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Natural or Intrinsic Coordinates

The document discusses natural or intrinsic coordinates for finite element analysis. It introduces natural coordinates (ç1, ç2) for a two-node bar element defined such that ç1 + ç2 = 1. It then generalizes this to triangular elements by defining natural coordinates (ç1, ç2, ç3) as area coordinates such that ç1 + ç2 + ç3 = 1. Shape functions are developed for triangular elements in terms of the natural coordinates. Nodal numbering schemes and the development of shape functions for quadratic triangular and cubic elements are also covered.

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Deepak Chachra
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83 views38 pages

Natural or Intrinsic Coordinates

The document discusses natural or intrinsic coordinates for finite element analysis. It introduces natural coordinates (ç1, ç2) for a two-node bar element defined such that ç1 + ç2 = 1. It then generalizes this to triangular elements by defining natural coordinates (ç1, ç2, ç3) as area coordinates such that ç1 + ç2 + ç3 = 1. Shape functions are developed for triangular elements in terms of the natural coordinates. Nodal numbering schemes and the development of shape functions for quadratic triangular and cubic elements are also covered.

Uploaded by

Deepak Chachra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Natural or Intrinsic

Coordinates
O
1
2
P
x
1

x
2
= x
1
+ L
L
2

L
1

x =
1
x
1
+
2
x
2

L

1
= L
1
/ L

2
= L
2
/ L
Natural coordinates:
L
1
+ L
2
= L

1
+

2
= 1

Not independent:
1
2
L
1
1

1
= L
1
/ L

2
= L
2
/ L
x =
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
e.g.

1
=
2
= 1/2

x =

(x
1
+ x
2
)/2

)
`


=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

x
1
1 x
1 x
L
1
x x
1 1
x
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
{ } | |
| | | |
2 2
1 1
2 1
2
1
N
N
N
N
=
=
=
)
`

|
|
= |
| is an arbitrary variable. For example, it
could be displacement u.
O
1
2
x
1

L/2
L
3
L/2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
N
1
=
1
(2
1
-1)
N
2
=
2
(2
2
-1)
N
3
= 4
1

2

| = a
1

1
2
+ a
2

2
2
+ a
3

2
1
2
3
N
1
=
1
(2
1
-1)

1
= 1 at node 1 (2
1
-1) = 1 at node 1

1
= 1/2 at node 2 (2
1
-1) = 0 at node 2

1
= 0 at node 3 (2
1
-1) = -1 at node 3

1
(2
1
-1)
Write N
1
directly:
N
1
=
1
- N
3
/2
N
2
=
2
- N
3
/2
N
1
+ N
2
+ N
3
=
1
+
2
=1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
x
2 2 1 1
u
u
u
u
x
u
x
u
x
u
x
u
u u u
u
=
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
= c
+ =
= |
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= c
= |
.
|

\
|

c
c
=
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|

c
c
=
c
c
)
`


=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

L
1
u
L
1
u
L
1
L
x x
x x
L
1
L
x x
x x
x
1
1 x
1 x
L
1
x x
1 1
x
1
2 1 x
1 2
2 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
| | | | | |
( )
1 ! 0
dL
dL B B AE k
L
2
k
1
L
T
=
+ +
=
=
}
}
! l k 1
l! k!
L
l
Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)
x
y
A
3

A
2

A
1

1
2
3
side 1
side 2
side 3

i
= A
1
/A

j
= A
2
/A

m
= A
3
/A

i
+
j
+

j
= 1

Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)

m
= 1

m
= 0.75

m
= 0.5

m
= 0.25

m
= 0
1 or i
2 or j
3 or m
Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)
Centroid:

i
=
j
=
m
= 1/3

(
(
(

(
(
(

y
x
1
A
y y y
x x x
1 1 1
A
y y y
x x x
1 1 1
y
x
1
1
3
2
1
m j i
m j i
3
2
1
m j i
m j i
| |
( ) ( )( )
i 2 1 m i m 1 j
m m m
j j j
i i i
1
y y x x y y x x A 2
A 2
1
A
+ =
(
(
(

| o
| o
| o
=

If i-j-m counterclockwise!
i j m m i j j m i
j i m i m j m j i
j i j i m i m i m j m j m j i
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
x y y x x y y x x y y x
= = =
= | = | = |
= o = o = o
Shape Functions

i
= N
i

j
= N
j

m
= N
m


| = N
i
|
i
+ N
j
|
j
+ N
m
|
m

y y y y
x x x x
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
c
c
c
| c
+
c
c
c
| c
+
c
c
c
| c
=
c
| c
c
c
c
| c
+
c
c
c
| c
+
c
c
c
| c
=
c
| c
Derivatives by the chain rule.
A 2 y A 2 y A 2 y
A 2 x A 2 x A 2 x
i 3 i 2 i 1
m 3
j
2 i 1

=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
|
=
c
c
|
=
c
c |
=
c
c
m
m
j
j
i
i
| =
c
| c
| =
c
| c
| =
c
| c
| |
| |
( )
A 2 A 2
y x
x x
y x
A 2
1
A 2
1
A
y
x
1
A
i i i i 1
i i i 1
m m m
j j j
i i i
1
1
3
2
1
|
= |
.
|

\
|
+ | + o
c
c
=
c
c
+ | + o =
(
(
(

| o
| o
| o
=

p)! n l (2
p! n! l!
+ + +
= A 2 dA
p
m
n
j
A
l
i
Centroidal Coordinates:
s
2
r
2
s
2
r
2
s
1
r
1 s r
A
s r
y x y x y x A C dA y x + + =
+
r+s 1 2 3 4 5
C
r+s
0 1/12 1/30 1/30 2/105
1

x y

x
2
x y y
2

x
3
x
2
y x y
2
y
3

x
4
x
3
y x
2
y
2
x y
3
y
4

x
5
x
4
y x
3
y
2
x
2
y
3
x y
4
y
5

Pascals Triangle:
Degree of polynomial

0

1

2

3

4

5
Degree of polynomial
p

1


2


3


4

Number of terms
n

3


6


10


15

( )( )
2
6 5
2
4 3 2 1
1 3 6 3 2 5 2 1 4
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
s
3
r
2
n
1 i
q
1 i
y b xy d x b y b x b b
a a a a a a
2
2 p 1 p
n
2 p
6 n
p s r q
a
+ + + + + = |
+ + + + + = |
+ +
=
=
=
= + +
= |

=
: to Equivalent
Triangle Quadratic
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Nodal Numbering Schemes:
1 3 6 3 2 5 2 1 4
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
a a a a a a + + + + + = |
Triangle Quadratic
Node
1

3


1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 0 0 1
4 1/2 1/2 0
5 0 1/2 1/2
6 1/2 0 1/2

N
i
1 2 3 4 5 6
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 1

Shape Functions
Can we write shape functions directly?

1
= 1 at node 1

1
= 0 at node 2

1
= 0 at node 3

1
= 1/2 at node 4

1
= 0 at node 5

1
= 1/2 at node 6



N
1
=
1
( 2
1
-1 )

2
= 0 at node 1

2
= 1 at node 2

2
= 0 at node 3

2
= 1/2 at node 4

2
= 1/2 at node 5

2
= 0 at node 6

N
2
=
2
( 2
2
-1 )

3
= 0 at node 1

3
= 0 at node 2

3
= 1 at node 3

3
= 1 at node 4

3
= 1/2 at node 5

3
= 1/2 at node 6

N
3
=
3
( 2
3
-1 )

1
= 1 at node 1

1
= 0 at node 2

1
= 0 at node 3

1
= 1/2 at node 4

1
= 0 at node 5

1
= 1/2 at node 6


3
= 0 at node 1

3
= 0 at node 2

3
= 1 at node 3

3
= 0 at node 4

3
= 1/2 at node 5

3
= 1/2 at node 6

2
= 0 at node 1

2
= 1 at node 2

2
= 0 at node 3

2
= 1/2 at node 4

2
= 1/2 at node 5

2
= 0 at node 6

N
4
= 4
1

2
N
5
= 4
2

3
N
6
= 4
3

1
x
N
x
N
u
x
N
x
u
j
3
1 i
j
i i
i
6
1 i
i
X
=
=
Cubic Element

i
= 1, 0, 1/3, 2/3

N
1
= 1/2
1
(3
1
-1)(3
1
-2)

N
2
= 1/2
2
(3
2
-1)(3
2
-2)
N
3
= 1/2
2
(3
2
-1)(3
2
-2)
N
4
= 9/2
1

2
(3
1
-1)
N
5
= 9/2
2

1
(3
2
-1)
N
6
= 9/2
2

1
(3
1
-1)
N
7
= 9/2
2

3
(3
2
-1)
N
8
= 9/2
2

3
(3
3
-1)
N
9
= 9/2
1

3
(3
1
-1)
N
10
= 27
1

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