Fault Analysis Using Z-bus 1.

0 Introduction The previous notes on Z-bus resulted in some useful knowledge: diagonal element Zkk of the Z-bus is the Thevenin impedance seen looking into the network from bus k. Combining this knowledge with equation (4 from notes called !"#mmetrical $aults %&' which was V I = (( Z +Z enables us to efficientl# obtain the fault current for an# bus in the network.
f f f Thev

This is eas# if we have Z-bus and )f. *owever' one other thing that we will frequentl# need is the line currents' because the circuit breakers are going to be in series with the lines' not with the faults.
(

2.0 Fault calculations using Zbus +ecall that (% "ince (% represents a set of linear equations' superposition holds' and we ma# write: (, This sa#s that the change in voltage at all buses -) ma# be computed if the change in in.ections at all buses -/ are known. 0e can write eq. (, in e1panded form as:
V =ZI V =Z I

V( Z(( Z(k Vk = Z k( Z kk VN Z N ( Z Nk

Z( N I( Z kN I k Z NN I N

(4

2ow consider a fault at bus k' where the prefault voltage at bus k is )f. 3et the fault current be /44f' and assume that the fault impedance Zf56 (this is t#picall# worst-case scenario . "ince a fault is a short circuit' then -)k5-)f.
%

7lso' since the fault current is out of bus k' then -/k5- /44f. "ubstituting these into eq. (4 results in
V( Z(( V f = Z k( row k VN Z N( Z (k Z ( N 6 Z kk Z kN I f Z Nk Z NN 6

(8 2oting that the right-hand-side results in' for each row .' onl# the Z.k being multiplied b# a non-9ero current. Therefore:
V( Z(k I f row k V f = Z kk I f VN Z Nk I f

(:

0e observe from row k that:

(; (<

"olving (; for /44f results in

2otice that eq. (< is consistent with eq. (( when Zf56. 2ow substitute eq. (< into eq. (: to get:
V( ( Z(k = Z kk ) V f Vf = Vf row k VN ( Z Nk = Z kk ) V f

(>

2ow eq. (> provides the change in the bus voltages due to the fault. Change from what? /t is the change from the voltage without the fault' i.e.' it is the pre-fault voltage. Consider an# bus' let4s sa# bus .' with a prefault voltage of ).. Then we can compute the bus . voltage under the faulted condition as V =V + V ((6
jf j j

$rom eq. (> ' we know that

(((

"ubstitution of ((( into ((6 results in ((% 2ow eq. ((% is useful for computing fault currents in the circuits. Consider $ig. (.
V jf = V j Z kk Vf Z jk

Zb bus i bus .

$ig. ( 0e can use eq. ((% to write down the voltages under the faulted condition for buses i and .' as Z V =V V ((, Z Z V =V V ((4 Z 2ow we can compute the subtransient current flowing from bus i to bus . under the fault condition as V V I = ((8 Z
ik if i f kk
jk jf j f kk if jf ij b

"ubstituting eqs. ((, and ((4 into ((8 results in

((:

0e can use eq. ((: to get the fault current in the circuits. These values provide us with the appropriate information for selecting the circuit breakers in the lines. 3.0 Some important comments Zbus should be developed using subtransient reactances in generator=motor models. @ecause fault currents are t#picall# much larger than load currents' it ma# be assumed that there are no loads. o 7ll pre-faults currents are 6. o 7ll buses have voltage (pre-fault equal to )f. o Aquation ((: becomes: Z Z I = V ((; Z Z
ik jk ij f b kk

 $rom ((: and ((; ' we see that onl# the kth column of the Z-bus is required to anal#9e a fault at bus k. The last observation can be utili9ed in an effective fashion when performing fault anal#sis. 3et4s assume that we want to compute the short circuit currents for a fault at onl# one bus k. "o we .ust want to get the kth column of Z-bus' but we do not need the entire Z-bus. There is an efficient wa# to get the k th column of Z-bus. 3et4s stud# it. Consider that the Z-bus and the B-bus are inverses of each other' i.e.' ((< This means that their product gives the identit# matri1. ((> where / is given b# a matri1 of 9eros e1cept the diagonal which contains all ones' i.e.'
Z =Y
(

Y Z =I

( 6 6 ( I = 6 6

6 6 (

(%6

Cur approach will depend on two ideas: (. Column of Z: 0e can .ust consider a single column of Z' instead of the entire matri1. Call it ZkD it is a column vector. The right hand side of ((> will .ust be a column of /. Call it /k. /t will also be .ust a vector and will contain 9eros in ever# row e1cept for row k. The resulting relation is: YZ =I (%(
k k

%. 3E-Fecomposition: /f #ou have taken AA 48: or a linear algebra course in math' then #ou are familiar with 3E decomposition. 3E decomposition provides a wa# to solve for the vector 1 in the matri1 relation (%% where 7 is a nGn square matri1' 1 is an unknown nG( vector' and b is an known
A x =b

<

nG( vector. The advantage to 3E decomposition is it does not require inverting the matri1 7. The basis of 3Edecomposition is that we ma# factor 7 into a matri1 product 3E' i.e.' (%, where 3 is a lower diagonal nGn matri1 of the form
A =LU

l(( L= l%( l,(

6 l%% l,%

6 6 l,,

(%4

and E is an upper diagonal nGn matri1 of the form

(%8 (%: (%;

"ubstitution of eq. (%, in (%% #ields

Fefining
U x =w

provides that eq. (%8 becomes: (%< /f we have 3 and E' then (%< is easil# solved for w (without inverting 3 using forward substitution' and then (%; can
L w =b

>

be easil# solved for 1 (without inverting E using backwards substitution. Hore details on 3E decomposition ma# be found in the notes called !3EFecomposition.doc.& 2ow observe that eq. (%( and (%% are in the same form. Therefore we want to solve the following equations in the order the# are given: Lw = I (%> UZ =w (,6
k k

*omework I,: Fue $rida#' Januar# %;. Consider the 4-bus s#stem shown below. @oth machines have subtransient reactances of 6.%6 pu (#ou can combine the machine subtransient reactance with the transformer impedance to get a single reactance connecting the machine internal voltage with the network .

(6

@us %

.6.%8

.6.(%8

.6.%6

.6.%8 @us , .6.(6 @us (

.6.46 @us 4 .6.(6

a. Construct the B-bus for this network (should be a 4G4 matri1 . b. Consider that there is a three-phase (s#mmetrical fault at bus %. Ese 3E decomposition to obtain the %nd column of the Z-bus. Compute the subtransient fault current. Ese eq. ((% to find the voltages during the fault. Ese eq. ((; to find the subtransient currents in lines ,-%' (-%' and 4-%.

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