimal reflux hypothesis allows us to validate the
assumptions made regarding the key components: all internal components should be
present in significant amounts in both effluents and could be considered as
distributed ones. Shiras, Hanson and Gibson have shown that, for a minimal reflux, an
approximate relation is generally valid,
F x
D x
1 F x
D x
1
1
F x
D x
HKC , F
HKC , D
LKC
i LKC
LKC , F
LKC , D
LKC
i
i , F
i , D

o
o o
+

o
o
=

(16)
where the relative volatilities
i
o are calculated as above. If
F x
D x
i , F
i , D

< -0.01 or
F x
D x
i , F
i , D

> 1.01,
then the component i is probably not distributed, but if
| | 99 . 0 , 01 . 0
F x
D x
i , F
i , D
e

,
then i is distributed for sure (is not external). In our case the above formula is applied
only once in order to verify if the first component is really external. We obtain
F x
D x
i , F
i , D

= 5.268 > 1.01

and so indeed component 1 is not distributed.
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
15
Underwood Method
The value of the minimum reflux ratio L
min
is only needed to verify the real reflux ratio
and thus a very accurate method is not required. We chose the algorithm proposed
by Underwood, which considers constant the relative volatilities
i
o and the ratio L/V
and assures a reasonable value after a moderate effort. The following system has to
be solved.
( )
( )

+ =
u o
o
=
u o
o
_
_
1 L D
x D
q 1 F
x F
min
i
i , D i
i
i , F i
(17-18)
Equation (17) should be written for all components i from the feed and should be
solved with respect to u. Each solution obtained (between 1 and
LKC
o ) gives a variant
of equation (17), which is also written for all components i from the distillate.
The system was solved employing a Pascal program. The correct value for u was
located using the bisection method. We obtained u = 2.037 and thus
L
min
= 1.0012
2.4. Total Reflux Ratio
An infinite reflux ratio implies that there is no distillate, all the top product being
returned in the column. Since the products distribution changes with the reflux ratio,
the calculus at total reflux could give precious information regarding the final
compositions. In order to find the minimum number of trays corresponding to the
infinite reflux, we use an extended form of Fenske equation, written for key
components,
(

o
= +
LKC , W
HKC , W
HKC , D
LKC , D
LKC
min
x W
x W
x D
x D
log
log
1
1 N (19)
where N
min
denotes the minimum number of plates. If the condenser and/or the
reboiler work at equilibrium, they are included in N
min
. The average relative density is
computed as a geometrical mean
W D
T
LKC
T
LKC LKC
o o = o (20)
We find, employing the same Riedel-Plank-Miller relation,
D
T
LKC
o = 3.793,
W
T
LKC
o = 3.000
and thus
LKC
o = 3.373, following that
N
min
= 6
Equation (19) can also be used to calculate the distribution of other components that
the key ones in the case of total reflux.
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
16
HKC , W
HKC , D 1 N
LKC
i , W
i , D
x W
x D
x W
x D
min

o =

+
(21)
In this case, only the external 1 components distribution could be calculated. This will
give a correction of the mass balance, allowing for more accurate compositions and
flows. For this, the previous assumption x
W,1
= 0 will be replaced by the value
obtained according to (21). The calculations are done using the following Excel sheet.
The value denoted with alfa is the right side of equation (21). Of course, it is still
possible to obtain non-zero values for some mass balance verifications.
2.5 Optimum Reflux Ratio
This parameter is to be estimated using the method proposed by Gilliland, which
gives confident results for different thermal states q and a large range of relative
volatilities. The following correlation has been made,
1
X 002743 . 0 X 591422 . 0 545827 . 0 Y

+ = (22)
where
2 N
N N
Y
T
min T
+

= and
1 L
L L
X
min
+

= .
For several values of the reflux ratio L (L >
L
min
), X is calculated with the above formula
and Y from equation (22). From this, a
graphical dependence of the type N
T
= f(L)
can be obtained. The optimal reflux ratio is
considered to be that value where the
curve tends to remain constant (obtained
by drawing two tangents to the curve and
locating their interception point). The
computations were done using an Excel
sheet and the results obtained are plotted
in Figure 6. A part of the data stream
employed is given in the sheet aside.
It follows that L
opt
= 3 and NTT = 9.
L X Y N
1.02 0.009307 0.835049 46.50
1.50 0.199520 0.441574 12.33
2.00 0.332933 0.357162 10.44
2.50 0.428229 0.298969 9.41
3.00 0.499700 0.255783 8.75
3.50 0.555289 0.222357 8.29
4.00 0.599760 0.195689 7.95
4.50 0.636145 0.173908 7.68
5.00 0.666467 0.155780 7.48
5.50 0.692123 0.140453 7.31
6.00 0.714114 0.127325 7.17
Data for the mass balance: F, x
Fj
, s
v
, s
h
s
v
(%) = 99 s
h
(%) = 98
Calculus hypothesis: D*x
D1
=alfa*W*x
W1
a
1
= 3.373 N
min
= 6
alfa = 101.37
Flows (kmol/h): Concentrations 1 2 3 Verification:
F= 950 x
F
= 0.2 0.3 0.5 1
D= 479.79 x
D
= 0.3921 0.58806 0.0198 1
W= 470.21 x
W
= 0.0039 0.00606 0.98999 1
Total balance: 0 Partial balances -7E-15 2E-14 0
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
17
5.80
6.80
7.80
8.80
9.80
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00
L
N
t
Figure 6. The Gilliland method for obtaining
the optimum reflux ratio
2.6 Hysys Simulation
Following the determination of the optimum reflux ratio, we chose to verify all the
above calculations using a recent version (3.0.1) of the powerful software package
Hysys, the most famous process simulator. The chosen method was the so-called
short-cut distillation, providing initial estimates for a much rigorous later calculus.
This method is based on the Fenske-Underwood equations, and it gives N
min
and L
min
together with the number of ideal trays, the optimal feed location and other various
properties for the components in the mixture.
Procedure
The procedure goes as follows: firstly, from the list of available components are
chosen the ones to be separated. For each a set of physical and thermodynamical
properties can be consulted. For reference, the properties found for our components
are listed in the Appendix. The next step requires the selection of one Fluid Package
to be used, and we have selected the PRSV package (based on the Peng-Robinson
equation of state).
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
18
Now the access to the simulation manager is granted. This visual environment allows
us to select and connect the equipments that are going to be used. Thus, we have
introduced the two columns and joined them through a valve (since there exists a
pressure difference between the two). We were required to name each flow rate and
to specify the pressure at the top and the bottom of the column (the same in the case
of the first column and in the first approximation for the second one). We could have
introduced the previously determined temperatures at the two ends, but we have
chosen not to do so and let the simulator compute them. The reflux ratio L as well as
the liquid rate can also be specified in advance. Instead, we have introduced the
imposed recovery rate s
v
and s
h
. More information are needed to fully characterise the
feed stream F, for example the composition of the stream x
Fi
, the pressure, the
thermal state q and of course the molar flow rate. At this moment the simulator can
calculate all the other characteristics of the streams and the column that we are
interested in.
Data inputs and outputs
F = 950 kmole/h
x
F1
= 0.2
x
F2
= 0.3
P = 1400 kPa
q = 0.45 (q = 0.55)
Having introduced the above inputs, we were able to try next several values for the
number of plates until the value for the reflux ratio approached the L
opt
computed
with the Galliland method. However, for the NTT = 9 determined at paragraph 2.5.,
the column didnt converge. The convergence was assured only for values of NTT
greater than 11. Moreover, the L
opt
= 3 was reached only at much higher number of
trays, as can be seen from the Table 4.
Table 4. First column
Note that since the reboiler works at equilibrium, it is
considered a theoretical tray also.
The location of the feed point was chosen as to correspond to
the same composition of the vapour-liquid system inside the
column as in the feed stream. For this, the compositions of the
liquid key components on each tray were extracted and then
divided. Knowing the thermal state of the feed
i , F
L
i , F
x
x
q = (23)
the compositions of the liquid key components in the feed can be obtained and their
ratio calculated. This ratio is compared then with the ratio on each tray and the
closest resemblance belongs to the feed tray.
After several trial-and-error attempts, we have chosen a NTT = 17 corresponding to a
reflux ratio L = 2.84. All the important values obtained after running the simulation in
this conditions are presented in the Appendix.
N
T
N
feed
L
11 5 21.4
12 5 8.08
13 6 5.43
14 6 4.18
15 6 3.52
16 6 3.12
17 6 2.84
18 7 2.62
19 7 2.46
20 7 2.34
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
19
The same was applied for the second column, as we tried to find the ideal number of
trays and the location of the feed point that would minimize the reflux ratio, in the
same time keeping a smooth temperature profile in the column. The optimum results
obtained by such trial-and-error method for the both columns are resumed in the
table below.
Table 5. Hysys simulation. Trial-and-error method
Column N
T
N
feed
L
1 17 6 2.84
2 9 4 1.43
3. Second Column Calculation
If the first column was fed with a ternary mixture, this one is considered to be a binary
column, in order to simplify the calculations. For this, the component 3 was
distributed so that the compositions of the first two would total 1. Also, a new column
was simulated in Hysys according to the conditions above. Employing the simulator,
various physical and thermo-dynamical properties for the selected components (1 and
2) were found in order to be used later in the hydrodynamic calculus.
3.1. Theoretical Number Of Trays
The column calculation was done with the help of an Excel sheet, in which several
fields needed to be introduced in order to obtain the mass balance, L
min
, N
min
and
NTT, as detailed in the case of the first column. The results are presented below.
After obtaining the mass balance, the liquid-vapour diagram is to be plotted. For
several values of temperature T in the range of boiling points of the two components,
a special form of the Antoine equation (having 6 parameters for more accurate
predictions at higher pressures) was employed to give the vapour pressures for the
two components. (Note: for the calculation of the ternary column, we have used
instead the Riedel-Plank-Miller relation.) The equation is as follows
Components Molar Masses Antoine Constants
A B C D E F
C2H6 etan 30 kg / kmol 44.0103 -2568.82 0 -4.97635 1.46E-05 2
C3H8 propan 44 kg / kmol 52.3785 -3490.55 0 -6.10875 1.12E-05 2
Technological Imputs Mass balance Boiling Points
x1 x2
F = 481.67 kmol / h F = 481.67 0.402441 0.597559 1 -39.23
xF = 0.402441 kmol 1/ kmol am D = 192.7791 0.955253 0.0447466 1 18.1
xD = 0.955253 kmol 1/ kmol am W = 288.8909 0.033545 0.9664548 1
xW = 0.033545 kmol 1/ kmol am 0 -4.09E-14 0
p = 800 kPa
q = 0.857
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
20
f
V
T e T ln d
c T
b
a P ln + +
+
+ = (24)
where the pressure is obtained in kPa, the temperature is introduced in K and the
parameters a to f have to be obtained from tables (or the simulator).
Knowing the vapour pressures, it is easy to calculate the corresponding molar
fractions x and y with the formulas
2 , V 1 , V
2 , V
1
P P
P p
x

= (25)
p
P
x y
1
1 1
= (26)
where p is the total pressure, and P
V,i
are the vapour pressures of components i
calculated with the Antoine equation. Having computed these, it is easy now to get
the values of the relative volatility with
2 , V
1 , V
2 , 1
P
P
= o (27)
and to mediate them, obtaining finally an average relative viscosity. Also, the
equilibrium curve can be plotted as y = f(x) (see below).
Next the minimum reflux ratio is computed as
F
*
F
*
F D
min
x y
y x
L

= (28)
where y
F
*
represents the equilibrium concentration corresponding to x
F
.
The optimal reflux is computed with the Woinaroschy equation
Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
n T pV1 pV2 x y alfa12
0 -39.23 799.6177 115.0705 1.000558 1.00008 6.948936
1 -36.3635 876.7525 129.9149 0.89723 0.983311 6.748666
2 -33.497 959.2057 146.1995 0.804177 0.964213 6.560936
3 -30.6305 1047.196 164.0144 0.720107 0.942617 6.384781
4 -27.764 1140.946 183.4517 0.643918 0.918345 6.219327
5 -24.8975 1240.683 204.6055 0.574662 0.891217 6.063783
6 -22.031 1346.638 227.5715 0.511523 0.861046 5.917429
7 -19.1645 1459.046 252.4472 0.453798 0.827641 5.779609
8 -16.298 1578.149 279.3319 0.400879 0.790808 5.649728
9 -13.4315 1704.192 308.3261 0.352236 0.750347 5.527239
10 -10.565 1837.427 339.5322 0.30741 0.706054 5.411645
11 -7.6985 1978.114 373.0538 0.266 0.657723 5.302489
12 -4.832 2126.515 408.9961 0.227656 0.605143 5.199353
13 -1.9655 2282.905 447.4658 0.192071 0.548099 5.101854
14 0.901 2447.562 488.5708 0.158974 0.486374 5.009637
15 3.7675 2620.775 532.4204 0.128129 0.419748 4.92238
16 6.634 2802.841 579.1256 0.099327 0.347996 4.839781
17 9.5005 2994.066 628.7986 0.072381 0.270893 4.761566
18 12.367 3194.766 681.5532 0.04713 0.18821 4.687479
19 15.2335 3405.269 737.5046 0.023426 0.099715 4.617285
20 18.1 3625.912 796.7699 0.001142 0.005175 4.550764
5.533556
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
21
min
min
min
opt
L
N
192 . 0 1
L
L
+ = (29)
while the minimum (N
min
) and the theoretical number of trays (NTT) are determined by
the graphical McCabe-Thiele method. The equation for the rectification line is
( )
D D
x x
1 L
L
x y
+
= (30)
and for the stripping line
( )
W W
x x
1 L
F L
x y
+
+
= (31)
while the Fenske equation is
( )y 1
y
x
o o
= (32)
Minimum reflux ratio
yf* = 0.788436 kmol 1 / kmol am
Lmin = 0.432174
Minimum number of trays
n x y
0 0.955253 0.955253
1 0.794151 0.794151
2 0.41079 0.41079
3 0.111895 0.111895
4 0.022262 0.022262
Nmin = 4
Optimum reflux
Lopt = 0.684615
QL = 131.9794 kmol / h
QV = 324.7585 kmol / h
QL ' = 544.7706 kmol / h
QV ' = 255.8797 kmol / h
xq = 0.351162 kmol 1 / kmol am
Theoretical number of trays
n x y
cond 0.955253 0.955253
1 0.794151 0.955253
2 0.593316 0.889783
3 0.432244 0.808165
alim 4 0.342821 0.742706
5 0.288771 0.691997
6 0.19771 0.576924
7 0.100884 0.383053
8 0.03739 0.176911
9 0.007808 0.04173
NTT = 9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
22
After knowing the NTT and the location of the feed point, it is possible to run the
simulator and obtain various physical and thermo-dynamical data for each tray (see
Table 6). The values will be further used in the hydrodynamic calculus.
Table 6. Physical properties for the second column
3.2. Hydrodynamic Calculus
General Considerations
The process of distillation can carried out in many types of columns, the most
common being the plate and the packed columns. Our project was imposed to have a
rectification tower with plate trays, more specifically valve trays. Here the separation is
carried out in a stage-wise manner, whereas with packed columns the process of
mass transfer is continuous.
The number of theoretical stages required to effect the desired separation and the
corresponding rates for the liquid and vapour phases was determined by the
procedures described earlier, but to translate these quantities into an actual design,
the following factors have to be considered
the type of tray (in our case valve tray)
the vapour velocity (the major factor in determining column diameter)
the plate spacing (the major factor fixing the height of the column when the
real number of stages is known)
The main requirement for a tray is that it should provide intimate mixing between the
liquid and the vapour streams, as well as being suitable of handling the desired rates
without excessive entrainment or flooding, being stable in operation and being easy
to erect and maintain.
Stage Surface Tension Mole Weight (Vap) Density (Vap) Viscosity (Vap)
Condenser 8.480 dyne/cm 30.19 14.38 kg/m3 7.732e-003 cP
1__Main TS 8.769 dyne/cm 30.7 14.24 kg/m3 7.855e-003 cP
2__Main TS 9.001 dyne/cm 31.88 14.18 kg/m3 8.052e-003 cP
3__Main TS 8.978 dyne/cm 33.47 14.35 kg/m3 8.214e-003 cP
4__Main TS 8.874 dyne/cm 34.68 14.58 kg/m3 8.293e-003 cP
5__Main TS 8.753 dyne/cm 35.78 14.82 kg/m3 8.342e-003 cP
6__Main TS 8.556 dyne/cm 37.41 15.24 kg/m3 8.387e-003 cP
7__Main TS 8.310 dyne/cm 39.36 15.79 kg/m3 8.408e-003 cP
8__Main TS 8.075 dyne/cm 41.22 16.35 kg/m3 8.405e-003 cP
Reboiler 7.895 dyne/cm 42.66 16.81 kg/m3 8.390e-003 cP
Stage Surface Tension Mole Weight (Lt Liq) Density (Lt Liq) Viscosity (Lt Liq)
Condenser 8.480 dyne/cm 30.7 480.6 kg/m3 9.783e-002 cP
1__Main TS 8.769 dyne/cm 32.78 492.6 kg/m3 0.1044 cP
2__Main TS 9.001 dyne/cm 35.78 504.9 kg/m3 0.1110 cP
3__Main TS 8.978 dyne/cm 38.15 510.3 kg/m3 0.1143 cP
4__Main TS 8.874 dyne/cm 39.38 511.4 kg/m3 0.1146 cP
5__Main TS 8.753 dyne/cm 40.27 511.4 kg/m3 0.1142 cP
6__Main TS 8.556 dyne/cm 41.32 510.5 kg/m3 0.1130 cP
7__Main TS 8.310 dyne/cm 42.32 508.7 kg/m3 0.1113 cP
8__Main TS 8.075 dyne/cm 43.1 506.6 kg/m3 0.1095 cP
Reboiler 7.895 dyne/cm 43.63 504.9 kg/m3 0.1081 cP
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
23
The most important types of trays are as follows
bubble cap trays
sieve trays
valve trays
The latter type, which may be regarded as intermediate between the bubble cap and
the sieve cap, offers advantages over both. The feature of the tray is that liftable caps
act as variable orifices. A diagrammatic representation of a valve is given in Figure 7.
The valves (1) are metal disks or metal
stripes of up to 38 mm in diameter which
are raised above the openings (3) in the
tray deck (2) as vapour passes through the
tray. The caps are restrained by legs or
spiders which limit the vertical movement
up or down. Some types are capable of
forming a total liquid seal when the vapour
flow is insufficient to lift the cap.
A cutaway section of a plate column is given in Figure 8, while a schematic
representation of the most important parameters characterising a tray is represented
in Figure 9.
Data Inputs
The computations below will be made separately (when it is necessary) for the
rectifying and the stripping region of the column, at the values corresponding to the
median trays. Some important data used in the calculus are gathered in the Table 7
for quick reference.
Table 7. Data inputs for the hydrodynamic calculus
Parameter Symbol Rectification Stripping
Median tray - 2 7
Vapour flow Q
V
324.76 kmole/h
729.00 m
3
/h
255.88 kmole/h
629.42 m
3
/h
Liquid flow Q
L
131.98 kmole/h
9.33 m
3
/h
544.77 kmole/h
44.26 m
3
/h
Temperature t -24.2 C 1.2 C
Vapour mole weight M
V
31.88 kg/kmole 37.66 kg/kmole
Liquid mole weight M
L
35.68 kg/kmole 41.46 kg/kmole
Vapour density
V

14.18 kg/m
3
15.31 kg/m
3
Liquid density
L

504.6 kg/m
3
510.3 kg/m
3
Vapour dynamic viscosity
V
q
8.05 E-3 cP 0.1108 cP
Liquid dynamic viscosity
L
q
8.392 E-3 cP 0.1128 cP
1
5
2
3
Figure 7. A valve
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
24
: Figure 8.
Section through a plate column
a) Downcomer; b) Tray support; c) Sieve trays; d)
Manway; e) Outlet weir; f) Inlet weir; g) Side wall
of downcomer; h) Liquid seal
l Figure 9.
Schematic of a plate column showing important parameters
A) Vertical section: a) Bubble-cap plate; b) Valve plate; c) Sieve plated
cap
= cap diameter;
d
v
= valve diameter; d
h
= hole diameter; h
cl
= height of skirt clearance of downcomer; h
w
= weir height; H =
plate (tray) spacing; V
L
= volumetric flow rate of liquid
B) Cross section: d) Small holes with narrow spacing; e) Large holes with wide spacing;
A
d
= cross-sectional area of downcomer; A
ac
= active cross-sectional area; D
c
= column diameter; l
cl
= skirt
clearance length of downcomer; l
L
= length of liquid path; l
w
= weir length
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
25
We have chosen the following characteristics for our type of tray:
Table 8. Chosen parameters
Parameter Symbol Value
Valve tray diameter d
S
75 mm
Valve hole diameter d
0
65 mm
Valve weight G
1
80 g
Maximum valve height h
S
12 mm
Valve material - Cu
Valve material density
Cu

8900 kg/m
3
Tray spacing H 0.3 m
Tray thickness
S
o
5 mm
Hole area S
r
0.15 S
Vapour velocity
The vapour velocity in a valve column can be determined from a graphical
dependence Y = f(X) corresponding to the optimum operating conditions. Here
125 . 0
V
L
25 . 0
V
L
Q
Q
X
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= (33)
16 . 0
V
L
L
V
2
r e
2
0
S
S
d g
w
Y
|
|
.
|

\
|
q
q

|
|
.
|

\
|

= (34)
and so by calculating X we can obtain Y from the diagram and further derivate the
velocity as
16 . 0
L
V
V
L
e
r
0
d g Y
S
S
w
|
|
.
|

\
|
q
q

= (35)
In the above expressions, w
0
is obtained in m/s, g is the gravitational acceleration (g =
9.81 m/s), d
e
is the equivalent diameter of the tray hole covered by the valve (d
e
= 2h
S
)
and Q is introduced in m
3
/h.
We have obtained the following results which belong to the stable operating domain
for this type of trays.
Parameter Rectification Stripping
X 0.525 0.8
Y 1.1 0.4
w
0
(m/s) 0.37 0.22
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
26
Column Diameter
Since the vapour flow equals
0
2
i
V
w
4
D
Q
t
= (36)
we can calculate the column diameter as
0
V
i
w
Q 4
D
t
= (37)
We obtain in the two cases the following values
rectifying section: D
i
= 0.83 m
stripping section: D
i
= 1.01 m
and so we take the same value for the same column (in order to ease the design),
namely
column diameter: D
i
= 1.0 m
Tray design
Knowing the column diameter, we can easily obtain the total area
S = 0.785 m
2
Since the hole area was imposed to be 15% of the total area, this gives
S
r
= 0.118 m
2
Part of the total area is occupied by two down comers, each having an area of
S sin
180 2
1
S
d
|
.
|

\
|
o
o t
t
= (38)
S
d
= 0.071 m
2
and so the active area of the tray is
S
a
= S 2 S
d
= 0.643 m
2
The number of valves on each tray results from the formula
4
d
S
z
2
0
r
t
= (39)
which gives z = 35.5 valves/tray, which is approximated to
z = 35 valves/tray
The disposition of the valves on the tray is done according to a network of equilateral
triangles. We chose
the distance of the marginal valves to the column wall
1
o = 50 mm
the distance of the marginal valves to the weir plate
2
o = 75 mm
weir plate height h
z
= 40 mm
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
27
A scale graphical representation of the tray design is given in the Appendix.
Liquid Entrainment
The tray spacing is taken to be 0.3 m (considering the low velocities), which is the
minimum accepted. We must calculate the liquid entrainment at this specific length in
order to assure it doesnt exceed a certain threshold.
We use the relation
n
m
0
H
w
K C e = (40)
where C is a coefficient which for our case has the value C = 3.6 10
-3
and K, m and n
depend on the shape of the valve. For disc-like valves, the values are: K = 6.9, m = 2.7
and n = 3. With this, the value of the entrainment becomes
e = 0.18 %
for the rectifying region and
e = 0.05 %
for the stripping region, which is very low and thus the tray spacing is safely chose.
Pressure Drop per Tray
For the vapour flow to pass through the valves and the liquid layer above, it is
necessary for the pressure p
1
underneath the tray to be greater than the pressure p
2
above the tray. The resistance that opposes to the vapour pass equals with
2 1
p p p = A (41)
and is composed from the resistance of the dried tray and the resistance of the liquid
alone, thus
L U
p p p A + A = A (42)
The liquid component may be approximated with the relation
( ) A + + = A 5 . 0 h h g p
d z L L
(43)
where h
z
is the height of the weir, h
d
is the height of the liquid above the weir and A
is the level difference. In its turn, h
d
may be deduced from the semi-empirical relation
3 / 2
d
L
2 1 d
l
Q
K K h
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (44)
where Q
L
is introduced in m
3
/h and K
i
are two constants (depending on the
characteristics of the down comer). K
2
= 2.84 for a plane down comer, while K
1
is
obtained as a graphical dependence between Q
L
, l
d
and D
i
.
The dry component can be calculated from the formula
V
2
1
U
2
w
p = A (45)
where w
1
is the local velocity of the vapours inside the valve,
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
28
r
V
1
S 3600
Q
w

= (46)
and is the hydraulic resistance coefficient of the valve, = 3.6.
After performing the computations, we get the following results.
Parameter Rectification Stripping
K
1
1.02 1.125
K
2
2.84 2.84
l
d
(m) 0.707 0.707
h
d
(mm) 16.2 50.4
h
z
(mm) 40 40
w
1
(m/s) 1.72 1.48
L
p A ( N/m
2
)
288 462.5
U
p A ( N/m
2
)
75 60.5
p A ( N/m
2
)
363 523
Later, these values are to be multiplied with the real number of trays in order to
obtain the total pressure drop through the column.
We plan now to calculate the real number of trays based on the kinetics of the mass
transfer. For this we need to calculate the diffusion coefficients, the partial mass
transfer coefficients, the total mass transfer coefficient, and using this to draw the
kinetic curve, (i.e. the real equilibrium curve) and to apply the McCabe-Thiele method
for it, yielding the real number of trays.
Diffusion Coefficients
The values of the diffusion coefficients for the vapour and the liquid phase are
dependent upon the properties of the diffusing compound and the diffusion medium.
They can be calculated using several empirical relations.
For the vapour phase we have chosen the Maxwell relation modified by Galliland
( ) 2 1
2
3 / 1
2
3 / 1
1
2 / 3
7
V
M
1
M
1
V V p
T
10 3 . 4 D +
+
= (47)
where V are the molar volumes of the two components at their boiling points
(computed as a sum of the molar volumes for each of the compounding elements), M
are the molar masses and the pressure p and the temperature T are introduced in atm
and Kelvin, respectively.
For the liquid phase we have used the Wilke and Chang relationship
( )
6 . 0
0
5 . 0
14
L
V
T M
10 4 . 7 D
q
_
=

(48)
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
29
in which _ denotes a parameter for association (in our case, the mixture containing
only hydrocarbons, _ = 0), q is the dynamic viscosity in P, M is the average molecular
mass while V
0
is a parameter related to the solvent (in our case V
0
= 22.8).
We have obtained the following results.
Parameter Rectification Stripping
M
1
(kg/kmole) 30 30
M
2
(kg/kmole) 44 44
M (kg/kmole) 35.7 35.7
V
1
(cm
3
/mole) 51.8 51.8
V
2
(cm
3
/mole) 74.0 74.0
P (atm) 7.89 7.89
L
q (P)
1.10810
-3
1.12810
-3
T (K) 248.95 274.35
D
V
(m
2
/s) 8.0710
-7
9.3310
-7
D
L
(m
2
/s) 1.5210
-8
1.7810
-8
Partial Mass Transfer Coefficients
The equation for the mass transfer inside a phase is
c k N A = (49)
where N is the transported mass flow (kmole/h), k is the partial mass transfer
coefficient (kmole/m
2
hAc) and Ac is the concentration difference. Thus, the
dimensions of the coefficient k are dependent upon the dimensions in which the
concentration is expressed. For Ac = Ay (molar vapour fractions), k =m/h.
The coefficients k are computed from criteria relations. For the vapour film
coefficients, we have used the equation
I =
5 . 0 5 . 0 4
Sc Re 10 8 Sh (50)
where Sh is the Sherwood criterion, Re is the Reynolds criterion, Sc is the Schmidt
criterion and I is a specific criterion for the hydraulic resistance of the system.
Replacing the respective criteria with their expressions, we get
l
h
D
l w
10 8 Sh
z
V
4

q
q c

= (51)
in which c denotes the fraction of holes in the suspension (we took c = 0.5) and l
represents the specific dimension which we considered l = 1.
Knowing the Sh criterion, it is easy to calculate the partial mass transfer coefficients
since
V
V
D
l ' k
Sh

= (52)
The value we obtained for k is however related to the hole area S
r
and it must be
connected to the total area, thus
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
30
S
S
' k ' k k
r
V V V
= = (53)
Finally a conversion from the unit m/s to kmole/m
2
hAy must be performed, and for this
T
15 . 273
41 . 22
1
k k
V y
= (54)
The same equation (50) is used to calculate the partial coefficients for the liquid film,
only that here
( ) q c

=
1
l w
Re (55)
and k
L
is already related to the total tray area, so no (53) conversion should be used.
The values obtained after performing the calculations are gathered in a table below.
Parameter Rectification Stripping
w (m/s) 0.37 0.22
V
(kg/m
3
)
14.18 15.31
L
(kg/m
3
)
504.6 510.3
V
q (P)
8.0510
-5
8.3910
-5
L
q (P)
1.10810
-3
1.12810
-3
Re
V
130 350 80 272
Re
L
336 764 199 053
Sc
V
7.035 5.875
Sc
L
144.46 124.53
D
V
(m
2
/s) 8.0710
-7
9.3310
-7
D
L
(m
2
/s) 1.5210
-8
1.7810
-8
Sh
V
3.06410
6
2.19810
6
Sh
L
2.23210
7
1.59310
7
k
V
(m/h) 8.90110
3
7.38110
3
k
V
(m/h) 1335 1107
k
L
(m/h) 1221.35 1018.07
k
y
(kmole/m
2
hAy)
65.3 49.1
k
x
(kmole/m
2
hAx)
17 272.78 12 530.66
Kinetic Curve
We can now obtain, for several values of x between x
D
and x
W
, the values of the total
mass transfer coefficient as
x y
k
m
k
1
1
K
+
= (56)
where m is the slope of the equilibrium line in each of these points, computed from
Fenske equation like
( ) | |
2
x 1 1
m
o +
o
= (57)
Now using the relation
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
31
V
a
n
*
n
1 n
*
n
Q
S K
BC
AB
ln
y y
y y
ln N

= =

=
+
(58)
we can obtain the coordinates of the points y
n
belonging to the kinetic curve. The rest
of the y terms denote: y
n
* the equilibrium curve and y
n+1
the operating lines. The
computations were done in the Excel sheet presented below.
The kinetic curve obtained is presented in Figure 10. Applying again the McCabe-
Thiele method, this time between the operating lines and the newly drawn kinetic
curve, we can obtain the real number of trays. We found
NRT = 10
feed tray 5
Thus the total pressure drop in the column is obtained as the sum between the
pressure drop per tray and the real number of trays in the specified section of the
column (rectifying or stripping). We obtain
p A = 1815 Pa (for rectifying section)
p A = 2615 Pa (for stripping section)
p A = 4.43 kPa (for the total column)
This concludes our hydrodynamic calculus for the binary column. Further, we are
required to calculate the height of the column and to draw a scale representation
of it.
stripping feed rectifying
x n 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
ky (kmol/m2*h*Dy) 49.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 65.3 65.3
kx (kmol/m2*h*Dx) 12530.66 12530.66 12530.66 12530.66 12530.66 12530.66 12530.66 12530.66 17272.78 17272.78
m 4.84 3.406378 2.526813 1.948646 1.548392 1.2598917 1.045107 0.880907 0.658751 0.560624
Ky (kmol/m2*h*Dy) 48.18615 48.45327 48.61863 48.72794 48.8039 48.858797 48.89975 48.9311 65.13778 65.16189
V (kmol/h) 255.8797 255.8797 255.8797 255.8797 255.8797 255.87966 255.8797 255.8797 324.7585 324.7585
Nv 0.121087 0.121758 0.122174 0.122448 0.122639 0.1227773 0.12288 0.122959 0.128968 0.129016
BC/AB 0.885957 0.885362 0.884995 0.884752 0.884583 0.8844606 0.88437 0.8843 0.879002 0.87896
y*n 0 0.22555 0.380743 0.494058 0.580429 0.6484467 0.703398 0.748719 0.786737 0.819085
y n+1 -0.037873 0.068578 0.175028 0.281479 0.387929 0.4943798 0.60083 0.707281 0.729603 0.749922
AB 0.037873 0.156973 0.205715 0.212579 0.1925 0.1540668 0.102568 0.041438 0.057134 0.069163
BC 0.033554 0.138978 0.182057 0.18808 0.170282 0.1362661 0.090708 0.036644 0.050221 0.060791
AC 0.004319 0.017995 0.023658 0.024499 0.022218 0.0178008 0.01186 0.004794 0.006913 0.008371
y n -0.004319 0.207556 0.357085 0.469558 0.558212 0.6306459 0.691538 0.743925 0.779823 0.810713
x n 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
ky (kmol/m2*h*Dy) 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3
kx (kmol/m2*h*Dx) 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78 17272.78
m 0.482894 0.420276 0.369093 0.326721 0.291247 0.2612526 0.235664 0.213658 0.194597 0.177977 0.163399
Ky (kmol/m2*h*Dy) 65.18101 65.19641 65.20901 65.21944 65.22818 65.235569 65.24187 65.2473 65.252 65.25609 65.25969
V (kmol/h) 324.7585 324.7585 324.7585 324.7585 324.7585 324.75847 324.7585 324.7585 324.7585 324.7585 324.7585
Nv 0.129054 0.129085 0.129109 0.12913 0.129147 0.1291621 0.129175 0.129185 0.129195 0.129203 0.12921
BC/AB 0.878926 0.8789 0.878878 0.87886 0.878844 0.8788315 0.878821 0.878811 0.878803 0.878796 0.87879
y*n 0.846944 0.871188 0.892477 0.911321 0.928118 0.943184 0.956774 0.969095 0.980316 0.990578 1
y n+1 0.770242 0.790561 0.810881 0.831201 0.85152 0.87184 0.89216 0.912479 0.932799 0.953118 0.973438
AB 0.076702 0.080626 0.081596 0.08012 0.076597 0.071344 0.064614 0.056615 0.047517 0.03746 0.026562
BC 0.067416 0.070862 0.071713 0.070414 0.067317 0.0626994 0.056784 0.049754 0.041758 0.03292 0.023342
AC 0.009287 0.009764 0.009883 0.009706 0.00928 0.0086446 0.00783 0.006861 0.005759 0.00454 0.00322
y n 0.837657 0.861424 0.882594 0.901615 0.918837 0.9345393 0.948944 0.962233 0.974557 0.986038 0.99678
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
32
The height of the column
The total height of the column is computed by the approximate formula
H
t
~ H
a
+ H
V
+ H
B
+ H
S
(59)
where H
V
is the distance from the first tray to the top of the column, H
B
is the distance
from the last tray to the bottom of the column, H
S
is the distance from the bottom of
the column to the ground, and H
a
is the height of the active section of the column
H
a
= (NRT-1)H + NRT
S
o (60)
in which H is the distance between the trays and
S
o is the tray thickness. Note that
since the reboiler works at equilibrium, the trays to be actually considered in equation
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x
y
Figure 10. The kinetic curve and the real number of trays
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit
33
(60) are one less (the reboiler acts as a tray but is not computed in the total height of
the column).
We have considered
H = 0.3 m
S
o = 5 mm
H
V
= 2H = 0.6 m
H
B
= 3H = 0.9 m
H
S
= 1.5 m
and thus the total height of the column reaches the value
H
t
= 5.5 m
With this the binary column calculations are completed.
References
1. A. Bologa, T. Danciu Unit Operations Project Guide, Politehnica University of
Bucharest, 2004.
2. A. Woinaroschy Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering, Politehnica
University Press, Bucharest, 1994.
3. O. Floarea, G. Jinescu, C. Balaban, P. Vasilescu, R. Dima Operatii si Utilaje in
Industria Chimica. Probleme pentru subingineri, Editura Didactica si
Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1980.
4. * * * Ingineria Proceselor Fizice si Chimice. Ghid de proiect, Politehnica
University Press, Bucharest.
Appendixes
TEAM LND
Calgary, Alberta
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Thu Jun 03 19:29:47 2004
Pure Component: Ethane
Identification
Family / Class Chemical Formula ID Number Group Name CAS Number
Hydrocarbon C2H6 2 ---
UNIFAC Structure
(CH3)2
User ID Tags
Tag Number Tag Text
Critical/Base Properties
Base Properties Critical Properties
Molecular Weight
Normal Boiling Pt (C)
Std Liq Density (kg/m3)
30.07
-88.60
355.7
Temperature (C)
Pressure (kPa)
Volume (m3/kgmole)
Acentricity
32.28
4884
0.1480
9.860e-002
Temperature Dependent Properties
Vapour Enthalpy Vapour Pressure Gibbs Free Energy
Minimum Temperature (C) -270.0 -140.1 25.00
Maximum Temperature (C) 5000 32.25 426.9
Coefficient Name
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
IdealH Coefficient
-1.768
1.143
-3.236e-004
4.243e-006
-3.393e-009
8.821e-013
1.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Antoine Coefficient
44.01
-2569
0.0000
-4.976
1.464e-005
2.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Gibbs Free Coefficient
-8.579e+004
168.6
2.685e-002
0.0000
0.0000
---
---
---
---
---
Additional Point Properties
Thermodynamic and Physical Properties Property Package Molecular Properties
Dipole Moment
Radius of Gyration
COSTALD (SRK) Acentricity
COSTALD Volume (m3/kgmole)
Viscosity Coefficient A
Viscosity Coefficient B
Cavett Heat of Vap Coeff A
Cavett Heat of Vap Coeff B
Heat of Formation (25C) (kJ/kgmole)
Heat of Combustion (25C) (kJ/kgmole)
Enthalpy Basis Offset (kJ/kgmole)
0.0000
1.826
9.830e-002
0.1458
7.231e-002
4.698e-002
0.2833
---
-8.474e+004
-1.429e+006
-9.670e+004
PRSV - Kappa
KD Group Parameter
ZJ EOS Parameter
GS/CS - Solubility Parameter
GS/CS - Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
GS/CS - Acentricity
UNIQUAC - R
UNIQUAC - Q
Wilson Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
CN Solubility
CN Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
1.343e-002
2.198
0.0000
6.050
6.700e-002
0.1064
1.802
1.696
8.454e-002
4.287
9.798e-003
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Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Thu Jun 03 19:28:57 2004
Pure Component: Propane
Identification
Family / Class Chemical Formula ID Number Group Name CAS Number
Hydrocarbon C3H8 3 ---
UNIFAC Structure
(CH3)2 CH2
User ID Tags
Tag Number Tag Text
Critical/Base Properties
Base Properties Critical Properties
Molecular Weight
Normal Boiling Pt (C)
Std Liq Density (kg/m3)
44.10
-42.10
506.7
Temperature (C)
Pressure (kPa)
Volume (m3/kgmole)
Acentricity
96.75
4257
0.2000
0.1524
Temperature Dependent Properties
Vapour Enthalpy Vapour Pressure Gibbs Free Energy
Minimum Temperature (C) -270.0 -128.1 25.00
Maximum Temperature (C) 5000 96.65 426.9
Coefficient Name
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
IdealH Coefficient
39.49
0.3950
2.114e-003
3.965e-007
-6.672e-010
1.679e-013
1.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Antoine Coefficient
52.38
-3491
0.0000
-6.109
1.119e-005
2.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Gibbs Free Coefficient
-1.055e+005
264.8
3.250e-002
0.0000
0.0000
---
---
---
---
---
Additional Point Properties
Thermodynamic and Physical Properties Property Package Molecular Properties
Dipole Moment
Radius of Gyration
COSTALD (SRK) Acentricity
COSTALD Volume (m3/kgmole)
Viscosity Coefficient A
Viscosity Coefficient B
Cavett Heat of Vap Coeff A
Cavett Heat of Vap Coeff B
Heat of Formation (25C) (kJ/kgmole)
Heat of Combustion (25C) (kJ/kgmole)
Enthalpy Basis Offset (kJ/kgmole)
0.0000
2.431
0.1532
0.2001
7.112e-002
-6.538e-002
0.2783
---
-1.039e+005
-2.045e+006
-1.194e+005
PRSV - Kappa
KD Group Parameter
ZJ EOS Parameter
GS/CS - Solubility Parameter
GS/CS - Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
GS/CS - Acentricity
UNIQUAC - R
UNIQUAC - Q
Wilson Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
CN Solubility
CN Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
3.163e-002
3.007
0.0000
6.400
8.400e-002
0.1538
2.477
2.236
8.703e-002
5.999
1.072e-002
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Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Thu Jun 03 19:30:08 2004
Pure Component: n-Butane
Identification
Family / Class Chemical Formula ID Number Group Name CAS Number
Hydrocarbon C4H10 5 ---
UNIFAC Structure
(CH3)2 (CH2)2
User ID Tags
Tag Number Tag Text
Critical/Base Properties
Base Properties Critical Properties
Molecular Weight
Normal Boiling Pt (C)
Std Liq Density (kg/m3)
58.12
-0.5020
583.2
Temperature (C)
Pressure (kPa)
Volume (m3/kgmole)
Acentricity
152.0
3797
0.2550
0.2010
Temperature Dependent Properties
Vapour Enthalpy Vapour Pressure Gibbs Free Energy
Minimum Temperature (C) -270.0 -103.1 25.00
Maximum Temperature (C) 5000 152.0 426.9
Coefficient Name
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
IdealH Coefficient
67.72
8.541e-003
3.277e-003
-1.110e-006
1.766e-010
-6.399e-015
1.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Antoine Coefficient
66.94
-4604
0.0000
-8.255
1.157e-005
2.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Gibbs Free Coefficient
-1.284e+005
360.5
3.826e-002
0.0000
0.0000
---
---
---
---
---
Additional Point Properties
Thermodynamic and Physical Properties Property Package Molecular Properties
Dipole Moment
Radius of Gyration
COSTALD (SRK) Acentricity
COSTALD Volume (m3/kgmole)
Viscosity Coefficient A
Viscosity Coefficient B
Cavett Heat of Vap Coeff A
Cavett Heat of Vap Coeff B
Heat of Formation (25C) (kJ/kgmole)
Heat of Combustion (25C) (kJ/kgmole)
Enthalpy Basis Offset (kJ/kgmole)
0.0000
2.886
0.2008
0.2544
0.1001
-5.969e-002
0.2747
---
-1.262e+005
-2.660e+006
-1.456e+005
PRSV - Kappa
KD Group Parameter
ZJ EOS Parameter
GS/CS - Solubility Parameter
GS/CS - Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
GS/CS - Acentricity
UNIQUAC - R
UNIQUAC - Q
Wilson Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
CN Solubility
CN Molar Volume (m3/kgmole)
3.951e-002
4.027
0.0000
6.730
0.1014
0.1953
3.151
2.776
9.966e-002
6.713
1.277e-002
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Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:26:56 2004
Distillation: First Column @Main
CONNECTIONS
Inlet Stream
STREAM NAME Stage
FROM UNIT OPERATION
Qreb1
F1
Reboiler
6__Main TS
Outlet Stream
STREAM NAME Stage
TO UNIT OPERATION
Qcond1
D1
W1
Condenser
Condenser
Reboiler
VLV-100 Valve
MONITOR
Specifications Summary
Specified Value Current Value Wt. Error Wt. Tol. Abs. Tol. Active Estimate Used
CompRecov 2 Light 0.9900 0.9899 -3.301e-005 1.000e-002 1.000e-003 On On On
CompRecov 3 Heavy 0.9800 0.9799 -3.221e-005 1.000e-002 1.000e-003 On On On
Distillate Rate 479.8 kgmole/h 481.7 kgmole/h 3.901e-003 1.000e-002 1.000 kgmole/h Off On Off
Reflux Ratio 6.000 2.841 -0.5265 1.000e-002 1.000e-002 Off On Off
PROPERTIES
Properties : F1
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Vapour/Phase Fraction
Temperature: (C)
Pressure: (kPa)
Molar Flow (kgmole/h)
Mass Flow (kg/h)
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow (m3/h)
Molar Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
Mass Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Molar Entropy (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Entropy (kJ/kg-C)
Heat Flow (kJ/h)
Molar Density (kgmole/m3)
Mass Density (kg/m3)
Std Ideal Liq Mass Density (kg/m3)
Liq Mass Density @Std Cond (kg/m3)
Molar Heat Capacity (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
Viscosity (cP)
Surface Tension (dyne/cm)
Molecular Weight
Z Factor
0.5500
59.67
1400
950.0
4.589e+004
88.21
-1.171e+005
-2423
123.3
2.553
-1.112e+008
1.093
52.81
520.3
537.4
122.4
2.534
---
---
---
48.31
---
0.5500
59.67
1400
522.5
2.359e+004
47.52
-1.053e+005
-2333
152.0
3.367
-5.503e+007
0.6341
28.62
496.4
517.9
95.08
2.106
2.302e-002
9.945e-003
---
45.14
0.7979
0.4500
59.67
1400
427.5
2.230e+004
40.69
-1.314e+005
-2519
88.33
1.693
-5.619e+007
9.500
495.7
548.2
557.9
155.8
2.986
7.792e-002
0.1012
6.136
52.17
5.326e-002
Properties : D1
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Vapour/Phase Fraction 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
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Distillation: First Column @Main (continued)
Properties : D1
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Temperature: (C)
Pressure: (kPa)
Molar Flow (kgmole/h)
Mass Flow (kg/h)
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow (m3/h)
Molar Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
Mass Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Molar Entropy (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Entropy (kJ/kg-C)
Heat Flow (kJ/h)
Molar Density (kgmole/m3)
Mass Density (kg/m3)
Std Ideal Liq Mass Density (kg/m3)
Liq Mass Density @Std Cond (kg/m3)
Molar Heat Capacity (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
Viscosity (cP)
Surface Tension (dyne/cm)
Molecular Weight
Z Factor
9.259
1400
481.7
1.871e+004
41.57
-1.125e+005
-2898
106.5
2.743
-5.421e+007
12.31
478.1
450.1
468.3
115.9
2.983
9.416e-002
9.235e-002
6.250
38.84
4.843e-002
9.259
1400
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-9.317e+004
-2693
161.8
4.676
0.0000
0.7443
25.75
405.2
425.5
68.11
1.969
2.020e-002
9.188e-003
---
34.60
0.8011
9.259
1400
481.7
1.871e+004
41.57
-1.125e+005
-2898
106.5
2.743
-5.421e+007
12.31
478.1
450.1
468.3
115.9
2.983
9.416e-002
9.235e-002
6.250
38.84
4.843e-002
Properties : W1
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Vapour/Phase Fraction
Temperature: (C)
Pressure: (kPa)
Molar Flow (kgmole/h)
Mass Flow (kg/h)
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow (m3/h)
Molar Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
Mass Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Molar Entropy (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Entropy (kJ/kg-C)
Heat Flow (kJ/h)
Molar Density (kgmole/m3)
Mass Density (kg/m3)
Std Ideal Liq Mass Density (kg/m3)
Liq Mass Density @Std Cond (kg/m3)
Molar Heat Capacity (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
Viscosity (cP)
Surface Tension (dyne/cm)
Molecular Weight
Z Factor
0.0000
94.61
1400
468.3
2.718e+004
46.64
-1.365e+005
-2351
82.33
1.419
-6.391e+007
8.196
475.7
582.8
584.2
190.3
3.278
6.687e-002
9.060e-002
4.503
58.04
5.586e-002
0.0000
94.61
1400
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-1.208e+005
-2084
125.0
2.157
0.0000
0.6164
35.72
582.4
583.8
133.8
2.309
2.432e-002
9.996e-003
---
57.95
0.7428
1.0000
94.61
1400
468.3
2.718e+004
46.64
-1.365e+005
-2351
82.33
1.419
-6.391e+007
8.196
475.7
582.8
584.2
190.3
3.278
6.687e-002
9.060e-002
4.503
58.04
5.586e-002
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 2 of 3
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Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:26:56 2004
Distillation: First Column @Main (continued)
COLUMN PROFILES
Reflux Ratio: 2.841 Reboil Ratio: 2.705 The Flows Option is Selected Flow Basis: Molar
Column Profiles Flows
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
9__Main TS
10__Main TS
11__Main TS
12__Main TS
13__Main TS
14__Main TS
15__Main TS
16__Main TS
Reboiler
Temperature (C)
9.259
26.84
37.52
45.61
53.29
60.15
65.34
72.92
78.29
82.47
85.83
88.47
90.48
91.96
93.02
93.76
94.27
94.61
Pressure (kPa)
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
Net Liq (kgmole/h)
1368
1329
1289
1234
1188
1163
1599
1636
1659
1675
1690
1702
1713
1721
1727
1732
1735
---
Net Vap (kgmole/h)
---
1850
1811
1770
1716
1670
1645
1130
1168
1191
1207
1221
1234
1244
1253
1259
1263
1267
Net Feed (kgmole/h)
---
---
---
---
---
---
950.0
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
Net Draws (kgmole/h)
481.7
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
468.3
Column Profiles Energy
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
9__Main TS
10__Main TS
11__Main TS
12__Main TS
13__Main TS
14__Main TS
15__Main TS
16__Main TS
Reboiler
Temperature (C)
9.259
26.84
37.52
45.61
53.29
60.15
65.34
72.92
78.29
82.47
85.83
88.47
90.48
91.96
93.02
93.76
94.27
94.61
Liquid Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
-1.125e+005
-1.174e+005
-1.207e+005
-1.239e+005
-1.271e+005
-1.296e+005
-1.313e+005
-1.324e+005
-1.334e+005
-1.342e+005
-1.349e+005
-1.354e+005
-1.358e+005
-1.360e+005
-1.362e+005
-1.363e+005
-1.364e+005
-1.365e+005
Vapour Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
-9.317e+004
-9.813e+004
-1.014e+005
-1.034e+005
-1.052e+005
-1.069e+005
-1.084e+005
-1.117e+005
-1.139e+005
-1.156e+005
-1.170e+005
-1.181e+005
-1.189e+005
-1.196e+005
-1.201e+005
-1.204e+005
-1.206e+005
-1.208e+005
Heat Loss (kJ/h)
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 3 of 3
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:17:26 2004
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0.000
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
)
Temperature vs. Tray Number
HYSYS Column Profiles Specsheet:
Column Temperature Profile
Column Temperature Profile
Column Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
9__Main TS
10__Main TS
11__Main TS
12__Main TS
13__Main TS
14__Main TS
15__Main TS
16__Main TS
Reboiler
Temperature
(C)
9.259
26.84
37.52
45.61
53.29
60.15
65.34
72.92
78.29
82.47
85.83
88.47
90.48
91.96
93.02
93.76
94.27
94.61
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 1 of 1
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:21:21 2004
HYSYS Column Profiles Specsheet:
Column Properties Profile
Options Selected
Mass basis is selected
Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
9__Main TS
10__Main TS
11__Main TS
12__Main TS
13__Main TS
14__Main TS
15__Main TS
16__Main TS
Reboiler
Surface Tension
6.250 dyne/cm
5.921 dyne/cm
5.777 dyne/cm
5.760 dyne/cm
5.757 dyne/cm
5.713 dyne/cm
5.646 dyne/cm
5.271 dyne/cm
5.054 dyne/cm
4.910 dyne/cm
4.801 dyne/cm
4.715 dyne/cm
4.649 dyne/cm
4.598 dyne/cm
4.561 dyne/cm
4.534 dyne/cm
4.515 dyne/cm
4.503 dyne/cm
Mole Weight (Vap)
34.60
38.84
41.60
43.38
44.95
46.44
47.69
50.39
52.24
53.65
54.79
55.71
56.43
56.96
57.35
57.63
57.82
57.95
Density (Vap)
25.75 kg/m3
27.53 kg/m3
28.72 kg/m3
29.22 kg/m3
29.53 kg/m3
29.90 kg/m3
30.28 kg/m3
31.76 kg/m3
32.72 kg/m3
33.44 kg/m3
34.03 kg/m3
34.50 kg/m3
34.88 kg/m3
35.17 kg/m3
35.39 kg/m3
35.54 kg/m3
35.65 kg/m3
35.72 kg/m3
Viscosity (Vap)
9.188e-003 cP
9.407e-003 cP
9.514e-003 cP
9.622e-003 cP
9.737e-003 cP
9.836e-003 cP
9.902e-003 cP
9.915e-003 cP
9.933e-003 cP
9.951e-003 cP
9.966e-003 cP
9.977e-003 cP
9.985e-003 cP
9.989e-003 cP
9.992e-003 cP
9.994e-003 cP
9.996e-003 cP
9.996e-003 cP
Therm Cond (Vap)
2.020e-002 W/m-K
2.094e-002 W/m-K
2.140e-002 W/m-K
2.185e-002 W/m-K
2.234e-002 W/m-K
2.277e-002 W/m-K
2.308e-002 W/m-K
2.335e-002 W/m-K
2.358e-002 W/m-K
2.377e-002 W/m-K
2.392e-002 W/m-K
2.405e-002 W/m-K
2.414e-002 W/m-K
2.421e-002 W/m-K
2.425e-002 W/m-K
2.429e-002 W/m-K
2.431e-002 W/m-K
2.432e-002 W/m-K
Heat Cap (Vap)
1.969 kJ/kg-C
2.016 kJ/kg-C
2.051 kJ/kg-C
2.075 kJ/kg-C
2.099 kJ/kg-C
2.122 kJ/kg-C
2.142 kJ/kg-C
2.184 kJ/kg-C
2.213 kJ/kg-C
2.236 kJ/kg-C
2.255 kJ/kg-C
2.271 kJ/kg-C
2.283 kJ/kg-C
2.292 kJ/kg-C
2.299 kJ/kg-C
2.303 kJ/kg-C
2.307 kJ/kg-C
2.309 kJ/kg-C
Mole Weight (Lt Liq)
38.84
42.60
45.08
47.33
49.52
51.35
52.63
53.90
54.89
55.70
56.36
56.87
57.26
57.54
57.74
57.88
57.97
58.04
Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
9__Main TS
10__Main TS
11__Main TS
12__Main TS
13__Main TS
14__Main TS
15__Main TS
16__Main TS
Reboiler
Surface Tension
6.250 dyne/cm
5.921 dyne/cm
5.777 dyne/cm
5.760 dyne/cm
5.757 dyne/cm
5.713 dyne/cm
5.646 dyne/cm
5.271 dyne/cm
5.054 dyne/cm
4.910 dyne/cm
4.801 dyne/cm
4.715 dyne/cm
4.649 dyne/cm
4.598 dyne/cm
4.561 dyne/cm
4.534 dyne/cm
4.515 dyne/cm
4.503 dyne/cm
Density (Lt Liq)
478.1 kg/m3
479.3 kg/m3
480.6 kg/m3
484.2 kg/m3
487.5 kg/m3
489.0 kg/m3
489.2 kg/m3
485.0 kg/m3
482.6 kg/m3
481.0 kg/m3
479.6 kg/m3
478.5 kg/m3
477.6 kg/m3
476.9 kg/m3
476.4 kg/m3
476.1 kg/m3
475.8 kg/m3
475.7 kg/m3
Viscosity (Lt Liq)
9.235e-002 cP
9.180e-002 cP
9.165e-002 cP
9.389e-002 cP
9.592e-002 cP
9.717e-002 cP
9.723e-002 cP
9.479e-002 cP
9.349e-002 cP
9.267e-002 cP
9.207e-002 cP
9.160e-002 cP
9.126e-002 cP
9.101e-002 cP
9.083e-002 cP
9.072e-002 cP
9.064e-002 cP
9.060e-002 cP
Therm Cond (Lt Liq)
9.416e-002 W/m-K
8.837e-002 W/m-K
8.523e-002 W/m-K
8.251e-002 W/m-K
7.982e-002 W/m-K
7.759e-002 W/m-K
7.602e-002 W/m-K
7.345e-002 W/m-K
7.168e-002 W/m-K
7.039e-002 W/m-K
6.939e-002 W/m-K
6.862e-002 W/m-K
6.805e-002 W/m-K
6.763e-002 W/m-K
6.732e-002 W/m-K
6.711e-002 W/m-K
6.697e-002 W/m-K
6.687e-002 W/m-K
Heat Cap (Lt Liq)
2.983 kJ/kg-C
3.020 kJ/kg-C
3.039 kJ/kg-C
3.033 kJ/kg-C
3.029 kJ/kg-C
3.039 kJ/kg-C
3.054 kJ/kg-C
3.114 kJ/kg-C
3.153 kJ/kg-C
3.183 kJ/kg-C
3.207 kJ/kg-C
3.227 kJ/kg-C
3.243 kJ/kg-C
3.255 kJ/kg-C
3.264 kJ/kg-C
3.271 kJ/kg-C
3.275 kJ/kg-C
3.278 kJ/kg-C
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 1 of 1
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Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:20:09 2004
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0.000
1.00e-001
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.00
M
o
l
e

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
Ethane (Vap)
Propane (Vap)
n-Butane (Vap)
Ethane (Light)
Propane (Light)
n-Butane (Light)
Composition vs. Tray Number
HYSYS Column Profiles Specsheet:
Column Composition Profile
Options Selected
Fraction is selected as the composition basis Net is selected as flow basis
Molar basis is selected
Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
9__Main TS
10__Main TS
11__Main TS
12__Main TS
13__Main TS
14__Main TS
15__Main TS
16__Main TS
Reboiler
Ethane (Vap)
0.6808
0.3945
0.2355
0.1747
0.1552
0.1494
0.1471
0.0589
0.0221
0.0079
0.0027
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Propane (Vap)
0.3158
0.5857
0.7068
0.7018
0.6291
0.5340
0.4499
0.4336
0.3756
0.3032
0.2320
0.1701
0.1203
0.0825
0.0549
0.0353
0.0218
0.0124
n-Butane (Vap)
0.0034
0.0198
0.0577
0.1236
0.2157
0.3166
0.4031
0.5075
0.6023
0.6889
0.7653
0.8290
0.8794
0.9174
0.9451
0.9646
0.9782
0.9876
Ethane (Light Liq)
0.3945
0.1779
0.0925
0.0619
0.0500
0.0446
0.0417
0.0158
0.0057
0.0020
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Propane (Light Liq)
0.5857
0.7506
0.7451
0.6460
0.5131
0.3936
0.3084
0.2699
0.2193
0.1689
0.1246
0.0889
0.0616
0.0416
0.0274
0.0175
0.0107
0.0061
n-Butane (Light Liq)
0.0198
0.0715
0.1623
0.2922
0.4369
0.5618
0.6500
0.7144
0.7750
0.8292
0.8747
0.9109
0.9383
0.9584
0.9726
0.9825
0.9893
0.9939
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:46:02 2004
Distillation: Second Column (binary) @Main
CONNECTIONS
Inlet Stream
STREAM NAME Stage
FROM UNIT OPERATION
Qcond22
F22
Reboiler
4__Main TS
Outlet Stream
STREAM NAME Stage
TO UNIT OPERATION
Qreb22
D22
W22
Condenser
Condenser
Reboiler
MONITOR
Specifications Summary
Specified Value Current Value Wt. Error Wt. Tol. Abs. Tol. Active Estimate Used
Reflux Ratio 0.6846 1.432 1.092 1.000e-002 1.000e-002 Off On Off
Distillate Rate --- 192.8 kgmole/h --- 1.000e-002 1.000 kgmole/h Off On Off
Reflux Rate --- 276.1 kgmole/h --- 1.000e-002 1.000 kgmole/h Off On Off
Btms Prod Rate --- 288.9 kgmole/h --- 1.000e-002 1.000 kgmole/h Off On Off
CompRecov 1 0.9500 0.9499 -5.749e-005 1.000e-002 1.000e-003 On On On
CompRecov 2 0.9700 0.9700 -4.125e-006 1.000e-002 1.000e-003 On On On
PROPERTIES
Properties : F22
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Vapour/Phase Fraction
Temperature: (C)
Pressure: (kPa)
Molar Flow (kgmole/h)
Mass Flow (kg/h)
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow (m3/h)
Molar Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
Mass Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Molar Entropy (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Entropy (kJ/kg-C)
Heat Flow (kJ/h)
Molar Density (kgmole/m3)
Mass Density (kg/m3)
Std Ideal Liq Mass Density (kg/m3)
Liq Mass Density @Std Cond (kg/m3)
Molar Heat Capacity (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
Viscosity (cP)
Surface Tension (dyne/cm)
Molecular Weight
Z Factor
0.1433
-10.76
800.0
481.7
1.852e+004
41.44
-1.121e+005
-2915
106.4
2.767
-5.399e+007
2.469
94.93
447.0
464.7
98.59
2.564
---
---
---
38.45
---
0.1433
-10.76
800.0
69.02
2374
5.888
-9.348e+004
-2717
163.7
4.760
-6.451e+006
0.4221
14.52
403.3
423.2
60.26
1.752
1.741e-002
8.277e-003
---
34.40
0.8688
0.8567
-10.76
800.0
412.7
1.615e+004
35.55
-1.152e+005
-2944
96.82
2.474
-4.754e+007
13.07
511.3
454.2
470.6
105.0
2.683
0.1086
0.1146
8.901
39.13
2.806e-002
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 1 of 3
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:46:02 2004
Distillation: Second Column (binary) @Main (c
Properties : D22
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Vapour/Phase Fraction
Temperature: (C)
Pressure: (kPa)
Molar Flow (kgmole/h)
Mass Flow (kg/h)
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow (m3/h)
Molar Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
Mass Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Molar Entropy (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Entropy (kJ/kg-C)
Heat Flow (kJ/h)
Molar Density (kgmole/m3)
Mass Density (kg/m3)
Std Ideal Liq Mass Density (kg/m3)
Liq Mass Density @Std Cond (kg/m3)
Molar Heat Capacity (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
Viscosity (cP)
Surface Tension (dyne/cm)
Molecular Weight
Z Factor
0.0000
-37.85
800.0
192.8
5918
16.32
-1.021e+005
-3326
111.1
3.619
-1.968e+007
15.66
480.6
362.6
370.8
88.11
2.870
0.1187
9.783e-002
8.480
30.70
2.612e-002
0.0000
-37.85
800.0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-8.875e+004
-2940
164.6
5.451
0.0000
0.4764
14.38
357.0
361.7
52.02
1.723
1.598e-002
7.732e-003
---
30.19
0.8584
1.0000
-37.85
800.0
192.8
5918
16.32
-1.021e+005
-3326
111.1
3.619
-1.968e+007
15.66
480.6
362.6
370.8
88.11
2.870
0.1187
9.783e-002
8.480
30.70
2.612e-002
Properties : W22
Overall Vapour Phase Liquid Phase
Vapour/Phase Fraction
Temperature: (C)
Pressure: (kPa)
Molar Flow (kgmole/h)
Mass Flow (kg/h)
Std Ideal Liq Vol Flow (m3/h)
Molar Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
Mass Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Molar Entropy (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Entropy (kJ/kg-C)
Heat Flow (kJ/h)
Molar Density (kgmole/m3)
Mass Density (kg/m3)
Std Ideal Liq Mass Density (kg/m3)
Liq Mass Density @Std Cond (kg/m3)
Molar Heat Capacity (kJ/kgmole-C)
Mass Heat Capacity (kJ/kg-C)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
Viscosity (cP)
Surface Tension (dyne/cm)
Molecular Weight
Z Factor
0.0000
14.80
800.0
288.9
1.260e+004
25.12
-1.205e+005
-2761
88.85
2.037
-3.480e+007
11.57
504.9
501.7
504.6
121.6
2.788
9.994e-002
0.1081
7.895
43.63
2.887e-002
0.0000
14.80
800.0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-1.037e+005
-2430
146.1
3.425
0.0000
0.3940
16.81
491.6
498.0
77.61
1.819
1.799e-002
8.390e-003
---
42.66
0.8482
1.0000
14.80
800.0
288.9
1.260e+004
25.12
-1.205e+005
-2761
88.85
2.037
-3.480e+007
11.57
504.9
501.7
504.6
121.6
2.788
9.994e-002
0.1081
7.895
43.63
2.887e-002
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 2 of 3
Licensed to: TEAM LND
TEAM LND
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:46:02 2004
Distillation: Second Column (binary) @Main (c
COLUMN PROFILES
Reflux Ratio: 1.432 Reboil Ratio: 1.209 The Flows Option is Selected Flow Basis: Molar
Column Profiles Flows
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
Reboiler
Temperature (C)
-37.85
-32.80
-23.89
-15.03
-9.595
-5.233
0.3912
6.266
11.25
14.80
Pressure (kPa)
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
800.0
Net Liq (kgmole/h)
276.1
251.8
230.4
220.8
630.0
627.4
627.9
632.1
638.2
---
Net Vap (kgmole/h)
---
468.9
444.6
423.2
413.6
341.0
338.5
339.0
343.2
349.3
Net Feed (kgmole/h)
---
---
---
---
481.7
---
---
---
---
---
Net Draws (kgmole/h)
192.8
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
288.9
Column Profiles Energy
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
Reboiler
Temperature (C)
-37.85
-32.80
-23.89
-15.03
-9.595
-5.233
0.3912
6.266
11.25
14.80
Liquid Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
-1.021e+005
-1.056e+005
-1.104e+005
-1.139e+005
-1.155e+005
-1.167e+005
-1.180e+005
-1.191e+005
-1.199e+005
-1.205e+005
Vapour Enthalpy (kJ/kgmole)
-8.875e+004
-8.925e+004
-9.052e+004
-9.236e+004
-9.381e+004
-9.515e+004
-9.715e+004
-9.956e+004
-1.019e+005
-1.037e+005
Heat Loss (kJ/h)
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 3 of 3
Licensed to: TEAM LND
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:47:02 2004
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.000
10.0
20.0
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
)
Temperature vs. Tray Number
HYSYS Column Profiles Specsheet:
Column Temperature Profile
Column Temperature Profile
Column Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
Reboiler
Temperature
(C)
-37.85
-32.80
-23.89
-15.03
-9.595
-5.233
0.3912
6.266
11.25
14.80
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 1 of 1
Licensed to: TEAM LND
TEAM LND
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:47:31 2004
HYSYS Column Profiles Specsheet:
Column Properties Profile
Options Selected
Mass basis is selected
Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
Reboiler
Surface Tension
8.480 dyne/cm
8.770 dyne/cm
9.002 dyne/cm
8.978 dyne/cm
8.874 dyne/cm
8.752 dyne/cm
8.555 dyne/cm
8.309 dyne/cm
8.075 dyne/cm
7.895 dyne/cm
Mole Weight (Vap)
30.19
30.70
31.88
33.47
34.68
35.79
37.41
39.36
41.22
42.66
Density (Vap)
14.38 kg/m3
14.24 kg/m3
14.18 kg/m3
14.35 kg/m3
14.58 kg/m3
14.83 kg/m3
15.24 kg/m3
15.79 kg/m3
16.35 kg/m3
16.81 kg/m3
Viscosity (Vap)
7.732e-003 cP
7.855e-003 cP
8.052e-003 cP
8.214e-003 cP
8.293e-003 cP
8.342e-003 cP
8.387e-003 cP
8.408e-003 cP
8.405e-003 cP
8.390e-003 cP
Therm Cond (Vap)
1.598e-002 W/m-K
1.629e-002 W/m-K
1.680e-002 W/m-K
1.723e-002 W/m-K
1.746e-002 W/m-K
1.761e-002 W/m-K
1.777e-002 W/m-K
1.789e-002 W/m-K
1.796e-002 W/m-K
1.799e-002 W/m-K
Heat Cap (Vap)
1.723 kJ/kg-C
1.725 kJ/kg-C
1.732 kJ/kg-C
1.744 kJ/kg-C
1.754 kJ/kg-C
1.763 kJ/kg-C
1.776 kJ/kg-C
1.792 kJ/kg-C
1.807 kJ/kg-C
1.819 kJ/kg-C
Mole Weight (Lt Liq)
30.70
32.78
35.79
38.15
39.38
40.27
41.32
42.32
43.10
43.63
Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
Reboiler
Surface Tension
8.480 dyne/cm
8.770 dyne/cm
9.002 dyne/cm
8.978 dyne/cm
8.874 dyne/cm
8.752 dyne/cm
8.555 dyne/cm
8.309 dyne/cm
8.075 dyne/cm
7.895 dyne/cm
Density (Lt Liq)
480.6 kg/m3
492.6 kg/m3
504.9 kg/m3
510.3 kg/m3
511.4 kg/m3
511.4 kg/m3
510.5 kg/m3
508.7 kg/m3
506.6 kg/m3
504.9 kg/m3
Viscosity (Lt Liq)
9.783e-002 cP
0.1044 cP
0.1110 cP
0.1143 cP
0.1146 cP
0.1142 cP
0.1130 cP
0.1113 cP
0.1095 cP
0.1081 cP
Therm Cond (Lt Liq)
0.1187 W/m-K
0.1168 W/m-K
0.1134 W/m-K
0.1102 W/m-K
0.1082 W/m-K
0.1067 W/m-K
0.1047 W/m-K
0.1027 W/m-K
0.1011 W/m-K
9.994e-002 W/m-K
Heat Cap (Lt Liq)
2.870 kJ/kg-C
2.778 kJ/kg-C
2.701 kJ/kg-C
2.681 kJ/kg-C
2.685 kJ/kg-C
2.695 kJ/kg-C
2.713 kJ/kg-C
2.740 kJ/kg-C
2.767 kJ/kg-C
2.788 kJ/kg-C
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 1 of 1
Licensed to: TEAM LND
TEAM LND
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Case Name: E:\MYX\SCHOOL\OU PROIECT\WORK\SIMULARE.HSC
Unit Set: SI
Date/Time: Wed Jun 02 20:47:58 2004
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.000
1.00e-001
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.00
M
o
l
e

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
Ethane (Vap)
Propane (Vap)
n-Butane (Vap)
Ethane (Light)
Propane (Light)
n-Butane (Light)
Composition vs. Tray Number
HYSYS Column Profiles Specsheet:
Column Composition Profile
Options Selected
Fraction is selected as the composition basis Net is selected as flow basis
Molar basis is selected
Stage
Condenser
1__Main TS
2__Main TS
3__Main TS
4__Main TS
5__Main TS
6__Main TS
7__Main TS
8__Main TS
Reboiler
Ethane (Vap)
0.9914
0.9552
0.8710
0.7577
0.6715
0.5924
0.4765
0.3378
0.2053
0.1023
Propane (Vap)
0.0086
0.0448
0.1290
0.2423
0.3285
0.4076
0.5235
0.6622
0.7947
0.8977
n-Butane (Vap)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Ethane (Light Liq)
0.9552
0.8066
0.5925
0.4239
0.3362
0.2726
0.1978
0.1268
0.0712
0.0336
Propane (Light Liq)
0.0448
0.1934
0.4075
0.5761
0.6638
0.7274
0.8022
0.8732
0.9288
0.9664
n-Butane (Light Liq)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Hyprotech Ltd. HYSYS v3.0.1 (Build 4602) Page 1 of 1
Licensed to: TEAM LND
Unit Operations Project Design of a rectification unit







































This document was prepared as a project for the Unit Operations Course
Submission Date: May 2004
Contact Information: [email protected]