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Pulse Shaping and Inter Symbol Interference

This document discusses pulse shaping and intersymbol interference (ISI) in communication systems. It explains that bandlimiting rectangular pulses causes ISI by smearing pulses into adjacent time slots. This can be minimized by using raised cosine pulse shaping, which gives the channel periodic zero crossings and specific frequency characteristics to reduce ISI. However, the channel still introduces amplitude and phase distortions, so an equalization filter is needed at the receiver to compensate for the channel distortion and further reduce ISI.

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Ejizen Low
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114 views12 pages

Pulse Shaping and Inter Symbol Interference

This document discusses pulse shaping and intersymbol interference (ISI) in communication systems. It explains that bandlimiting rectangular pulses causes ISI by smearing pulses into adjacent time slots. This can be minimized by using raised cosine pulse shaping, which gives the channel periodic zero crossings and specific frequency characteristics to reduce ISI. However, the channel still introduces amplitude and phase distortions, so an equalization filter is needed at the receiver to compensate for the channel distortion and further reduce ISI.

Uploaded by

Ejizen Low
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pulse Shaping and Inter Symbol Interference

Learning Outcomes
Understand the effects of bandlimiting rectangular pulses Understand the requirements of bandlimited pulses Define a set of pulse shapes which minimises ISI Define the spectral requirements of Raised Cosine shaping filters

Bandlimited Rectangular Pulses


High Frequencies removed
Sharp edges of rectangular signalling reduced Results in Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Pulse amplitudes are lowered and raised due to pulses being smeared or spread into adjacent pulses

ISI can be measured by transmitting a random data stream and observing the received data stream on an oscilloscope called the eye diagram:

ISI

Timing extraction jitter

If the bandwidth is reduced and the eye closes more errors will occur
1

0
Eye closing due to reduced bandwidth

ISI can be minimised by using a shaped pulse having periodic zero crossings and practical frequency characteristics

Called a Raised Cosine pulse which requires rectangular pulses being shaped
The channel is then designed to have the frequency characteristics of the shaped pulse Using the EYE diagram the channel can be adjusted to minimise ISI

Raised Cosine Shaping


Particular shaped pulse used to minimise ISI:
0
X(f) =

rs + ) ( | f | COS 4 2 rs
1
2

| f |> r s - 2 r s - <| f |< r s + 2 2 r | f |> s + 2

is a shaping factor usually = rs/2

Pulse Shape:

cos2 t sin r s t P(t)= 2 1 - (4 t) r s t


Has Periodic zero crossings at 1/rs Zero ISI at these points

h1 l h2 l h3 l

0.5

=0
0

= rs/4 =rs/2
0.216 0.5 0 0

-1/rs

10 l Tim e

15

1/rs

20 20

Raised Cosin e Pulse Shape

0
1 P0 f P1 f P2 f 0.5 1

rs/2
=0 = rs/4 = rs/2

rs

0 0 0 5 10 f Frequency 15 20 20

Pulse Shaping Frequency Characteristics

Equaliser
Equalisation is the use of a receiver filter to compensate for any amplitude or phase distortions introduced by the channel
X(f)

Pulse Shaping Filter H(f)

Y(f)

Channel G(f)

Equalisation Filter E(f)

Y ( f ) X ( f ) H ( f )G( f ) E( f )

Summarising
Bandlimiting rectangular pulses causes ISI ISI causes more errors Raised Cosine shaping minimises ISI Channel frequency characteristics are finite and not controllable

Equalisation must be introduced at the receiver to compensate for channel distortion

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