Introduction to Network Programming

CSC 343643

WAKE FOREST
U N I V E R S I T Y

Department of Computer Science Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Socket Application Programming Interface (API)

Introduced in 1981 Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD 4.1) Originally only Unix WinSock almost the same Connects sockets on two hosts Data transfer similar to Unix le operations Two services provided Datagram Stream Socket interface is generic, it can be used with a variety of protocols (not just UDP/TCP/IP)

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Review of Unix File Operations

Unix le operations read/write to a le descriptor An integer associated with an open le A le can be data-le, device, network connection, ...
int fileDescriptor; // file descriptor char buffer[256]; // buffer for read/write fileDescriptor = open("file.dat", 0_RDWR | 0_CREAT); // code storing info in buffer ... write(fileDescriptor, buffer, 256); close(fileDescriptor);

Sockets are very similar, except for setup

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Generic Data Types

Data types are needed to represent a socket and an address A socket is an int like a le descriptor sockaddr is a generic struct containing socket address information
struct sockaddr { unsigned short sa_family; // address family, AF_xxx char sa_data[14]; // protocol address };

sa_family identies the address family (AF_INET) sa_data contains a network address Prefer something more IP specic, which is sockaddr_in

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Internet Data Types

sockaddr_in is a parallel struct containing Internet socket address information
struct sockaddr_in { short int unsigned short int struct in_addr char };

sin_family; sin_port; sin_addr; sin_zero[8];

// // // //

address family, AF_INET port number Internet address filler, no data

in_addr is an Internet address

struct in_addr { unsigned long int s_addr; // 4 bytes for IPv4 addresses };

What is parallel? Why is it important?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

sa_family

sa_data

sockaddr

family 2 bytes 2 bytes port 4 bytes Internet address

sin_addr

8 bytes unused
sin_zero

sockaddr_in

family

sin_family sin_port

Socket calls are generic (sockaddr) but we will use Internet addresses (sockaddr_in) Since the structs are the same size (parallel) cast

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Byte Order
As you may recall... There are two types of byte orderings Most signicant byte rst (also called network byte order) Least signicant byte rst Computers (based on architecture) will use one or the other Therefore we need to be consistent... remember to convert How do we convert? Use the following functions htons() is host to network short htonl() is host to network long ntohs() is network to host short ntohl() is network to host long

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Address Example
Create an address for www.cs.wfu.edu web server
#include<arpa/inet.h> // for sockaddr_in and inet_addr #include<string.h> // for memset struct sockaddr_in wfuAddr; // address for www.cs.wfu.edu wfuAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address wfuAddr.sin_port = htons(80); // port (network byte order) // copy IP address (ascii to network byte order) inet_aton("152.17.140.92", &(wfuAddr.sin_addr)); // zero the rest of the struct memset(&(wfuAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // print the address to the screen cout << inet_ntoa(wfuAddr.sin_addr) << \n;

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

Creating a Socket
Before sending/receiving must create a socket Must specify, protocol family (PF_INET), type (SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_STREAM), and protocol (0 for default)
#include <sys/socket.h> // for socket() int sock; // stores the socket descriptor if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) == -1 ) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); }

Returns the socket number, -1 if error Once done with the socket, your program must close it (like a le)
close(sock);

Is the above socket UDP or TCP?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

TCP or UDP
There are two types of services available in the Internet User Datagram Procotol (UDP) is an unreliable transmission Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable stream Service must be specied once the socket is created Creating the socket with SOCK_DGRAM uses UDP
sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)

Creating the socket with SOCK_STREAM used TCP

sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)

Functions used to transmit data dier based on the service

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

10

TCP Client Server Model

Network programming typically uses a client server model The server passively listens for communication The client initiates the communication For TCP, once the server hears a connection request, handshake Determine sequence numbers and buer space Once connection establish can send and receive data
server client socket socket

/ /

bind

/ /

listen

/ /

accept close

recv/send E

/ close

connect

send/recv E

What is the dierence for UDP?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

11

TCP Client
TCP client must perform the following four steps 1. Create a TCP socket using socket 2. Establish connection to server using connect 3. Communicate using send and recv 4. Close the connection with close / connect / send/recv socket E Already discussed how to create a socket Be certain the socket is SOCK_STREAM for TCP / close

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

12

TCP Client connect

To connect the client program must specify Socket, server address, and address length
int connect(int sock, struct sockaddr * serverAddr, unsigned int addrLength);

Assume we want to connect to a server

if(connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &serverAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) < 0) { cerr << "Could not connect to server \n"; exit(1); }

Connect will perform three-way handshake Once connected, client and server can send and recv data Would UDP use the connect function?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

13

TCP send
To send data (TCP only) the program must supply Socket, pointer to data, data length, and ags
int send(int sock, const void *msg, unsigned int msgLength, int flags);

Assume we want to send a C-string

char str[] = "Pluf still rules"; int strLength = strlen(str) + 1; if(send(sock, str, strLengh, 0) != strLength) { cerr << "Could not send all the data \n"; exit(1); }

send() will return the number of bytes sent How does send know which address and port to send to?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

14

TCP recv
To recv data (TCP only) the program must supply Socket, pointer to buer, maximum buer length, and ags
int recv(int sock, void *buffer, unsigned int bufferLength, int flags);

Assume we want to receive data from a TCP socket

char buffer[256]; int numBytes; if((numBytes = recv(sock, buffer, 256, 0)) <= 0) { cerr << "Could not recv from socket \n"; exit(1); }

recv() returns the number of bytes read Blocks until data received or timeout Data is placed in the buffer
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

15

Closing a Socket
Once communication over a socket is complete, you must close Specify the socket and use the close() function
#include<unistd.h> close(sock);

Cannot read/write to the socket after close() Why is close necessary?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

16

TCP Time Service

TCP/IP denes a service (port 13) that allows one machine to obtain the current data and time from another. The following client program will obtain the time from the server 152.17.140.3
#include<iostream> #include<sys/socket.h> // socket(), send(), recv() #include<arpa/inet.h> // struct socket sockaddr #include<unistd.h> // close() #include<string.h> // memset() using namespace std; int main() { int sock; // socket for datagram communication if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); }
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

17

struct sockaddr_in srvAddr; // address of time server srvAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address srvAddr.sin_port = htons(13); // port 13 srvAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("152.17.140.3"); memset(&(srvAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // set remaining to zero if(connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &srvAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not connect to server \n"; exit(2); } // to receive the time, just ask the question... char* msg = "What time is it?"; if(send(sock, msg, strlen(msg) + 1, 0) == -1) { cerr << "Could not send to socket \n"; exit(3); }

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

18

char buffer[256]; // stores the data received from socket // will block until datagram received from socket if(recv(sock, buffer, 256, 0) == -1) { cerr << "Could not receive from socket \n"; exit(4); } cout << buffer << \n; close(sock); return 0; }

2
> tcpTime Mon Nov 24 12:15:47 2003

Terminal

22

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

19

TCP Server
TCP server must complete the following six steps 1. Create a TCP socket using socket 2. Assign a port number to the socket using bind 3. Tell system to allow connections to port using listen 4. Accept connection request using accept 5. Communicate using recv and send via new socket 6. Close the connection using close x / accept

socket

/ bind

/ listen

/ recv/send E

/ close

Already know about socket, recv, send, and close

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

20

TCP bind
To bind a port to an address the program must supply Socket, address, and address length
int bind(int sock, struct sockaddr *localAddr, unsigned int addrLength);

Assume we wanted to bind to port 1122

struct sockaddr_in localAddr; memset(&localAddr, 0, sizeof(localAddr)); localAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; localAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); localAddr.sin_port = htons(1122); if(bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &localAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) < 0) { cerr << "Could not bind to socket \n"; exit(1); } // // // // // local address zero address Internet any incoming local port

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

21

TCP listen
To listen for a connection request the program must supply Socket and queue limit
int listen(int sock, int queueLimit);

queueLimit is the maximum outstanding requests Assume we wanted to listen for incoming connections
#define MAX_PENDING 5 // maximum outstanding requests if(listen(sock, MAX_PENDING) < 0) { cerr << "Could not listen on socket \n"; exit(1); }

listen() returns 0 on success, -1 otherwise The queue is used by accept

E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

22

TCP accept
To accept an incomming connection the program must supply Socket, client address, and address length
int accept(int sock, struct sockaddr *clientAddress, unsigned int *addrLength);

Assume we wanted to accept an incoming connection

int clientSock; // socket for connection struct sockaddr_in clientAddr; // incoming address unsigned int addrLength = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); // INITIALIZE if((clientSock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &clientAddr, &addrLength)) < 0) { cerr << "Could not accept connection \n"; exit(1); }

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

23

accept() returns a descriptor for a new socket Dequeues the next connection on the socket queue Creates a new socket for arriving connection Sets the address and address length variables If the queue is empty, then block If error then accept returns -1 After accept() program can recv() and send() As described there are two sockets, one for receiving a connection request and another created for the connection Which socket is used for sending and which socket is used for receiving? The socket that has been bound to a port and marked listening is never used for sending and receiving in TCP
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

24

Example TCP Client Server Program

Write a TCP client and a server that will send/receive C-strings Client will send the message "Hello from client" to the server Assume the destination port is 1848 Server will reply to the client "Hello w.x.y .z " Listen for a connection on port 1848 Must be started before client program Why must the server be running before the client starts?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

25

TCP C-String Client Program

#include<iostream> #include<sys/socket.h> // socket, send(), recv() #include<arpa/inet.h> // struct sockaddr #include<unistd.h> // close() #include<string.h> // memset() using namespace std; int main() { int sock; // socket for stream communication if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); } struct sockaddr_in srvAddr; // address of server srvAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address srvAddr.sin_port = htons(1848); // port 1848 srvAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("152.17.140.17"); memset(&(srvAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // set remaining to zero

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

26

// establish connection with server if(connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &srvAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) < 0) { cerr << "Could not connect \n"; exit(2); } char* msg = "Hello from client"; // c-string to send if(send(sock, msg, strlen(msg) + 1, 0) == -1) { cerr << "Could not send to socket \n"; exit(3); } char buffer[256]; // stores the data received from socket unsigned int addrLength = sizeof(sockaddr); int numBytes = 0; if((numBytes = recv(sock, buffer, 256, 0)) <= 0) { cerr << "Could not receive from socket \n"; exit(4); } cout << buffer << \n; close(sock); return 0; }

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

27

TCP C-String Server Program

#include<iostream> #include<sys/socket.h> // socket, send(), recv() #include<arpa/inet.h> // struct sockaddr #include<unistd.h> // close() #include<string.h> // memset() using namespace std; int main() { int sock; // socket for datagram communication if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); } struct sockaddr_in myAddr; // my (server) address myAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address myAddr.sin_port = htons(1848); // port 1848 myAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // my address memset(&(myAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // set remaining to zero

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

28

if(bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &myAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not bind to port \n"; exit(2); } if(listen(sock, 0) < 0) { cerr << "Could not listen to socket \n"; exit(3); } int clientSock; // client socket struct sockaddr_in clientAddr; // client address unsigned int clientAddrLength = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); if((clientSock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &clientAddr, &clientAddrLength)) < 0) { cerr << "Could not accept connection \n"; exit(4); } char buffer[256]; // data received from socket if(recv(clientSock, buffer, 256, 0) == -1) { cerr << "Could not receive from socket \n"; exit(3); } cout << buffer << \n;

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

29

char *reply = new char[strlen("Hello ") + strlen(inet_ntoa(destAddr.sin_addr)) + 1]; strcpy(reply, "Hello "); strcat(reply, inet_ntoa(clientAddr.sin_addr)); if(send(clientSock, reply, strlen(reply) + 1, 0)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not send to socket \n"; exit(4); } close(sock); return 0; }

Terminal

22 2
3

Terminal

22
4

> tcpStrSrv 1 Hello from client >

> tcpStrCli 2 Hello 152.17.140.12 >

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

30

UDP Sockets
Datagram sockets are connectionless and do not have connection setup Client socket, create new end point sendto and recvfrom, transmit data Server socket, creates a new end point bind, binds an address to the connection sendto and recvfrom, transmit data
server client socket socket

/ /

bind

/ /

recvfrom recvfrom

/ /

sendto close

close

sendto Z

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

31

Client does not establish a connection connect is not needed Server does not accept a connection listen is not needed accept is not needed What is the implication of no established connection? Does the server still wait for datagrams? In TCP accept assigned a new socket to the incoming data, how will communication take place in UDP?

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

32

Datagram sendto()
To sendto() the program must specify Socket, data, data length, ags, to address, to address length
int sendto(int sock, const void *msg, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *toAddr, int toLength);

Assume we want to send a C-string

char msg[] = "What time is it?"; sendto(sock, msg, strlen(msg) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr*) &srvAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr));

sendto() will return the number of data bytes sent, -1 if error

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

33

Datagram recvfrom()
Similarly, to recvfrom() the program must specify Socket, buer (to store data), buer length, ags, from address, and from address length
int recvfrom(int sock, void *buffer, int bufferLength, unsigned int flags, struct sockaddr *fromAddr, int *fromLength);

Assume we want to receive data from a datagram

char buffer[256]; sockaddr_in fromAddr; unsigned int addrLength = sizeof(struct sockaddr); recvfrom(sock, buffer, 256, 0, (struct sockaddr*) &fromAddr, &addrLength);

recvfrom() returns the number of data bytes, -1 if error fromAddr stores the datagram address addrLength stores the address length must be initialized
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

34

UDP Time Service

TCP/IP denes a service (port 13) that allows one machine to obtain the current data and time from another. The following program will obtain the time from 152.17.140.3
#include<iostream> #include<sys/socket.h> // socket, sendto(), recvfrom() #include<arpa/inet.h> // struct sockaddr #include<unistd.h> // close() #include<string.h> // memset() using namespace std; int main() { int sock; // socket for datagram communication if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); }
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

35

struct sockaddr_in srvAddr; // address of time server srvAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address srvAddr.sin_port = htons(13); // port 13 srvAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("152.17.140.13"); memset(&(srvAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // set remaining to zero // to receive the time, just ask the question... char* msg = "What time is time?"; if(sendto(sock, msg, strlen(msg) + 1, 0,(struct sockaddr*) &srvAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not send to socket \n"; exit(2); }

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

36

char buffer[256]; // stores the data received from socket unsigned int addrLength = sizeof(sockaddr); // will block until datagram received from socket if(recvfrom(sock, buffer, 256, 0, (struct sockaddr*) &srvAddr, &addrLength) == -1) { cerr << "Could not receive from socket \n"; exit(3); } close(sock); cout << buffer << \n; return 0; }

2
> udpTime Mon Nov 24 12:15:47 2003

Terminal

22

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

37

Example UDP Client Server Program

Write a UDP client and a server that will send/receive C-strings Client will send the message "Hello from client" to the server Assume the destination port is 1848 Server will reply to the client "Hello w.x.y .z " Listen for datagrams on port 1848 Must be started before client program

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

38

UDP C-String Client Program

#include<iostream> #include<sys/socket.h> // socket, sendto(), recvfrom() #include<arpa/inet.h> // struct sockaddr #include<unistd.h> // close() #include<string.h> // memset() using namespace std; int main() { int sock; // socket for datagram communication if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); } struct sockaddr_in srvAddr; // address of server srvAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address srvAddr.sin_port = htons(1848); // port 1848 srvAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("152.17.140.17"); memset(&(srvAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // set remaining to zero
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

39

char* msg = "Hello from client"; // c-string to send if(sendto(sock, msg, strlen(msg) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr*) &srvAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not send to socket \n"; exit(2); } char buffer[256]; // stores the data received from socket unsigned int addrLength = sizeof(sockaddr); if(recvfrom(sock, buffer, 256, 0, (struct sockadddr*) &srvAddr, &addrLength) == -1) { cerr << "Could not receive from socket \n"; exit(3); } cout << buffer << \n; close(sock); return 0; }
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

40

UDP C-String Server Program

#include<iostream> #include<sys/socket.h> // socket, sendto(), recvfrom() #include<arpa/inet.h> // struct sockaddr #include<unistd.h> // close() #include<string.h> // memset() using namespace std; int main() { int sock; // socket for datagram communication if((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not create socket \n"; exit(1); } struct sockaddr_in myAddr; // my (server) address myAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // Internet address myAddr.sin_port = htons(1848); // port 1848 myAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // my address memset(&(myAddr.sin_zero), \0, 8); // set remaining to zero
E. W. Fulp Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

41

if(bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &myAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not bind to port \n"; exit(1); } struct sockaddr_in destAddr; // destination (client) address unsigned int destAddrLength = sizeof(struct sockaddr); char buffer[256]; // data received from socket if(recvfrom(sock, buffer, 256, 0, (struct sockadddr*) &destAddr, &destAddrLength) == -1) { cerr << "Could not receive from socket \n"; exit(3); } cout << buffer << \n;

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007

Internet Protocolsp pCSC 343643

Introduction to Network Programming

42

char *reply = new char[strlen("Hello ") + strlen(inet_ntoa(destAddr.sin_addr)) + 1]; strcpy(reply, "Hello "); strcat(reply, inet_ntoa(destAddr.sin_addr)); if(sendto(sock, reply, strlen(reply) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr*) &destAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) { cerr << "Could not send to socket \n"; exit(4); } close(sock); return 0; }

Terminal

22 2
3

Terminal

22
4

> udpStrSrv 1 Hello from client >

> udpStrCli 2 Hello 152.17.140.12 >

E. W. Fulp

Fall 2007