INDOT Structures Conference - 2010

Geotechnical - Load and Resistance Factor Design

By Mir Zaheer, P.E., Geotechnical Engineer , INDOT Office of Geotechnical Engineering

MSE Walls
AASHTO Section 11 FHWA GEC 11 FHWA-NHI-10-024 & 25

MSE Walls

In LRFD, the external and internal stability of the MSE wall is evaluated at all appropriate Limit states. In the AASHTO-LRFD framework, there are four limit states, which represent distinct structural performance criteria: (1) strength limit states (2) Serviceability limit states (3) extreme event limit states (4) fatigue limit states For most earth retaining system designs, the strength or service limit states control the design. For walls subject to earthquake or vessel/vehicle impact, the extreme limit states may control.

Design of MSE walls Using LRFD Methodology

Strength Limit States External Stability Limiting Eccentricity Sliding Bearing Resistance Internal Stability Tensile Resistance of Reinforcement Pullout Resistance of Reinforcement Structural Resistance of face elements Structural resistance of Face Element Connections Service Limit States External Stability Vertical WALL Movements Lateral Wall Movements Global Stability Overall Stability Compound Stability
Internal Stability is the responsibility of the manufacturer

LRFD for MSE Walls

Load Combinations Load Factors for Permanent Loads External Stability Resistance Factors

Loads and Combinations

Table 3.4.1-1 AASHTO 2007

Permanent Loads EH = Horizontal Earth Loads ES = Earth Surcharge Load EV = Vertical Pressure from dead load of earth fill Transient Loads CT = Vehicular collision force EQ = Earthquake Load LL = Vehicular Live Load LS = Live Load Surcharge

Load Combination Limit State Strength I Extreme Event I Extreme Event II Service I

EH ES EV P P P 1.0

LL LS 1.75 EQ 0.5 1.0

EQ -1.0 ---

CT --1.0 --

p =Load factor for permanent loading. May subscript as P-EV, P-EH EQ = Load factor for live load applied simultaneously with seismic loads

Load Factors for Permanent Loads, P

Table 3.4.1-2 AASHTO 2007 Load Factor, P Type of Load
DC: Component and Attachments EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure Active EV: Vertical Earth Pressure Overall Stability Retaining Walls and Abutments ES: Earth Surcharge Note: May subscript as EV-MAX EV-MIN, EH-MAX, EH-MIN, ect.

Maximum Minimum
1.25 1.50 1.00 1.35 1.50 0.90 0.90 N/A 1.00 0.75

External Stability Resistance Factors for MSE Walls

Stability Mode Bearing Resistance Sliding Conditions None None Where geotechnical parameters are well defined, and the slope does not support or contain a structural element Overall (Global) Stability Where geotechnical parameters are based on limited information, or the slope contains or supports a structural element 0.65 Resistance Factor, 0.65 1.0

0.75

MSE Wall Design Example

MSE Wall Design Example

MSE Wall Design Example

MSE Wall Design Example

MSE Wall Design Example

MSE Wall Design Example

CDR = Capacity To Demand Ratio

MSE Wall Design Example

MSE Wall Design Example

If the sliding, capacity demand ratio, CDR < 1, INCREASE the reinforcement length, L, and repeat the calculations.

General Foundation Design Flow Chart

1. Establish Global Project Performance Requirements and Constraints 2. Define Preliminary Project Geotechnical Site Conditions 3. Determine Substructure Loads and Load Combinations at Foundation Level 4. Develop and Execute Subsurface Exploration and Laboratory Testing Program for Feasible Foundation System 5. Evaluate Information and Determine Foundation Systems for Further Evaluation

6. Deep Foundations

Shallow Foundations

Without Ground Improvement

With Ground Improvement

Shallow Foundations
AASHTO SECTION 10.6 FHWA RC/TD -10-001 FHWA-NHI-05-094

Shallow Foundation Design Flowchart

Determine depth of footing based on geotechnical bearing, scour, and frost protection considerations

Define Subsurface Conditions and any Geometric Constraints

Determine Applicable Loads and Load Combinations

Factor Loads for Each Combination

Size the Footing at the Service Limit State

Determine the Nominal Geotechnical Bearing Resistance at the Service Limit State

Check Global Stability at the Service Limit State

Determine Design Soil Properties & Resistance Factors

Determine the Nominal Bearing & Sliding Resistance at the Strength & Extreme Limit States

Check Footing at Strength Limit State for Bearing, Sliding and Eccentricity

Check Footing at Strength & Extreme Limit States for Sliding, Eccentricity and Bearing Stress

Perform Structural Design of Footing Based on Factored Loads and Factored Resistances

Limit States for Spread Footings

Design of a spread footing must provide adequate resistance against geotechnical and structural limit states, i.e., "failure modes. The geotechnical limit states include the following: Strength limit state

Bearing resistance Limiting eccentricity Sliding

Strength Limit States

Sliding

Limiting Eccentricity

Bearing Resistance

Service limit state

Settlement Global stability Bearing resistance Limiting eccentricity Sliding

Extreme Event limit state

Service Limit States

Settlement

Overall Stability

The structural design includes consideration of limit states for the following: Flexural resistance (strength limit) Shear resistance (strength limit) Crack control (service limit)

Horizontal DeformationsSettlements & Rotations

Bearing resistance Chart

Design Resources

LRFD DESIGN - BASICS

Load factor combinations to obtain resulting maximum force effects on the foundations are needed for limit states checks. This is done through structure modeling by varying the load factors over the specified range

Service Limit State I-Checks

Vertical deformation Settlement Horizontal movements at the top of foundation Rotations at the top of foundation Vertical and horizontal deformations under scour at the Design flood, Q100 Settlements due to downdrag (AASHTO 10.5, 10.6, 10.7 & 10.8)

Requirements for LRFD Design

Tolerable vertical and horizontal deformations (movements) are established by the structural designer, based on structural tolerance to total and differential movements, rideability, and economy. (AASHTO 10.5.2.1)

Strength Limit States - Checks

Geotechnical lateral resistance of soil and rock Geotechnical axial compression resistance Geotechnical axial uplift resistance All the above for single and group foundations Structural resistance checks for axial, lateral and flexure Punching of foundation elements through stronger soil in to weaker soils All the above resistances under scour at design flood, Q100 Axial resistance when downdrag occurs

(AASHTO 10.5, 10.6, 10.7 & 10.8)

Axial Geotechnical Resistance

Overall Stability

Methods for determining structural resistance

Axial compression Combined axial and flexure Shear

Concrete AASHTO Section 5 Steel AASHTO Section 6

Structural Axial Failure Mode

Structural Flexure Failure Mode

Structural Shear Failure Mode

Load & Resistance Factor Design:

Deep Foundations (AASHTO 10.7 & 10.8) Piles Drilled Shafts Shallow Foundations (AASHTO 10.6) Spread Footings MSE Walls & Other Retaining Walls (AASHTO 11) Culverts, Tunnels and other buried Structures (AASHTO 11)

Deep Foundations
Driven Piles - AASHTO 10.7 Drilled Shafts - AASHTO 10.8 FHWA-NHI-05-094 FHWA-NHI-10-016

General Deep Foundation Design Flow Chart for Driven Piles

6. Deep Foundations 7. Select Driven Pile Foundations for Further Evaluation 8. Select Static Analysis Method and Calculate Ultimate Axial Capacity vs. Depth 9. Identify Most Economical Pile Types from Ultimate Capacity vs. Depth Charts 10. Drivability of pile types to penetration depths and sufficient ultimate capacities 11. Select pile types, ultimate capacities, and pile penetration depths for group sizing 12. Evaluate Group axial, Lateral, and Rotational Capacities, Settlement, and performance of pile group configuration Evaluate Other Deep Foundation Systems i.e. Drilled Shafts

Geotechnical Resistance Factors for Driven Piles

Condition/Resistance Determination Method Nominal Resistance of Single Pile in Axial Compression Dynamic Analysis and Static Load Test Methods,dyn Static Load Test in combination w/ dynamic testing or wave equation PDA w/CAPWAP Gates Formula AASHTO Resistance Factor 0.8 Modified Resistance Factor 0.8

.65 0.4

0.7 0.55

Geotechnical Design Memos

Maximum Nominal Soil Resistance for Common Piles to Rock

GDM 2010-01

Pile Section
10x42 HP 10x57 HP 12x53 HP 12x63 HP 12x74 HP 12x84 HP 14x73 HP 14x89 HP 14x102 HP 14x117 HP 14" Pipe pile SEC 16" Pipe pile SEC

Pile Area(in2)
12.4 16.8 15.5 18.4 21.8 24.6 21.4 26.1 30.0 34.4

Rn max (Kips)
341 462 426 506 600 677 589 718 825 946 420 480

Memo listing the Maximum Nominal Soil Resistance for Common Pile Types Nominal soil resistance based on modified resistance factors Available on the Internet

Horizontal Displacement (P-y method)

Qt Ht Mt y P

Properties A, E, I

y y

Pm * P D P-multiplier (Pm) Spacing (S) 3D 5D Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 0.7 0.5 0.35 1.0 0.85 0.7 From Table 10.7.2.4-1 y

Example Pile Design -Pier

Example Pile Design -Pier

EXAMPLE PILE LOADS

Strength Factored Loads QF Resistance Factor Nominal Soil Resistance Rn 200 K 0.7 286 K Extreme 300 K 1.0 300 K Values in Pile Load Table 210 K 0.7 300 K

The extreme loads control the design. Hence the pile shall be driven to a nominal capacity that provides the required controlling factored loads.

Limitations of Resistance Factors:

AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 10.5.5.2.3

The selection of the target reliability assumes a significant amount of redundancy in the foundation system is present, which is typical for pile groups containing at least five piles in the group. For smaller groups and single piles, less redundancy will be present. These smaller pile groups that lack redundancy. Therefore, the resistance factors specified in Table 1 should be reduced to account for reduced redundancy.

Drilled Shafts

AASHTO 10.7 AND 10.8 FHWA GEC 10 FHWA-NHI-10-016

General Deep Foundation Design Flow Chart for Drilled Shafts

6. Deep Foundations 7. Select Drilled Shaft Foundations for Further Evaluation 8. Define Subsurface Profile for analysis 9. Determine Resistance Factors for Design 10. Establish Minimum Diameter and Depth for Lateral Loads 11. Establish Diameter and Depth for Axial Loads 12. Finalize Structural Design of the Drilled Shafts and Connection to Structure (or cap) Evaluate Other Deep Foundation Systems i.e. Piles

Lateral Loads Design Process For Drilled Shafts

10. Establish Minimum Diameter and Depth for Lateral Loads

10.1 Refine Detailed Subsurface Profiles as needed for each Lateral Load Case, including scour, liquefaction, fill, ect.

10.2 Select Trial Length and Diameter

10.3 Analyze Geotechnical Strength Limit State using Factored Loads (for each case)

Check Stability against Pushover Failure

Yes. 10.4 Analyze Preliminary Structural Strength Limit State for Flexure using Factored Loads

No. Revise Length and repeat steps starting at 10.2

Check Moment Capacity with 1 to 2% Longitudinal Reinforcement Yes.10.5 Analyze Service Limit State (Deformations) using Unfactored Loads Check: Deformations Acceptable Yes. 10.6 Define Minimum Pile Length and Diameter based on analysis No. Revise Diameter and repeat steps starting at 10.2

No . Return to 10.2 and Revise Design

Establish Minimum Depths and Diameters for Axial Loads for Drilled Shafts
11.1 Idealized Geomaterial Layer Profiles

11.2 Review Limit States and Factored Axial Force Effects

11.3 Assign Appropriate Geomaterial Properties to each Subsurface Layer

11.4 Select Trial Lengths and Diameters

11.5 Establish Nominal Side and Base Resistances

11.6 Evaluate Trial Design for LRFD Strength Limit States

Yes. 11.7 Evaluate Trial Design for LRFD Service Limit States Yes. Design Complete No. Return to 11.4 and Redesign

No. Return to 11.4 and Redesign

Geotechnical Resistance Factors

Drilled Shafts
Comp Ten Method - Method (side) 0.55 0.45 - Method (side) 0.55 0.45 Clay or Sand (tip) 0.5 Rock (side) 0.55 0.45 Rock (tip) 0.55 Group (sand or clay) 0.55 0.45 Load Test 0.7 AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.3-1

Summary of Resistance Factors for LRFD Design of Drilled Shaft Foundations

Drilled Shaft Resistance in Rock

Total Resistance Resistance
A

Side Resistance
D

B C

QS Q
b

Tip Resistance

Displacement QR = Qn = qbQb + qsQs

Questions?

EXAMPLE CALCS
Limit State Maximum Service I Maximum Strength I Maximum Extreme I Nominal Load (kip) 183.6 253.2 356.9 Resistance Factor () 1.00 0.70 1.00 Factored Load (kip) 183.6 177.5 356.9

Extreme I is controlling. The pile is driven to this maximum nominal load in the pile load Table